2025
Urine Tumor DNA to Stratify the Risk of Recurrence in Patients Treated with Atezolizumab for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin–unresponsive Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer
St-Laurent M, Singh P, McConkey D, Lucia M, Koshkin V, Stratton K, Bivalacqua T, Kassouf W, Porten S, Bangs R, Plets M, Thompson I, Meeks J, Caruso V, Ward C, Mazzarella B, Phillips K, Bicocca V, Levin T, Lerner S, Black P. Urine Tumor DNA to Stratify the Risk of Recurrence in Patients Treated with Atezolizumab for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin–unresponsive Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. European Urology 2025 PMID: 40404526, DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2025.03.023.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchNon-muscle-invasive bladder cancerUrine tumor DNAEvent-free survivalTumor DNABladder cancerBCG-unresponsive NMIBCPatients treated with atezolizumabRisk of treatment failureClinical evidence of diseaseRisk of recurrenceEvidence of diseaseSystemic immunotherapyTreatment failureTherapeutic decisionsClinical evidencePatientsUrine samplesAtezolizumabBaselineCancerUrineTreatmentRiskImmunotherapySWOGComparative Genomic Characterization of Small Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Compared With Urothelial Carcinoma and Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Jaime-Casas S, Chawla N, Salgia N, Mercier B, Govindarajan A, Li X, Castro D, Ebrahimi H, Barragan-Carrillo R, Zang P, LeVee A, Zugman M, Dizman N, Hsu J, Meza L, Zengin Z, Chehrazi-Raffle A, Dorff T, Pal S, Tripathi A. Comparative Genomic Characterization of Small Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Compared With Urothelial Carcinoma and Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. JCO Precision Oncology 2025, 9: e2400947. PMID: 40209138, DOI: 10.1200/po-24-00947.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSmall cell bladder cancerSmall cell lung cancerUrothelial carcinomaGenomic alterationsBladder cancerSmall cell lung cancer patientsSmall cell lung carcinomaSmall cell carcinomaRare histologic variantCell lung carcinomaAggressive disease courseCell lung cancerPathogenic genomic alterationsImproving clinical outcomesTreated with approachesHistological variantsCell carcinomaHistological groupsLung carcinomaClinical outcomesPoor outcomeRetrospective natureDisease courseLung cancerGenomic profilingPredicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer via interpretable multimodal deep learning
Bai Z, Osman M, Brendel M, Tangen C, Flaig T, Thompson I, Plets M, Scott Lucia M, Theodorescu D, Gustafson D, Daneshmand S, Meeks J, Choi W, Dinney C, Elemento O, Lerner S, McConkey D, Faltas B, Wang F. Predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer via interpretable multimodal deep learning. Npj Digital Medicine 2025, 8: 174. PMID: 40121304, PMCID: PMC11929913, DOI: 10.1038/s41746-025-01560-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMuscle-invasive bladder cancerResponse to neoadjuvant chemotherapyNeoadjuvant chemotherapyBladder cancerPredicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapyOptimal treatment strategyImprove patient survivalImproving clinical outcomesGene expression profilesBladder preservationPredictive biomarkersPatient survivalUnnecessary treatmentClinical outcomesTreatment responseRNA sequencingTumor heterogeneityTreatment strategiesClinical trialsGene signatureExpression profilesMolecular determinantsCancerChemotherapyBuilding accurate predictive modelsAvelumab first-line maintenance for advanced urothelial carcinoma: long-term outcomes from the JAVELIN Bladder 100 trial in older patients ☆
