2024
Neurosymptomatic HIV-1 CSF escape is associated with replication in CNS T cells and inflammation
Kincer L, Dravid A, Trunfio M, Calcagno A, Zhou S, Vercesi R, Spudich S, Gisslen M, Price R, Cinque P, Joseph S. Neurosymptomatic HIV-1 CSF escape is associated with replication in CNS T cells and inflammation. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2024, 134: e176358. PMID: 39352388, PMCID: PMC11444166, DOI: 10.1172/jci176358.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV-1 RNACD4+ T cellsHIV-1 populationsAntiretroviral therapyHIV-1T cellsCerebrospinal fluidCSF escapeCNS inflammationDetectable HIV-1 RNAImprovement of neurological symptomsAssociated with viral suppressionUntreated chronic infectionDrug-resistant virusesProgressive neurological deficitsCNS T cellsART regimenViral suppressionChronic infectionNeurological deficitsNeurological symptomsInflammatory biomarkersClinical consequencesVirus expressionPrimary infectionChanges in cerebrospinal fluid proteins across the spectrum of untreated and treated chronic HIV-1 infection
Hu Z, Cinque P, Dravid A, Hagberg L, Yilmaz A, Zetterberg H, Fuchs D, Gostner J, Blennow K, Spudich S, Kincer L, Zhou S, Joseph S, Swanstrom R, Price R, Gisslén M. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid proteins across the spectrum of untreated and treated chronic HIV-1 infection. PLOS Pathogens 2024, 20: e1012470. PMID: 39316609, PMCID: PMC11469498, DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012470.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV-1 infectionHIV-associated dementiaCerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluid proteinCerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNAImpact of HIV-1 infectionTreating chronic HIV-1 infectionChronic HIV-1 infectionHIV-1 RNAHIV-1 progressionTreat chronic infectionsInflammatory cell lineagesNeurofilament light chain proteinCSF escapeChronic infectionHIV-1Light chain proteinProtein changesClinical centersCNS injuryCSF proteinClinical informationCell lineagesInfectionCerebrospinal fluid proteomeTranscobalamin receptor antibodies in autoimmune vitamin B12 central deficiency
Pluvinage J, Ngo T, Fouassier C, McDonagh M, Holmes B, Bartley C, Kondapavulur S, Hurabielle C, Bodansky A, Pai V, Hinman S, Aslanpour A, Alvarenga B, Zorn K, Zamecnik C, McCann A, Asencor A, Huynh T, Browne W, Tubati A, Haney M, Douglas V, Louine M, Cree B, Hauser S, Seeley W, Baranzini S, Wells J, Spudich S, Farhadian S, Ramachandran P, Gillum L, Hales C, Zikherman J, Anderson M, Yazdany J, Smith B, Nath A, Suh G, Flanagan E, Green A, Green R, Gelfand J, DeRisi J, Pleasure S, Wilson M. Transcobalamin receptor antibodies in autoimmune vitamin B12 central deficiency. Science Translational Medicine 2024, 16: eadl3758. PMID: 38924428, PMCID: PMC11520464, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl3758.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBlood-brain barrierCerebrospinal fluidNeurological deficitsAutoimmune neurological conditionsCohort of patientsCellular uptake of cobalaminVitamin B12B12 transportCerebrospinal fluid samplesMeasurement of vitamin B12Low-density lipoprotein receptorProgrammable phage displayImmunosuppressive treatmentIn vitro modelNeuropsychiatric lupusImmunomodulatory treatmentReceptor antibodiesClinical improvementUptake of cobalaminB12 deficiencyUnknown etiologyHematopoietic cellsTranscobalamin receptorCentral deficiencyB12 supplementationCase-Control Study of Individuals With Small Fiber Neuropathy After COVID-19
