Wing Lam, PhD

Name: Wing Lam

Email: lamwingyale@hotmail.com, wing.lam@yale.edu

EDUCATION/TRAINING

City University of Hong Kong, Molecular Biology, BSc (Hons), 1995

City University of Hong Kong, Biochemical Pharmacology, Ph.D. 1999

Yale University, Pharmacology, Postdoc, 1999-02

Yale University, Pharmacology, Associate Research Scientist, 2003-now

Positions and Employment

1. Consultant for Yiviva, Inc. 2008-Now.

2. Associate Research Scientist in Dr. Yung-Chi Cheng’s lab. Department of Pharmacology. Yale University. 2003-Now

3. Post-doctoral follow in Dr. Yung-Chi Cheng’s lab. Department of Pharmacology. Yale University. 1999-2002.

4. Research assistant in Dr. SH Cheng’s lab. Department of Biology and Chemistry. City University of Hong Kong. 1999.

5. Laboratory Assistant in Dr. Nora Tam’s environmental research lab. Department of Biology and Chemistry. City University of Hong Kong. 1994-1995

RESEARCH AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Research Experience:

1. Development of YIV-906 (traditional Chinese medicine) as adjuvant for anti-cancer chemotherapy, in collaboration with Yiviva, Inc.

• Currently developing YIV-906 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

• Demonstrated that YIV-906 increases the antitumor activity of Irinotecan, Sorafenib, and anti-PD1 activity in vivo, and promotes intestine recovery following Irinotecan/radiation treatment.

• Identified key mechanisms of action of YIV-906 for promoting tissue damage recovery and enhancing chemotherapy or immune therapy for treatment of cancer.

• Provided rationale for the initiation of a phase II clinical trial for the combination of Irinotecan and YIV-906 for the treatment of colon cancer, and the combination of Sorafenib and YIV-906 for the treatment of liver cancer.

2. Established STAR (Signal Transduction Activity Response) database for drug discovery and Mechanism-based Quality Control (MeQC) platform for botanical drug quality control.

• Identified impacts of 300+ herbs on 40+ signaling pathways or targets related to inflammation or cancer.

• Identified herbs or their active compounds for treatment of hormone-related diseases or cancers (such as prostate cancer and breast cancer) by targeting AR, ERa, and PR.

• Developed STAR Mechanism-based Quality Control platform (Mech QC) for botanical drug quality control.

3. Development of L-configuration nucleoside analog (L-OddC, Troxacitabine) for cancer treatment.

• Proved that AP Endonuclease (APE1) is a key factor in cell to cause Troxacitabine resistant.

• Demonstrated that Troxacitabine can sensitize solid tumors under hypoxic conditions.

• Troxacitabine has entered phase III clinical trial for AML treatment.

4. Mitochondria dNTP transporter (a possible mechanism of mitochondrial DNA depletion caused by anti-HIV dideoxynucleoside analogs).

• Disputed the DNC as the dNTP transporter on the mitochondrial inner membrane.

5. Develop tylophorine analogs as anti-cancer compounds.

• Demonstrated the first antitumor activity in vivo of tylophorine analogs.

• Discovered the anti-NF-kB activity of tylophorine analogs.

6. HBV reverse transcriptase activity.

• Characterized the effects of lamivudine and 3TC-associated resistant mutation on HBV reverse transcriptase activity.

7. Drug-Drug interaction analysis.

• Conducted studies to determine synergistic effects of drug-drug interactions.

Academic Conferences

1. 10th CGCM Meeting (Consortium for Globalization of Chinese Medicine) in Shanghai, China, August-25 to 27, 2011. Panelist of the Bioinformatics and Database (Application of "Omics" in TCM Research) Session.

2. 11th CGCM Meeting (Consortium for Globalization of Chinese Medicine) in Macau, China, August-26 to 28. 2012. Panelist of the Cancer Chemotherapy Session.

3. 12th CGCM Meeting (Consortium for Globalization of Chinese Medicine) in Graz, Austria, August-27 to 29. 2013. Panelist of the Cancer Chemotherapy Session.

