2008
Genetic Variants of Nogo-66 Receptor with Possible Association to Schizophrenia Block Myelin Inhibition of Axon Growth
Budel S, Padukkavidana T, Liu BP, Feng Z, Hu F, Johnson S, Lauren J, Park JH, McGee AW, Liao J, Stillman A, Kim JE, Yang BZ, Sodi S, Gelernter J, Zhao H, Hisama F, Arnsten AF, Strittmatter SM. Genetic Variants of Nogo-66 Receptor with Possible Association to Schizophrenia Block Myelin Inhibition of Axon Growth. Journal Of Neuroscience 2008, 28: 13161-13172. PMID: 19052207, PMCID: PMC2892845, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3828-08.2008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBrainChick EmbryoChlorocebus aethiopsChromosome MappingCodonCOS CellsFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGPI-Linked ProteinsGrowth ConesGrowth InhibitorsHumansMaleMiceMice, KnockoutMutationMyelin ProteinsNerve Fibers, MyelinatedNeurogenesisNeuronal PlasticityNogo Receptor 1Organ Culture TechniquesRatsReceptors, Cell SurfaceSchizophreniaConceptsMyelin inhibitionNogo-66 receptorCase-control analysisMyelin-specific genesAxonal sproutingMyelin signalGenetic predispositionAxon inhibitionNeuronal culturesPossible associationReceptor 1Disease riskAxon growthSchizophreniaAxonal proteinsPotential endophenotypeMemory functionGenetic variantsDysfunctional proteinsInhibitionSchizophrenia susceptibilityDominant negativeProtein exhibitCandidate genesChromosome 22q11The N-Terminal Domain of Nogo-A Inhibits Cell Adhesion and Axonal Outgrowth by an Integrin-Specific Mechanism
Hu F, Strittmatter SM. The N-Terminal Domain of Nogo-A Inhibits Cell Adhesion and Axonal Outgrowth by an Integrin-Specific Mechanism. Journal Of Neuroscience 2008, 28: 1262-1269. PMID: 18234903, PMCID: PMC2856844, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1068-07.2008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCell adhesionFocal adhesion kinase activationN-terminal domainAxonal outgrowthInhibits cell adhesionAxonal growth conesCNS axon regenerationKinase activationCertain integrinsIntegrin activatorIntegrin beta1Widespread expressionExtracellular matrixSecond domainAlpha5 integrinUnknown mechanismIntegrinsGrowth conesNogo-A proteinCell linesAlpha6 integrinNogo-66 receptorAxonal growthAdult brainOutgrowth
2007
Nogo receptor interacts with brain APP and Abeta to reduce pathologic changes in Alzheimer's transgenic mice.
Park JH, Strittmatter SM. Nogo receptor interacts with brain APP and Abeta to reduce pathologic changes in Alzheimer's transgenic mice. Current Alzheimer Research 2007, 4: 568-70. PMID: 18220524, PMCID: PMC2846284, DOI: 10.2174/156720507783018235.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTransgenic miceAlzheimer's diseasePlaque depositionAdult central nervous systemAlzheimer's transgenic miceNogo-66 receptorAmyloid β plaquesCentral nervous systemAxonal sproutingAβ accumulationΒ plaquesDystrophic neuritesPathologic changesNogo receptorNervous systemBrain APPDiseasePotential mechanistic basisMiceExpression increasesNGR modificationReceptorsNeurite responseNGRMechanistic basis
2006
Characterization of Myelin Ligand Complexes with Neuronal Nogo-66 Receptor Family Members*
Lauré;n J, Hu F, Chin J, Liao J, Airaksinen MS, Strittmatter SM. Characterization of Myelin Ligand Complexes with Neuronal Nogo-66 Receptor Family Members*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2006, 282: 5715-5725. PMID: 17189258, PMCID: PMC2852886, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609797200.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SubstitutionAnimalsAxonsCentral Nervous SystemChlorocebus aethiopsCOS CellsGPI-Linked ProteinsHumansLectinsLigandsModels, MolecularMyelin ProteinsMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinNeoplasm ProteinsNerve Tissue ProteinsNogo Receptor 1Protein BindingProtein Structure, TertiaryReceptors, Cell SurfaceRegenerationSubcutaneous Nogo Receptor Removes Brain Amyloid-β and Improves Spatial Memory in Alzheimer's Transgenic Mice