McAlpine L, Zubair A, Joseph P, Spudich S. Case-Control Study of Individuals With Small Fiber Neuropathy After COVID-19. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2024, 11: e200244. PMID: 38630952, PMCID: PMC11087026, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200244.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInvasive cardiopulmonary exercise testingSmall fiber neuropathyCase-control studyFiber neuropathySkin biopsiesClinical response to treatmentNeurovascular dysregulationTreated with IVIGRetrospective chart reviewCase-control study of individualsRetrospective cohort studyResponse to treatmentCardiopulmonary exercise testingClass III evidenceMyalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndromeIVIG groupClinical responseNeuropathic symptomsChart reviewIVIGStudy of individualsCohort studyIII evidenceClinical trialsCOVID-19 illnessFramingham risk score based vascular outcomes in acute versus chronic HIV cohorts after 6 years of ART
Holroyd K, Han W, Apornpong T, Trautmann L, Gatechompol S, Hiransuthikul A, Ubolyam S, Sacdalan C, Sriplienchan S, Kanaprach R, Kerr S, Avihingsanon A, Spudich S, Chan P. Framingham risk score based vascular outcomes in acute versus chronic HIV cohorts after 6 years of ART. HIV Medicine 2024, 25: 725-736. PMID: 38383057, PMCID: PMC11153003, DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13621.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFramingham risk scoreYears of antiretroviral therapyAcute HIVHigher CD4 countsAntiretroviral therapyChronic HIVCD4 countFollow-upAtherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseVascular outcomesAssociated with higher body mass indexCardiovascular diseaseRisk scoreHigher body mass indexRisk factorsPrevalence of syphilisVascular agingCD8 T-cell countsMetabolic risk factorsCohort of participantsBody mass indexMultivariate linear regression analysisCardiovascular risk factorsEffect of ART initiationStarted antiretroviral therapy
2023
Antiretroviral Therapy Intensification for Neurocognitive Impairment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Letendre S, Chen H, McKhann A, Roa J, Vecchio A, Daar E, Berzins B, Hunt P, Marra C, Campbell T, Coombs R, Ma Q, Swaminathan S, Macatangay B, Morse G, Miller T, Rusin D, Greninger A, Ha B, Alston-Smith B, Robertson K, Paul R, Spudich S, Team T. Antiretroviral Therapy Intensification for Neurocognitive Impairment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2023, 77: 866-874. PMID: 37183889, PMCID: PMC10506779, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad265.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAntiretroviral therapyART intensificationNeurocognitive impairmentWeek 48Z-scoreAntiretroviral therapy intensificationPersistent HIV replicationPlacebo-controlled trialPlasma HIV RNASuppressive antiretroviral therapyAge 52 yearsBody mass indexHuman immunodeficiency virusCopies/mLTotal Z-scoreBaseline z-scoresCentral nervous systemDual placeboEfavirenz useTherapy intensificationHIV RNAStudy drugAdverse eventsSymptomatic HIVPrimary outcome
2022
Immunological, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Outcomes After Initiating Efavirenz- and Dolutegravir-based Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Chan P, Yoon B, Colby D, Kroon E, Sacdalan C, Sriplienchan S, Pinyakorn S, Ananworanich J, Valcour V, Vasan S, Hsu D, Phanuphak N, Paul R, Spudich S. Immunological, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Outcomes After Initiating Efavirenz- and Dolutegravir-based Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2022, 76: e718-e726. PMID: 35687498, PMCID: PMC9907536, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac466.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV-1 infectionT-cell countsDTG-based antiretroviral therapyAntiretroviral therapyDTG groupEFV groupWeek 96Week 24CD4/CD8 ratioNucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1Immunodeficiency virus type 1Fiebig stages IPlasma viral suppressionAcute HIV infectionTreatment-naive individualsHIV-1 infectionPatient Health QuestionnaireReverse transcriptase inhibitorVirus type 1Greater incrementART regimensCD8 ratioViral suppressionHIV infectionHIV Disease Dynamics and Markers of Inflammation and CNS Injury During Primary HIV Infection and Their Relationship to Cognitive Performance