4. 13th CGCM Meeting (Consortium for Globalization of Chinese Medicine) in Beijing, China, August-25 to 28. 2014. Panelist of the Biological Activity Session.

5. 14th CGCM Meeting (Consortium for Globalization of Chinese Medicine) in in Ontario, Canada, August-17 to 20. 2015. Panelist of the Biological Activity Session.

6. 15th CGCM Meeting (Consortium for Globalization of Chinese Medicine) in in Taipei, Taiwan August-23 to 25. 2016. Co-chairman of Polychemical Activities and Mechanism Study I (Cancer, Immunomodulation and Inflammation)

7. 16TH CGCM meeting (consortium for globalization of chinese medicine) in Guangzhou, China on august 18 – 20-2017. Co-chairman of polychemical activities and mechanism study I (Cancer, immunomodulation and inflammation).

8. 17TH CGCM meeting (consortium for globalization of chinese medicine) in Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia on august 8 -10. 2018. Co-chairman of polychemical activities and mechanism study I (cancer, immunomodulation and inflammation).

9. 18TH CGCM meeting (consortium for globalization of chinese medicine) in Shanghai, China on august 8-10-2019. Co-chariman of preventive medicine and TCM diagnosis.

Editorial Experience

Special issue guest editor “Quality control for Efficacy and Safety of Herbal Medicinal Products” of Front Pharmacology, 2022.

List of Patents

Inhibition of androgen receptor by extracts of medicinal herbs and compositions thereof. Application no. 16/754,610.

Compositions and methods for treating steroid hormone-related diseases or disorders

Application no. 62/679,386.

Methods for treating inflammatory and fibrotic diseases and disorders. Application no. Pct/us2021/024549

Mechanism based quality control for botanical medicine. Application no. 16/312,029.

Compositions and methods for preventing recurrence of cancer. Application no. Pct/us2020/063764.

Induction or activation of nfr2 by extracts of chinese medicinal herbs and compositions, therefore. Application no. 62/219,840

Potentiation of wnt/β-catenin signaling activity by unique aglycone flavones and their derivatives.

List of Publication

1. Wing Lam, Rong Hu, Shwu-Huey Liu, Peikwen Cheng, Yung-Chi Cheng. YIV-906 enhances nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) activity of T cells and promotes immune checkpoint blockade antibody action and CAR T-cell activity. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Jan 4;13:1095186. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1095186. eCollection 2022.

2. Song Wanga, Xiao-Zhen Hua, Yan-Yan Liu, Ning-Ping Tao, Ying Lu, Xi-ChangWang, WingLam, LingLin, Chang-Hua Xu. Direct authentication and composition quantitation of red wines based on Tri-step infrared spectroscopy and multivariate data fusion Food Chem 2022 Mar 30;372:131259. Epub 2021 Sep 30.

3. Xiaochen Yang, Wing Lam, Zaoli Jiang, Fulan Guan, Xue Han, Rong Hu, Wei Cai , William Cheng, Shwu-Huey Liu, Peikwen Cheng, Yuping Cai, Nicholas J W Rattray, Caroline H Johnson, Lieping Chen, Yung-Chi Cheng.YIV-906 potentiated anti-PD1 action against hepatocellular carcinoma by enhancing adaptive and innate immunity in the tumor microenvironment. Sci Rep. 2021 Jun 29;11(1):13482. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91623-3. Lam W had equal contribution as Yang X in this paper.

4. Jieya Wu, Baoguo Sun, Li Hou, Fulan Guan, Liyuan Wang, Peikwen Cheng, Sophia Scobell, Yung-Chi Cheng, Wing Lam*. Prospective: Evolution of Chinese Medicine to Treat COVID-19 Patients in China. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Feb 25;11:615287. doi: 0.3389/fphar.2020.615287. eCollection 2020.

5. Yuntao Dai, Runa Jin, Robert Verpoorte, Wing Lam, Yung-Chi Cheng, Yongqin Xiao, Jiang Xu, Liwei Zhang, Xue-Mei Qin, Shilin Chen. Natural deep eutectic characteristics of honey improve the bioactivity and safety of traditional medicines. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020 Mar 25;250:112460. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112460. Epub 2019 Dec 16.