Park JH, Widi GA, Gimbel DA, Harel NY, Lee DH, Strittmatter SM. Subcutaneous Nogo Receptor Removes Brain Amyloid-β and Improves Spatial Memory in Alzheimer's Transgenic Mice. Journal Of Neuroscience 2006, 26: 13279-13286. PMID: 17182778, PMCID: PMC2856604, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4504-06.2006.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAmyloid precursor proteinTransgenic miceAlzheimer's diseaseAbeta clearanceAbeta plaque loadAlzheimer's transgenic miceImproved spatial memoryRadial arm water mazeNogo-66 receptorEffective therapeutic approachPotential therapeutic benefitSpatial memoryAmyloid-beta peptidePlaque loadAbeta levelsBrain amyloidDisease onsetAbeta productionTherapeutic approachesNogo receptorTherapeutic benefitWater mazeInverse correlationAbetaMiceThe Nogo–Nogo Receptor Pathway Limits a Spectrum of Adult CNS Axonal Growth
Cafferty WB, Strittmatter SM. The Nogo–Nogo Receptor Pathway Limits a Spectrum of Adult CNS Axonal Growth. Journal Of Neuroscience 2006, 26: 12242-12250. PMID: 17122049, PMCID: PMC2848954, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3827-06.2006.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnalysis of VarianceAnimalsAxonsBehavior, AnimalCalcitonin Gene-Related PeptideCentral Nervous SystemFunctional LateralityGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMyelin Basic ProteinMyelin ProteinsNogo ProteinsProtein Kinase CPsychomotor PerformancePyramidal TractsReceptors, PeptideSignal TransductionConceptsAxonal growthCST regenerationSpinal cord dorsal hemisectionCervical gray matterRole of NogoCorticospinal tract axonsNogo-66 receptorVivo pharmacological studiesFine motor skillsDorsal hemisectionAffected forelimbCST axonsLesion modelUnilateral pyramidotomyGray matterPharmacological studiesReceptor pathwayNogoConflicting resultsMiceMotor skillsAxonsDifferent tractsGenetic assessmentPyramidotomyIdentification of a receptor necessary for Nogo-B stimulated chemotaxis and morphogenesis of endothelial cells
Miao RQ, Gao Y, Harrison KD, Prendergast J, Acevedo LM, Yu J, Hu F, Strittmatter SM, Sessa WC. Identification of a receptor necessary for Nogo-B stimulated chemotaxis and morphogenesis of endothelial cells. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2006, 103: 10997-11002. PMID: 16835300, PMCID: PMC1544163, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602427103.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAmino terminusNogo isoformsHeterologous expression systemDiscovery of agonistsLoop domainNative endothelial cellsEndothelial cellsExpression systemCell spreadingTube formationTerminusNogo-66 receptorIsoformsChemotaxisReceptorsAngiogenesisCellsMorphogenesisVascular remodelingIdentificationPathwayRemodelingNogoVascular functionCardiovascular functionSelective temporal and regional alterations of Nogo-A and small proline-rich repeat protein 1A (SPRR1A) but not Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) occur following traumatic brain injury in the rat
Marklund N, Fulp CT, Shimizu S, Puri R, McMillan A, Strittmatter SM, McIntosh TK. Selective temporal and regional alterations of Nogo-A and small proline-rich repeat protein 1A (SPRR1A) but not Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) occur following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Experimental Neurology 2006, 197: 70-83. PMID: 16321384, PMCID: PMC2849132, DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.08.029.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBlotting, WesternBrainBrain InjuriesCell CountCornified Envelope Proline-Rich ProteinsDensitometryFunctional LateralityGPI-Linked ProteinsHippocampusImmunohistochemistryMaleMembrane ProteinsMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsMyelin ProteinsNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1OligodendrogliaRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Cell SurfaceThalamusConceptsTraumatic brain injurySmall proline-rich repeat protein 1ANogo-66 receptorBrain injuryIpsilateral cortexReticular thalamusNeuN cellsLateral fluid percussion brain injuryTraumatic central nervous system injuryFluid percussion brain injuryAxonal outgrowthCentral nervous system injuryIpsilateral external capsuleOligodendrocyte marker RIPNeuN-positive cellsNeuronal marker NeuNExpression of NogoNervous system injuryWhite matter tractsImportant brain regionsNgR expressionPoor regenerative capacitySPRR1A expressionWestern blot analysisSystem injury
2005
Experience-Driven Plasticity of Visual Cortex Limited by Myelin and Nogo Receptor