Longino AA, Paul R, Wang Y, Lama JR, Brandes P, Ruiz E, Correa C, Keating S, Spudich SS, Pilcher C, Vecchio A, Pasalar S, Ignacio R, Valdez R, Dasgupta S, Robertson K, Duerr A. HIV Disease Dynamics and Markers of Inflammation and CNS Injury During Primary HIV Infection and Their Relationship to Cognitive Performance. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2022, 89: 183-190. PMID: 34629415, PMCID: PMC8752485, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002832.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV infectionAntiretroviral therapyHIV infectionWeek 192CNS injuryCSF biomarkersNP scoresHigher pre-ART VLCognitive performanceChronic cognitive symptomsSustained antiretroviral therapyPrimary HIV infectionMarkers of inflammationCerebrospinal fluid biomarkersPsychosocial risk factorsART initiationCNS inflammationNeuronal injuryAcute infectionImmune activationFluid biomarkersRisk factorsHIV disease dynamicsInjury peaksCognitive symptoms
2021
VZV myelitis with secondary HIV CSF escape
Weiss JJ, Spudich S, Barakat L. VZV myelitis with secondary HIV CSF escape. BMJ Case Reports 2021, 14: e241738. PMID: 34187795, PMCID: PMC8245447, DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-241738.Peer-Reviewed Case Reports and Technical NotesConceptsVaricella-zoster virusCSF escapeVZV myelitisSkin lesionsCerebrospinal fluidCSF HIV viral loadRight upper extremity weaknessCentral nervous system infectionSubsequent oral therapyUpper extremity weaknessHIV viral loadNervous system infectionVesicular skin lesionsCopies/mLDirect fluorescent antibody testingFluorescent antibody testingIntravenous acyclovirVZV PCRExtremity weaknessOral therapyRare complicationSystem infectionAtypical presentationImmunosuppressed patientsVZV infectionCompartmentalization of cerebrospinal fluid inflammation across the spectrum of untreated HIV-1 infection, central nervous system injury and viral suppression
Gisslen M, Keating SM, Spudich S, Arechiga V, Stephenson S, Zetterberg H, Di Germanio C, Blennow K, Fuchs D, Hagberg L, Norris PJ, Peterson J, Shacklett BL, Yiannoutsos CT, Price RW. Compartmentalization of cerebrospinal fluid inflammation across the spectrum of untreated HIV-1 infection, central nervous system injury and viral suppression. PLOS ONE 2021, 16: e0250987. PMID: 33983973, PMCID: PMC8118251, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250987.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnti-Retroviral AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveBiomarkersCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCentral Nervous SystemCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansInflammationLeukocyte CountMaleMiddle AgedNeurofilament ProteinsRNA, ViralSerum AlbuminSustained Virologic ResponseConceptsHIV-1 infectionHIV-associated dementiaPrimary HIV-1 infectionBlood CD4CSF inflammationViral suppressionInflammatory biomarkersCNS injuryViral controlT lymphocytesCSF white blood cell countUntreated primary HIV-1 infectionBlood HIV-1 RNACentral nervous system inflammationCerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarkersCSF neurofilament light chainHIV-1 seronegative controlsHIV-1-infected subjectsHIV-1-uninfected controlsHIV-1 RNA concentrationsUntreated HIV-1 infectionWhite blood cell countBlood-brain barrier permeabilityCentral nervous system injuryCSF inflammatory responseClinical and laboratory impact of concomitant syphilis infection during acute HIV
Chan P, Colby D, Kroon E, Sacdalan C, Pinyakorn S, Paul R, Robb M, Valcour V, Ananworanich J, Marra C, Spudich S. Clinical and laboratory impact of concomitant syphilis infection during acute HIV. HIV Medicine 2021, 22: 502-511. PMID: 33728759, DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13079.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV-1T lymphocyte levelsVenereal Disease Research LaboratoryUntreated syphilisHistory of syphilisHIV-1Higher plasma HIV-1 RNACD4 T-lymphocyte levelsPlasma HIV-1 RNAHIV-1 RNA levelsCognitive performanceCD4 T lymphocytesHIV-1 infectionHIV-1 RNAImpaired cognitive performanceAcute HIVAHI participantsFiebig stagesIncident syphilisPrior syphilisSerum TreponemaSyphilis infectionChronic infectionDisease measuresSyphilis statusCognitive trajectories after treatment in acute HIV infection