6. Wing Lam, Yongshen Ren, Fulan Guan, Zaoli Jiang, William Cheng, Chang-Hua Xu,1, Shwu-Huey Liu, and Yung-Chi Cheng1,* Mechanism Based Quality Control (MBQC) of Herbal Products: A Case Study YIV-906 (PHY906). Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 1324.

7. Guan F, Lam W, Hu R, Kim YK1, Han H, Cheng YC. Majority of Chinese Medicine Herb Category “Qing Re Yao” Have Multiple Mechanisms of Anti-inflammatory Activity. Sci Rep. 2018 May 9;8(1):7416. PMCID:PMC5943244

Lam W had equal contribution as Guan F in this paper.

8. Tan HY, Wang N, Lam W, Guo W, Feng Y, Cheng YC: Targeting tumour microenvironment by tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Mol Cancer. 2018 Feb 19; 2018 Feb 19. PMID: 29455663

9. Tian A, Lu H, Zhang J, Fu S, Jiang Z, Lam W, Guan F, Chen L, Feng L, Cheng Y. Multikinase inhibitor sorafenib induces skin toxicities in tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2018 Apr 9. doi: 10.1007/s00280-018-3575-y. [Epub ahead of print]

10. Jung Chao. Yuntao Dai, Robert Verpoorte, Wing Lam, Yung-ChiCheng, Li-HengPao, Wei Zhang, ShilinChen. Major achievements of evidence-based traditional Chinese medicine in treating major diseases. Biochemical Pharmacology, Volume 139, 1 September 2017, Pages 94-104

11. Ying Wang, Sangwon Lee, Ya Ha, Wing Lam, Shao-Ru Chen, Ginger E. Dutschman, Elizabeth A. Gullen, Susan P. Grill, Yao Cheng, Alois Fürstner, Samson Francis, David C. Baker, Xiaoming Yang, Kuo-Hsiung Lee & Yung-Chi Cheng. Tylophorine Analogs Allosterically Regulates Heat Shock Cognate Protein 70 And Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Replication. Sci Rep 2017 Aug 30;7(1):10037.

12. Jung Chao, Yuntao Dai, Hao-Yuan Cheng, Wing Lam, Yung-Chi Cheng, Ke Li, Wen-Huang Peng, Li-Heng Pao, Ming-Tsuen Hsieh, Xue-Mei Qin & Meng-Shiou Lee. Improving the Concentrations of the Active Components in the Herbal Tea Ingredient, Uraria crinita: The Effect of Post-harvest Oven-drying Processing. Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 38763 (2017).

13. Zhou X, Chen LL, Xie RF, Lam W, Zhang ZJ, Jiang ZL, Cheng YC. Chemosynthesis pathway and bioactivities comparison of saponins in radix and flower of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Nov 9. pii: S0378-8741(16)31743-3.

14. Wang Y, Lam W, Chen SR, Guan FL, Dutchman GE, Francis S, Baker DC, Cheng YC.Tylophorine Analog DCB-3503 Inhibited Cyclin D1 Translation through Allosteric Regulation of Heat Shock Cognate Protein 70. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 6;6:32832. doi: 10.1038/srep32832.

15. Li M, Foli Y, Liu Z, Wang G, Hu Y, Lu Q, Selvaraj S, Lam W, Paintsil E. High frequency of mitochondrial DNA mutations in HIV-infected treatment-experienced individuals. HIV Med . 2017 Jan;18(1):45-55. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12390. Epub 2016 Jun 22.

16. Tsou LK, Lara-Tejero M, RoseFigura J, Zhang ZJ, Wang YC, Yount JS, Lefebre M, Dossa PD, Kato J, Guan F, Lam W, Cheng YC, Galán JE, Hang HC. Antibacterial Flavonoids from Medicinal Plants Covalently Inactivate Type III Protein Secretion Substrates. J Am Chem Soc. 2016 Feb 24;138(7):2209-18.