Gupta S, Duran M, Sridhar S, Powles T, Bellmunt J, Park S, Gurney H, Tsuchiya N, Petrylak D, Tomita Y, di Pietro A, Manitz J, Tyroller K, Hoffman J, Jacob N, Grivas P. Avelumab first-line maintenance for advanced urothelial carcinoma: long-term outcomes from the JAVELIN Bladder 100 trial in older patients ☆. ESMO Open 2025, 10: 104506. PMID: 40107155, PMCID: PMC11964637, DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2025.104506.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsProgression-free survivalPlatinum-based chemotherapyOverall survivalUrothelial carcinomaProgression-free survival analysisOlder ageAdvanced urothelial carcinomaFirst-line maintenanceMetastatic urothelial carcinomaProlonged overall survivalPhase III trialsKaplan-Meier methodQuality-adjusted timeLong-term outcomesJAVELIN BladderMedian OSIII trialsFirst-linePrimary endpointAvelumabBladder cancerOlder patientsAge subgroupsSupportive carePatientsIMPROVED OUTCOMES IN BCG-UNRESPONSIVE BLADDER CANCER PATIENTS WITH NON-INVASIVE DISEASE UNDERGOING BLADDER SPARING THERAPY COMPARED TO T1 DISEASE: RESULTS FROM AN INTERNATIONAL COHORT
Annapureddy D, Taylor J, Howard J, Tan W, McElree I, Davaro F, Yim K, Harrington S, Dyer E, Black A, Kanabur P, Roumiguié M, Lerner S, Black P, Raman J, Preston M, Steinberg G, Huang W, Li R, Packiam V, O'Donnell M, Kamat A, Woldu S, Lotan Y. IMPROVED OUTCOMES IN BCG-UNRESPONSIVE BLADDER CANCER PATIENTS WITH NON-INVASIVE DISEASE UNDERGOING BLADDER SPARING THERAPY COMPARED TO T1 DISEASE: RESULTS FROM AN INTERNATIONAL COHORT. Urologic Oncology Seminars And Original Investigations 2025, 43: 80-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.12.203.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchBCG-unresponsive NMIBCNon-muscle invasive bladder cancerBladder sparing therapyAll-Cause MortalityOncological outcomesRadical cystectomyCancer-specific mortalityNon-invasive diseaseBCG-unresponsiveBladder cancerPathological outcomesT1 diseaseT1 patientsCIS patientsMedian timeProgression to muscle-invasive bladder cancerBCG-unresponsive NMIBC patientsImpact of pathological stageImpact of tumor stageInternational cohortMuscle-invasive bladder cancerAssociated with significant morbiditySingle-institution seriesHeterogeneous group of patientsCompare oncologic outcomesINCIDENCE AND PATHOLOGIC OUTCOMES OF CYSTECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUÉRIN-UNRESPONSIVE NON–MUSCLE-INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER WITH CARCINOMA IN SITU FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH NADOFARAGENE FIRADENOVEC-VNCG
Narayan V, Boorjian S, Crispen P, Kamat A, Gomella L, Kates M, Karsh L, Master V, Richards K, Lerner S, Kim E, Inman B, Lane B, Schuckman A, Krupski T, Bardot S, Montgomery J, Busby J, Luchey A, Williams M, Agarwal P, Rehm D, Jakobsen J, Juul K, Dinney C. INCIDENCE AND PATHOLOGIC OUTCOMES OF CYSTECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUÉRIN-UNRESPONSIVE NON–MUSCLE-INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER WITH CARCINOMA IN SITU FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH NADOFARAGENE FIRADENOVEC-VNCG. Urologic Oncology Seminars And Original Investigations 2025, 43: 86. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.12.217.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchBCG-unresponsive NMIBCNon-muscle-invasive bladder cancerCystectomy-free survivalCarcinoma in situNadofaragene firadenovecPhase 3 studyCR statusBladder cancerKaplan-MeierPathological outcomesVector-based gene therapyMedian follow-up timeBladder-sparing optionsHigh-grade recurrenceYears of follow-upRate of upstagingKaplan-Meier (KMAssociated with morbidityData cutoffImmediate cystectomyTransurethral resectionPapillary tumorsOpen-labelDefinitive treatmentEfficacy analysisBisulfite‐free PCDHGB7 methylation in urine enables early noninvasive detection of urothelial carcinoma
Yang Z, Chen Q, Dong S, Xu P, Mao Z, Dong Y, Li W, Li W, Han Y, Dai L, Dong G, Zhang Y, Li Y, Cheng L, Ci W, Yu W, Xu C. Bisulfite‐free PCDHGB7 methylation in urine enables early noninvasive detection of urothelial carcinoma. Bioengineering & Translational Medicine 2025 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.70004.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchDetection of urothelial carcinomaStandard urine cytologyDetecting bladder cancerClinical detectionRenal pelvis cancerEarly noninvasive detectionUC tumorsUrine cytologyUrothelial carcinomaMale malignancyPelvis cancerEasy-to-performUreter cancerBladder cancerValidation setPatient enrollmentUrinary systemPatientsUrine samplesNoninvasive detectionUrineCancerEarly detectionCarcinomaMalignancySolvent Exposure, Genetic Susceptibility, and Risk of Bladder Cancer.