Chan P, Kerr SJ, Kroon E, Colby D, Sacdalan C, Hellmuth J, Reiss P, Vasan S, Ananworanich J, Valcour V, Spudich S, Paul R. Cognitive trajectories after treatment in acute HIV infection. AIDS 2021, 35: 883-888. PMID: 33534200, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002831.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV-1 infectionAntiretroviral therapyWeek 288Week 96Cognitive performanceAcute HIV infectionSuppressive antiretroviral therapyHIV-1 infectionTrajectory subgroupsWorse depressive symptomsWorse baseline cognitive performanceImpaired cognitive performanceFine motor speedAHI diagnosisViral suppressionHIV infectionWeek 12Baseline cognitive performanceLower baseline performanceHIV-1Depressive symptomsCognitive symptomsPosthoc analysisPsychomotor speedCognitive outcomes
2020
Selective Decay of Intact HIV-1 Proviral DNA on Antiretroviral Therapy
Gandhi R, Cyktor J, Bosch R, Mar H, Laird G, Martin A, Collier A, Riddler S, Macatangay B, Rinaldo C, Eron J, Siliciano J, McMahon D, Mellors J, Hogg E, LeBlanc R, Scello C, Palm D, Gandhi M, Fletcher C, Podany A, Aweeka F, Halvas L, Dragavon J, Joseph J, Lagattuta R, Lin L, Pederson S, Robertson K, Rubin L, Smith D, Spudich S, Tsibris A. Selective Decay of Intact HIV-1 Proviral DNA on Antiretroviral Therapy. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2020, 223: 225-233. PMID: 32823274, PMCID: PMC7857155, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa532.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTotal HIV-1 DNAResidual plasma viremiaAntiretroviral therapyHIV-1 DNAProvirus levelsPlasma viremiaLong-term antiretroviral therapyDefective HIV-1 provirusesHIV-1 proviral DNAReplication-competent reservoirSuppressive antiretroviral therapyMarkers of inflammationReplication-competent provirusesHIV-1 provirusART initiationImmune activationHIV-1Proviral DNATime pointsInfected cellsViremiaDefective provirusesInflammationTherapyProvirusStroke Code Presentations, Interventions, and Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Jasne AS, Chojecka P, Maran I, Mageid R, Eldokmak M, Zhang Q, Nystrom K, Vlieks K, Askenase M, Petersen N, Falcone GJ, Wira CR, Lleva P, Zeevi N, Narula R, Amin H, Navaratnam D, Loomis C, Hwang DY, Schindler J, Hebert R, Matouk C, Krumholz HM, Spudich S, Sheth KN, Sansing LH, Sharma R. Stroke Code Presentations, Interventions, and Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Stroke 2020, 51: 2664-2673. PMID: 32755347, PMCID: PMC7446978, DOI: 10.1161/str.0000000000000347.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAged, 80 and overBetacoronavirusBrain IschemiaCohort StudiesComorbidityConnecticutCoronary Artery DiseaseCoronavirus InfectionsCOVID-19DyslipidemiasEmergency Medical ServicesEthnicityFemaleHumansHypertensionIncomeInsurance, HealthIntracranial HemorrhagesMaleMedically UninsuredMiddle AgedOutcome and Process Assessment, Health CarePandemicsPneumonia, ViralRetrospective StudiesSARS-CoV-2Severity of Illness IndexStrokeSubstance-Related DisordersTelemedicineThrombectomyThrombolytic TherapyTime-to-TreatmentConceptsComprehensive stroke centerStroke codePatient characteristicsStroke severityStroke code patientsHistory of hypertensionStroke-like symptomsCoronary artery diseaseCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemicPatient-level dataLower median household incomePublic health initiativesDisease 2019 pandemicCOVID-19 pandemicRace/ethnicityCode patientsHospital presentationPublic health insuranceRankin ScaleStroke centersArtery diseaseReperfusion timeStroke symptomsEarly outcomesConnecticut hospitalsAcute encephalopathy with elevated CSF inflammatory markers as the initial presentation of COVID-19