17. Wang J, Jiang Z, Lam W, Gullen EA, Yu Z, Wei Y, Wang L, Zeiss C, Beck A, Cheng EC, Wu C, Cheng YC, Zhang Y. Study of Malformin C, a Fungal Source Cyclic Pentapeptide, as an Anti-Cancer Drug. PLoS One. 2015 Nov 5;10(11):e0140069.

18. Li M, Foli Y, Liu Z, Wang G, Hu Y, Lu Q, Selvaraj S, Lam W, Paintsil E. High frequency of mitochondrial DNA mutations in HIV-infected treatment-experienced individuals. HIV Med. 2016 Jun 22. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12390.

19. Lam W, Jiang Z, Guan F, Huang X, Hu R, Wang J, Bussom S, Liu SH, Zhao H, Yen Y, Cheng YC. PHY906(KD018), an adjuvant based on a 1800-year-old Chinese medicine, enhanced the anti-tumor activity of Sorafenib by changing the tumor microenvironment. Sci Rep. 2015 Mar 30;5:9384.

20. Lam W, Liu SH, Jiang Z and Cheng YC. Lessons from the Development of the Traditional Chinese Medicine formula, PHY906. Science. 2015 Jan;347: S43-S44.

21. Liu SH, Chuang WC, Lam W, Jiang Z, Cheng YC. Safety surveillance of traditional chinese medicine: current and future. Drug Saf. 2015 Feb;38(2):117-28.

22. Lam W, Jiang Z, Guan F, Hu R, Liu SH, Chu E, Cheng YC. The number of intestinal bacteria is not critical for the enhancement of antitumor activity and reduction of intestinal toxicity of irinotecan by the Chinese herbal medicine PHY906 (KD018). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Dec 15;14:490.

23. Selvaraj S, Ghebremichael M, Li M, Foli Y, Langs-Barlow A, Ogbuagu A, Barakat L, Tubridy E, Edifor R, Lam W, Cheng YC, Paintsil E. Antiretroviral therapy-induced mitochondrial toxicity: potential mechanisms beyond polymerase-γ inhibition. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Jul;96(1):110-20. Epub 2014 Mar 17.

24. Lam W, Bussom S, Jiang Z, Zhang W, Guan F, Liu SH, and Cheng YC. PHY906, a Cancer Adjuvant Therapy, Differentially Affects Inflammation of Different Tissues. A Book Chapter of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Cancer: Dietary Approaches for Cancer Prevention. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. August 14, 2013

25. Wang Y, Wong HC, Gullen EA, Lam W, Yang X, Shi Q, Lee KH, Cheng YC. Cryptopleurine analogs with modification of e ring exhibit different mechanism to rac-cryptopleurine and tylophorine. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e51138. Epub 2012 Dec 10.

26. Tang HW, Wong MY, Lam W, Cheng YC, Che CM, Ng KM. Molecular histology analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry using gold nanoparticles as matrix. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2011 Dec 30;25(24):3690-6.

27. Wang E, Bussom S, Chen J, Quinn C, Bedognetti D, Lam W, Guan F, Jiang Z, Mark Y, Zhao Y, Stroncek DF, White J, Marincola FM, Cheng YC. Interaction of a traditional Chinese Medicine (PHY906) and CPT-11 on the inflammatory process in the tumor microenvironment. BMC Med Genomics. 2011 May 11;4:38.

28. Hu R, Lam W, Hsu CH, Cheng YC. UMP/CMPK is not the critical enzyme in the metabolism of pyrimidine ribonucleotide and activation of deoxycytidine analogs in human RKO cells. PLoS One. 2011 May 3;6(5):e19490.

29. Leung CH, Chan DS, Man BY, Wang CJ, Lam W, Cheng YC, Fong WF, Hsiao WL, Ma DL. Simple and convenient G-quadruplex-based turn-on fluorescence assay for 3' → 5' exonuclease activity. Anal Chem. 2011 Jan 15;83(2):463-6. Epub 2010 Nov 29.

30. Paintsil E, Dutschman GE, Hu R, Grill SP, Wang CJ, Lam W, Li FY, Ghebremichael M, Northrup V, Cheng YC. Determinants of individual variation in intracellular accumulation of anti-HIV nucleoside analog metabolites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Feb;55(2):895-903. Epub 2010 Nov 15.