Tadesse D, Rothman N, Xie S, Hurwitz L, Friesen M, Baris D, Schwenn M, Johnson A, Karagas M, Silverman D, Koutros S. Solvent Exposure, Genetic Susceptibility, and Risk of Bladder Cancer. Cancer Prevention Research 2025, 18: 283-290. PMID: 39995157, PMCID: PMC12045719, DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-24-0434.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchBladder cancer riskRisk of bladder cancerNew England Bladder Cancer StudyCancer riskPopulation-based case-control studyOdds ratioIncreased bladder cancer riskIncreased risk of bladder cancerConfidence intervalsCumulative exposure to benzeneCancer susceptibility lociJob-exposure matrixCalculate odds ratiosBladder cancerLifetime occupational exposureGenetic risk variantsCase-control studyMultivariate logistic regressionBladder Cancer StudyExposure to benzeneSusceptibility lociLogistic regressionOccupational historyRisk variantsCancer studiesAdvancements in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Risk Stratification of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Smani S, DuBois J, Zhao K, Sutherland R, Rahman S, Humphrey P, Hesse D, Tan W, Martin D, Lokeshwar S, Ghali F. Advancements in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Risk Stratification of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Current Oncology Reports 2025, 27: 236-246. PMID: 39976835, DOI: 10.1007/s11912-025-01645-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchNon-muscle invasive bladder cancerInvasive bladder cancerBladder cancerRisk stratificationBCG-unresponsive NMIBCEarly radical cystectomyTERT promoter mutationsHigh-risk casesLong-term outcomesNadofaragene firadenovecIntravesical therapyTransurethral resectionRadical cystectomyTreatment paradigmStratified careReduce overtreatmentProgression riskIntegration of biomarkersPromoter mutationsClinical trialsTherapeutic strategiesReviewThis reviewPersonalized treatmentAdverse effectsClinical careEvaluating clinical and pathologic predictors for pathologic lymph node positivity (pN+) in patients with clinical T1-4N0M0 bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy.
Jaime-Casas S, Barragan-Carrillo R, Zugman M, Zang P, Ebrahimi H, Castro D, Mercier B, Li X, Dizman N, Salgia N, Hsu J, Nguyen C, Yip W, Chehrazi-Raffle A, Zengin Z, Meza L, Pal S, Tripathi A. Evaluating clinical and pathologic predictors for pathologic lymph node positivity (pN+) in patients with clinical T1-4N0M0 bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2025, 43: 877-877. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2025.43.5_suppl.877.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConcomitant carcinoma in situRecurrence-free survivalPositive surgical marginsLymph node positivityRadical cystectomyLymphovascular invasionOverall survivalPreoperative hydronephrosisSurgical marginsPathologic predictorsBladder cancerPredictors of lymph node positivityConcomitant CISMultivariate analysisPathologic lymph node positivityPelvic lymph node dissectionPathological lymph node involvementMultivariate Cox proportional hazards modelMultivariate Cox regression modelNode-positiveBladder-preserving approachPreoperative renal functionLymph node dissectionLymph node involvementCarcinoma in situEvaluating the therapeutic role of lymph node dissection in variant histology bladder cancer.
Rahman S, Hesse D, Jalfon M, Kong V, Ghali F. Evaluating the therapeutic role of lymph node dissection in variant histology bladder cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2025, 43: 749-749. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2025.43.5_suppl.749.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchLymph node dissectionVariant histology bladder cancerRadical cystectomyBladder cancerNodal dissectionNode dissectionSurvival benefit of lymph node dissectionAssociated with lymph node dissectionBenefit of lymph node dissectionImpact of lymph node dissectionLymph node dissection statusPathological nodal statusCox proportional hazards analysisNational Cancer DatabaseUrothelial bladder cancerKaplan Meier analysisCox proportional hazards regressionProportional hazards analysisProportional hazards regressionNo-LND groupDegree of therapeutic benefitNeuroendocrine subtypeSarcomatoid histologyT3/4 diseaseUC histologyPilot study evaluating duplex sequencing of urinary DNA as a biomarker for recurrence in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Ghali F, Blaha O, Lam H, Kennedy S, Wright J. Pilot study evaluating duplex sequencing of urinary DNA as a biomarker for recurrence in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 2025, 43: 865-865. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2025.43.5_suppl.865.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchNon-muscle invasive bladder cancerInvasive bladder cancerVariant allele fractionUrinary DNAIntravesical therapyBladder cancerPathogenic variantsTransurethral resection of bladder tumorMedian time to recurrenceResection of bladder tumorNext-generation sequencingDetection of recurrenceTime to recurrenceTime to relapseRecurrence of tumorBiomarkers of recurrencePilot studyTransurethral resectionBladder tumorsMedian ageRecurrenceAllele fractionUrine samplesTumorBiomarkersImpact of Tumor Stage on Oncologic Outcomes of High-grade Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Unresponsive Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Undergoing Bladder-sparing Therapies