Farhadian S, Glick LR, Vogels CBF, Thomas J, Chiarella J, Casanovas-Massana A, Zhou J, Odio C, Vijayakumar P, Geng B, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Fauver JR, Alpert T, Wyllie AL, Turcotte C, Steinle M, Paczkowski P, Dela Cruz C, Wilen C, Ko AI, MacKay S, Grubaugh ND, Spudich S, Barakat LA. Acute encephalopathy with elevated CSF inflammatory markers as the initial presentation of COVID-19. BMC Neurology 2020, 20: 248. PMID: 32552792, PMCID: PMC7301053, DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01812-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInitial presentationCentral nervous system inflammationSARS-CoV-2 infectionCSF inflammatory markersNervous system inflammationCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokinesSeizure-like activityCOVID-19 infectionVirus SARS-CoV-2COVID-19SARS-CoV-2BackgroundCOVID-19Inflammatory markersNeurologic complicationsSystem inflammationImmunocompromised womanNeurologic manifestationsNeurologic symptomsViral neuroinvasionCase presentationWeInfected patientsMental statusRespiratory pathogensConclusionOur findingsInflammationLiver function test abnormalities in a longitudinal cohort of Thai individuals treated since acute HIV infection
Peluso MJ, Colby DJ, Pinyakorn S, Ubolyam S, Intasan J, Trichavaroj R, Chomchey N, Prueksakaew P, Slike BM, Krebs SJ, Jian N, Robb ML, Phanuphak P, Phanuphak N, Spudich S, Ananworanich J, Kroon E, , Teeratakulpisarn N, Pattanachaiwit S, Sacdalan C, Sriplienchan S, de Souza M, Tantivitayakul P, Poltavee K, Luekasemsuk T, Savadsuk H, Tipsuk S, Puttamsawin S, Benjapornpong K, Ratnaratorn N, Tangnaree K, Munkong C, Thaimanee R, Eamyoung P, Buranapraditkun S, Lerdlum S, Manasnayakorn S, Rerknimitr R, Sirivichayakul S, Wattanaboonyongcharoen P, Suttichom D, O'Connell R, Schuetz A, Hsu D, Akapirat S, Nuntapinit B, Tantibul N, Churikanont N, Getchalarat S, Michael N, Vasan S, Crowell T, Turk E, McCullough C, Butterworth O, Milazzo M, Anne Eller L. Liver function test abnormalities in a longitudinal cohort of Thai individuals treated since acute HIV infection. Journal Of The International AIDS Society 2020, 23: e25444. PMID: 31953919, PMCID: PMC6968973, DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25444.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV infectionLiver function test abnormalitiesBaseline alanine aminotransferaseAntiretroviral therapyHIV infectionAlanine aminotransferaseALT elevationALT levelsTest abnormalitiesCopies/Baseline plasma HIV RNA levelElevated baseline alanine aminotransferasePlasma HIV RNA levelsBaseline ALT levelsBaseline HIV RNAConcomitant viral hepatitisEfavirenz-based regimensFiebig stage IIIFiebig stages IGrade 1 elevationImmediate antiretroviral therapyHIV RNA levelsEarly HIV infectionCombination of HIVThai individualsNeuropsychiatric outcomes before and after switching to dolutegravir-based therapy in an acute HIV cohort
Chan P, Goh O, Kroon E, Colby D, Sacdalan C, Pinyakorn S, Prueksakaew P, Reiss P, Ananworanich J, Valcour V, Spudich S, Paul R. Neuropsychiatric outcomes before and after switching to dolutegravir-based therapy in an acute HIV cohort. AIDS Research And Therapy 2020, 17: 1. PMID: 31907064, PMCID: PMC6945418, DOI: 10.1186/s12981-019-0257-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPatient Health Questionnaire-9Acute HIV infectionWeeks of ARTAntiretroviral therapyPHQ-9 scoresDTG-based antiretroviral therapyLower PHQ-9 scoresDolutegravir-based therapyDTG-based regimenNeuropsychiatric adverse eventsPlasma viral suppressionFirst-line treatmentPre-existing depressionLeast moderate depressionModerate-severe depressionModerate depression symptomsPercentage of participantsDTG useViral suppressionHIV cohortMedian durationAdverse eventsHIV infectionHighest quartileMultivariable analysis
2019
Exosomal MicroRNAs Associate With Neuropsychological Performance in Individuals With HIV Infection on Antiretroviral Therapy.