31. Lam W, Bussom S, Guan F, Jiang Z, Zhang W, Gullen EA, Liu SH, Cheng YC. The Four-Herb Chinese Medicine PHY906 Reduces Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity. Science Translation Medicine. 2010 Aug-18. Vol. 2, Issue 45, pp. 45ra59

32. Zhang W, Saif MW, Dutschman GE, Li X, Lam W, Bussom S, Jiang Z, Ye M, Chu E, Cheng YC. Identification of chemicals and their metabolites from PHY906, a Chinese medicine formulation, in the plasma of a patient treated with irinotecan and PHY906 using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). J Chromatogr A. 2010 Sep 10;1217(37):5785-93. Epub 2010 Jul 21.

33. Leung CH, Lam W, Ma DL, Gullen EA, Cheng YC. Butyrate mediates nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation domain (NOD) 2-dependent mucosal immune responses against peptidoglycan. Eur J Immunol. 2009 Dec;39(12):3529-37.

34. Wang CJ, Lam W, Bussom S, Chang HM, Cheng YC. TREX1 acts in degrading damaged DNA from drug-treated tumor cells. DNA Repair (Amst). 2009 Oct 2;8(10):1179-89. Epub 2009 Jul 18.

35. McNeill DR, Lam W, DeWeese TL, Cheng YC, Wilson DM 3rd. Impairment of APE1 function enhances cellular sensitivity to clinically relevant alkylators and antimetabolites. Mol Cancer Res. 2009 Jun;7(6):897-906. Epub 2009 May 26.

36. Lam W, Bussom S, Cheng YC. Effect of hypoxia on the expression of phosphoglycerate kinase and antitumor activity of troxacitabine and gemcitabine in non-small cell lung carcinoma. 2009 Feb;8(2):415-23. Epub 2009 Feb 10.

37. Paintsil E, Dutschman GE, Hu R, Grill SP, Lam W, Baba M, Tanaka H, Cheng YC. Intracellular Metabolism and Persistence of the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity of 2', 3'-Didehydro-3'-Deoxy-4'- Ethynylthymidine, A Novel Thymidine Analog. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Aug 27.

38. Lam W, Leung CH, Bussom S and Cheng YC. The Impact of Hypoxic Treatment on The Expression of PGK , APE-1 and The Cytotoxicity of Troxacitabine (L-OddC) and Gemcitabine (dFdC). “Mol Pharmacol” Published June 12, 2007.

39. Rodrigues MA, Gomes DA, Leite MF, Grant W, Zhang L, Lam W, Cheng YC, Bennett AM, Nathanson MH. Nucleoplasmic calcium is required for cell proliferation. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 8;282(23):17061-8. Epub 2007 Apr 9

40. Leung CH, Grill SP, Lam W, Gao W, Sun HD, Cheng YC. Related Articles, Links Eriocalyxin B inhibits NF-{kappa}B activation by interfering with the binding of both p65 and p50 to the response element in a non-competitive manner. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;70(6):1946-55. Epub 2006 Aug 29.

41. Lam W, Park SY, Leung CH, Cheng YC. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 protein level is associated with the cytotoxicity of L-configuration deoxycytidine analogs (troxacitabine and beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-5-fluorocytidine) but not D-configuration deoxycytidine analogs (gemcitabine and beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine). Mol Pharmacol. 2006 May;69(5):1607-14. Epub 2006 Feb 15.

42. Leung CH, Grill SP, Lam W, Han QB, Sun HD, Cheng YC. Novel Mechanism of Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B DNA-Binding Activity by Diterpenoids Isolated from Isodon rubescens. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Aug;68(2):286-97. Epub 2005 May 4

43. Hu R, Li L, Degreve B, Dutschman GE, Lam W, Cheng YC. Behavior of Thymidylate Kinase toward Monophosphate Metabolites and Its Role in the Metabolism of 1-(2'-Deoxy-2'-Fluoro-{beta}-L-Arabinofuranosyl)-5-Methyluracil (Clevudine) and 2',3'-Didehydro-2',3'-Dideoxythymidine in Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 May;49(5):2044-2049.