Annapureddy D, Taylor J, Kamat A, O'Donnell M, Howard J, Tan W, McElree I, Davaro F, Yim K, Harrington S, Dyer E, Black A, Kanabur P, Roumiguié M, Lerner S, Black P, Raman J, Preston M, Steinberg G, Huang W, Li R, Packiam V, Woldu S, Lotan Y. Impact of Tumor Stage on Oncologic Outcomes of High-grade Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Unresponsive Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Undergoing Bladder-sparing Therapies. European Urology Focus 2025 PMID: 39922753, DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2025.01.001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchNon-muscle-invasive bladder cancerCarcinoma in situBCG-unresponsive NMIBCBladder-sparing therapyOncological outcomesTumor stageBladder cancer mortalityCancer mortalityAssociated with worse oncologic outcomesPresence of carcinoma in situCarcinoma in situ groupImpact of tumor stageTA groupKaplan-Meier methodPapillary diseaseT1 diseaseRadical cystectomyNo significant differenceClinical stageBladder cancerSurvival differencesRetrospective natureCis groupDisease progressionMetastasisSummary from the NCI clinical trials planning meeting on next generation of clinical trials in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer *
Apolo A, Baumann B, Al-Ahmadie H, Ballas L, Bangs R, Brothers K, Greenberg S, Delacroix S, Dignam J, Efstathiou J, Feldman A, Foster J, Hahn N, Hall E, Hansel D, Hoffman-Censits J, Kamat A, Kamran S, Khani F, Lerner S, Lipman R, Mann B, McConkey D, McKiernan J, Rose T, Smith A, Tangen C, Amiri A, Weinstock C, West P, Milowsky M, Black P. Summary from the NCI clinical trials planning meeting on next generation of clinical trials in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer *. Bladder Cancer 2025, 11: 23523735251319185. PMID: 40034245, PMCID: PMC11863732, DOI: 10.1177/23523735251319185.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchNon-muscle invasive bladder cancerClinical Trials Planning MeetingNext generation of clinical trialsGeneration of clinical trialsInvasive bladder cancerClinical trialsNational Cancer InstituteBladder cancerHigh-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancerNational Clinical Trials NetworkCancer InstituteMultidisciplinary expert consensusClinical trial conceptsClinical trial designClinical Trials NetworkCombination therapyTrial conceptsTrials NetworkExpert consensusTrial designTherapyPlanning meetingsCancerTrialsTask Force
2024
The Financial Burden of Localized and Metastatic Bladder Cancer
Scilipoti P, Moschini M, Li R, Lerner S, Black P, Necchi A, Rouprêt M, Shariat S, Gupta S, Morgans A, Psutka S, Kamat A. The Financial Burden of Localized and Metastatic Bladder Cancer. European Urology 2024, 87: 536-550. PMID: 39730299, DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2024.12.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMetastatic bladder cancerFinancial toxicityBacillus Calmette-GuerinBladder cancerRadical cystectomyFinancial burdenImpact of bladder cancerNon-muscle-invasive BCaSystematic reviewHigh-risk NMIBC patientsMuscle-invasive BCaNMIBCBurden of bladder cancerEconomic burdenHealth care systemImprove oncologic outcomesTreatment-related toxicityPreferred Reporting ItemsHigher financial burdenBladder cancer managementCases of complicationsRisk of FTBladder cancer treatmentImprove patient qualityPatient perspectiveOncologic Outcomes of Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel Compared with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin–Unresponsive Non–Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Taylor J, Kamat A, Annapureddy D, Khene Z, Howard J, Tan W, McElree I, Facundo D, Yim K, Harrington S, Dyer E, Black A, Kanabur P, Roumiguié M, Lerner S, Black P, Raman J, Preston M, Steinberg G, Huang W, Li R, Packiam V, Woldu S, Lotan Y, O'Donnell M. Oncologic Outcomes of Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel Compared with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin–Unresponsive Non–Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. European Urology Oncology 2024, 8: 469-476. PMID: 39694798, DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2024.12.005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdjuvants, ImmunologicAdministration, IntravesicalAgedAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsBCG VaccineDeoxycytidineDocetaxelFemaleGemcitabineHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeoplasm InvasivenessNon-Muscle Invasive Bladder NeoplasmsRetrospective StudiesTreatment OutcomeUrinary Bladder NeoplasmsConceptsNon-muscle-invasive bladder cancerBCG-unresponsive NMIBCBacillus Calmette-GuerinOncological outcomesBladder cancerIntravesical gemcitabineNon-muscle invasive bladder cancerBacillus Calmette-Guerin treatmentHazard ratioBacillus Calmette-Guerin therapyBacillus Calmette-Guerin groupCompare oncologic outcomesInvasive bladder cancerCox proportional hazard ratiosKaplan-Meier methodNoninvasive bladder cancerRates of PFSProportional hazard ratiosAssociated with lower ratesFood and Drug Administration guidelinesBCG-unresponsiveDrug Administration guidelinesGemcitabine-docetaxelBCG therapyProgression-FreeDNA Damage Response Alterations Predict for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Sensitivity in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Correlative Analysis of the SWOG S1314 Trial
Iyer G, Tangen C, Sarfaty M, Regazzi A, Lee I, Fong M, Choi W, Dinney C, Flaig T, Thompson I, Lerner S, McConkey D, Rosenberg J. DNA Damage Response Alterations Predict for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Sensitivity in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Correlative Analysis of the SWOG S1314 Trial. JCO Precision Oncology 2024, 8: e2400287. PMID: 39499893, PMCID: PMC12088707, DOI: 10.1200/po.24.00287.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNeoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapyMuscle-invasive bladder cancerProgression-free survivalDDR alterationsDNA damage response alterationPathological responseBladder cancerDNA damage responseAssociated with pathological responseNeoadjuvant chemotherapy sensitivityPretreatment tumor specimensPathological response rateCisplatin-based chemotherapyDNA damage response genesEstimates of hazard ratiosOverall survivalRadical cystectomyTumor specimensPerformance statusClinical stageChemotherapy sensitivityCox regressionHazard ratioNext-generation sequencingPatientsEligibility and Endpoints for Clinical Trials in Trimodality Therapy for Bladder Cancer
Singh P, Ballas L, Sonpavde G, Chen R, Bangs R, Bauman B, Nagar H, Delacroix S, Lerner S, Efstathiou J. Eligibility and Endpoints for Clinical Trials in Trimodality Therapy for Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer 2024, 10: 199-213. PMID: 39493817, PMCID: PMC11530036, DOI: 10.3233/blc-240036.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchBladder cancer treatmentTransurethral resection of bladder tumorEastern Cooperative Oncology GroupTrimodality therapyLong-term outcomesClinical trialsCancer treatmentRadical cystectomySystemic therapyEligibility criteriaSecondary endpointsTrial eligibility criteriaBladder cancerMaximal transurethral resection of bladder tumorEndpoint definitionsAlternative to radical cystectomyResection of bladder tumorCo-primary end pointsConcurrent systemic therapyMaximal transurethral resectionPhase II/III clinical trialsLocalized bladder cancerEvent-free survivalCooperative Oncology GroupBladder cancer researchStandard or Extended Lymphadenectomy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Lerner S, Tangen C, Svatek R, Daneshmand S, Pohar K, Skinner E, Schuckman A, Sagalowsky A, Smith N, Kamat A, Kassouf W, Plets M, Bangs R, Koppie T, Alva A, La Rosa F, Pal S, Kibel A, Canter D, Thompson I. Standard or Extended Lymphadenectomy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. New England Journal Of Medicine 2024, 391: 1206-1216. PMID: 39589370, PMCID: PMC11599768, DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2401497.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMitochondrial reprogramming by activating OXPHOS via glutamine metabolism in African American patients with bladder cancer
Reddy K, Piyarathna D, Park J, Putluri V, Amara C, Kamal A, Xu J, Kraushaar D, Huang S, Jung S, Eberlin L, Johnson J, Kittles R, Ballester L, Parsawar K, Siddiqui M, Gao J, Gramer A, Bollag R, Terris M, Lotan Y, Creighton C, Lerner S, Sreekumar A, Kaipparettu B, Putluri N. Mitochondrial reprogramming by activating OXPHOS via glutamine metabolism in African American patients with bladder cancer. JCI Insight 2024, 9: e172336. PMID: 39253977, PMCID: PMC11385078, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172336.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBladder cancerOxidative phosphorylationComponents of complex IComplex IElevated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylationComprehensive RNA-seqReduced basal respirationActive oxidative phosphorylationMitochondrial oxidative phosphorylationDecreased tumor growthTumor growth potentialIncreased disease progressionMitochondrial respiration rateAfrican American patientsRNA-seqRace-specific differencesMitochondrial reprogrammingEuropean AmericansMetabolic rewiringOXPHOS activityBasal respirationGlutamine metabolismGLS1 expressionPreclinical studiesATP production
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