OʼMeara T, Kong Y, Chiarella J, Price RW, Chaudhury R, Liu X, Spudich S, Robertson K, Emu B, Lu L. Exosomal MicroRNAs Associate With Neuropsychological Performance in Individuals With HIV Infection on Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2019, 82: 514-522. PMID: 31714431, PMCID: PMC6857839, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002187.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCombination antiretroviral therapyNeuropsychological performanceAntiretroviral therapyViral suppressionHIV infectionNeurocognitive dysfunctionExo-miRNAsEarly infection groupCentral nervous systemSystemic viral suppressionTyrosine receptor kinaseInfection groupChronic infectionPLWHCross-sectional examinationNervous systemEarly infectionNeuropsychological scoresInfectionConsistent findingNeuropsychological batteryHIVNeurodegeneration pathwaysDysfunctionTherapyTrajectory Analysis of Cognitive Outcomes in Children With Perinatal HIV.
Patel PB, Apornpong T, Puthanakit T, Thongpibul K, Kosalaraksa P, Hansudewechakul R, Kanjanavanit S, Ngampiyaskul C, Luesomboon W, Wongsawat J, Sun LP, Chettra K, Saphonn V, Mellins CA, Malee K, Spudich S, Ananworanich J, Kerr SJ, Paul R. Trajectory Analysis of Cognitive Outcomes in Children With Perinatal HIV. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2019, 38: 1038-1044. PMID: 31568142, PMCID: PMC6776249, DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002427.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsColor Trails Test 1Cognitive outcomesChildren's Color Trails Test 1Trajectory groupsBeery-Buktenica Developmental TestSelect cognitive domainsColor Trails TestVisual-motor integrationSuboptimal cognitive developmentSimilar developmental trajectoriesScoring groupIntelligence quotient (IQ) testBetter cognitive reserveHigh scoring groupClusters of childrenLow scoring groupCognitive measuresCognitive domainsCognitive reserveVerbal IQCognitive developmentCognitive phenotypesCognitive testsTrails TestDevelopmental gainsDeep Sequencing Reveals Central Nervous System Compartmentalization in Multiple Transmitted/Founder Virus Acute HIV-1 Infection
Tovanabutra S, Sirijatuphat R, Pham PT, Bonar L, Harbolick EA, Bose M, Song H, Chang D, Oropeza C, O’Sullivan A, Balinang J, Kroon E, Colby DJ, Sacdalan C, Hellmuth J, Chan P, Prueksakaew P, Pinyakorn S, Jagodzinski LL, Sutthichom D, Pattamaswin S, de Souza M, Gramzinski RA, Kim JH, Michael NL, Robb ML, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Valcour V, Kijak GH, Sanders-Buell E, Spudich S, Core T, Team T. Deep Sequencing Reveals Central Nervous System Compartmentalization in Multiple Transmitted/Founder Virus Acute HIV-1 Infection. Cells 2019, 8: 902. PMID: 31443253, PMCID: PMC6721674, DOI: 10.3390/cells8080902.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV-1 infectionCentral nervous systemHIV-1 infectionCerebrospinal fluidCNS compartmentalizationHIV-1HIV-1 compartmentalizationHIV-1 exposureHIV-1 neuropathogenesisHIV-1 reservoirSingle-genome sequencingHIV reservoirFounder virusesRemission strategiesNeurological impairmentNervous systemF infectionsViral replicationInfectionPotential long-term implicationsNext-generation sequencingEnvelope geneTissue compartmentsF variantLong-term implications