44. Lam W, Chen C, Ruan S, Leung CH, Cheng YC. Expression of deoxynucleotide carrier is not associated with the mitochondrial DNA depletion caused by anti-HIV dideoxynucleoside analogs and mitochondrial dNTP uptake. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;67(2):408-16. Epub 2004 Nov 11.

45. Lam W, Li Y, Liou JY, Dutschman GE, Cheng YC. Reverse Transcriptase Activity of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) DNA Polymerase within Core Capsid: Interaction with Deoxynucleoside Triphosphates and Anti-HBV L-Deoxynucleoside Analog Triphosphates. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;65(2):400-6.

46. Gao W*, Lam W*, Zhong S, Kaczmarek C, Baker DC, Cheng YC. Novel mode of action of tylophorine analogs as antitumor compounds. Cancer Res. 2004 Jan 15;64(2):678-88. W. Gao and W. Lam contributed equally to this work.

47. Krishnan P, Gullen EA, Lam W, Dutschman GE, Grill SP, Cheng YC. Novel role of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, a glycolytic enzyme, in the activation of L-nucleoside analogs, a new class of anticancer and antiviral agents. J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 19;278(38):36726-32. Epub 2003 Jul 16.

48. Liou JY, Dutschman GE, Lam W, Jiang Z, Cheng YC. Characterization of human UMP/CMP kinase and its phosphorylation of D- and L-form deoxycytidine analogue monophosphates. Cancer Res. 2002 Mar 15;62(6):1624-31.

49. Krishnan P, Fu Q, Lam W, Liou JY, Dutschman G, Cheng YC. Phosphorylation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside analog diphosphates: selective phosphorylation of L-nucleoside analog diphosphates by 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.. J Biol Chem 2002 Feb 15;277(7):5453-5459.

50. Park SY, Lam W, Cheng Yc YC. X-ray Repair Cross-Complementing Gene I Protein Plays an Important Role in Camptothecin Resistance. Cancer Res 2002 Jan 15;62(2):459-65

51. Leung CH, Lam W, Zhuang WJ, Wong NS, Yang MS, Fong WF. PKCdelta-dependent deubiquitination and stabilization of Gadd45 in A431 cells overexposed to EGF. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001 Jul 13;285(2):283-8.

52. Fong WF, Leung CH, Lam W, Wong NS, Cheng SH. Epidermal growth factor induces Gadd45 (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible protein) expression in A431 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta (Gene Structure and Expression) 2001 Jan 26;1517(2):250-6

53. Lam W, Leung CH, Chan HL, Fong WF. Toxicity and DNA binding of dextran-doxorubicin conjugates in multidrug-resistant KB-V1 cells: optimization of dextran size. Anticancer Drugs. 2000 Jun;11(5):377-84.

54. Cheng SH, Lam W, Lee AS, Fung KP, Wu RS, Fong WF. Low-level doxorubicin resistance in benzo[a]pyrene-treated KB-3-1 cells is associated with increased LRP expression and altered subcellular drug distribution. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000 Apr 15;164(2):134-42.

55. Che CM, Yang M, Wong KH, Chan HL and Lam W. Platinium (II) Complexes of Dipyridophenazine as Metallointercalators for DNA and Potent Cytotoxic Agents Carcinoma Cell Lines. Chem. Eur. J. 1999 5(11):3350-3356.

56. Lam W, Chan HL, Yang M, Cheng S, Fong W. Synergism of energy starvation and dextran-conjugated doxorubicin in the killing of multidrug-resistant KB carcinoma cells. Anticancer Drugs. 1999 Feb;10(2):171-8.

57. Yang M, Chan HL, Lam W, Fong WF. Cytotoxicity and DNA binding characteristics of dextran-conjugated doxorubicins. Biochim Biophys Acta. (General Subjects) 1998 May 8;1380(3):329-35.

58. Fong WF, Lam W, Yang M, Wong JT. Partial synergism between dextran-conjugated doxorubicin and cancer drugs on the killing of multidrug resistant KB-V1 cells. Anticancer Res. 1996 Nov-Dec;16(6B):3773-8.