McGee AW, Yang Y, Fischer QS, Daw NW, Strittmatter SM. Experience-Driven Plasticity of Visual Cortex Limited by Myelin and Nogo Receptor. Science 2005, 309: 2222-2226. PMID: 16195464, PMCID: PMC2856689, DOI: 10.1126/science.1114362.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsChondroitin Sulfate ProteoglycansDarknessDominance, OcularElectrophysiologyGamma-Aminobutyric AcidGene TargetingGPI-Linked ProteinsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMutationMyelin Basic ProteinMyelin ProteinsMyelin SheathMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinNeuritesNeuronal PlasticityNeuronsNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1Photic StimulationReceptors, Cell SurfaceSignal TransductionVisual CortexConceptsOcular dominanceOcular dominance plasticityNogo-66 receptorExperience-dependent plasticityPostnatal critical periodCritical periodFunctional recoveryAxonal regenerationMonocular deprivationNogo receptorDays postnatalVisual cortexNeural circuitryPathological traumaJuvenile ageMyelinReceptorsNGRPlasticityPostnatalCortexOMgpTraumaNogoCessationEffect of combined treatment with methylprednisolone and soluble Nogo‐66 receptor after rat spinal cord injury
Ji B, Li M, Budel S, Pepinsky RB, Walus L, Engber TM, Strittmatter SM, Relton JK. Effect of combined treatment with methylprednisolone and soluble Nogo‐66 receptor after rat spinal cord injury. European Journal Of Neuroscience 2005, 22: 587-594. PMID: 16101740, PMCID: PMC2846292, DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04241.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnalysis of VarianceAnimalsAxonsBehavior, AnimalBiotinCells, CulturedChick EmbryoDextransDisease Models, AnimalDose-Response Relationship, DrugDrug InteractionsDrug Therapy, CombinationExploratory BehaviorFemaleGanglia, SpinalGPI-Linked ProteinsImmunoglobulin GLaminectomyMethylprednisoloneMyelin ProteinsMyelin SheathNerve RegenerationNeuronsNogo Receptor 1Pyramidal TractsRatsRats, Long-EvansReceptors, Cell SurfaceReceptors, PeptideRecombinant ProteinsRecovery of FunctionSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsSpinal cord injuryCord injuryRat spinal cord injuryMP treatmentAdult central nervous systemThoracic dorsal hemisectionNovel experimental therapiesCorticospinal tract axonsRecovery of functionNogo-66 receptorNumber of axonsCentral nervous systemGrowth inhibitory effectsDorsal hemisectionBBB scoresAxonal sproutingFunctional recoveryBresnahan (BBB) scoringAxonal regenerationMotor neuronsExperimental therapiesMethylprednisoloneSynthetic glucocorticoidNervous systemAxonal growthNogo-A Interacts with the Nogo-66 Receptor through Multiple Sites to Create an Isoform-Selective Subnanomolar Agonist
Hu F, Liu BP, Budel S, Liao J, Chin J, Fournier A, Strittmatter SM. Nogo-A Interacts with the Nogo-66 Receptor through Multiple Sites to Create an Isoform-Selective Subnanomolar Agonist. Journal Of Neuroscience 2005, 25: 5298-5304. PMID: 15930377, PMCID: PMC2855126, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5235-04.2005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAlkaline PhosphataseAnimalsAxonsBinding SitesCell LineChick EmbryoChlorocebus aethiopsGlutathione TransferaseGPI-Linked ProteinsHumansIn Vitro TechniquesLigandsMiceMyelin ProteinsNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1PeptidesProtein IsoformsProtein Structure, TertiaryReceptors, Cell SurfaceRecombinant Fusion ProteinsTransgenic inhibition of Nogo-66 receptor function allows axonal sprouting and improved locomotion after spinal injury
Li S, Kim JE, Budel S, Hampton TG, Strittmatter SM. Transgenic inhibition of Nogo-66 receptor function allows axonal sprouting and improved locomotion after spinal injury. Molecular And Cellular Neuroscience 2005, 29: 26-39. PMID: 15866044, PMCID: PMC3246391, DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.12.008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryAxonal sproutingSpinal injuryLumbar spinal cordNogo-66 receptorRecovery of locomotionHemisection injuryCord injurySpinal cordAdult CNSMice exhibitTherapeutic meansAxonal growthReceptor functionNgR ligandsInjuryNogo-66Improved locomotionTransgenic inhibitionMiceSproutingAstrocytesCordCNSOMgp
2004
Blockade of Nogo-66, Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein, and Oligodendrocyte Myelin Glycoprotein by Soluble Nogo-66 Receptor Promotes Axonal Sprouting and Recovery after Spinal Injury
Li S, Liu BP, Budel S, Li M, Ji B, Walus L, Li W, Jirik A, Rabacchi S, Choi E, Worley D, Sah DW, Pepinsky B, Lee D, Relton J, Strittmatter SM. Blockade of Nogo-66, Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein, and Oligodendrocyte Myelin Glycoprotein by Soluble Nogo-66 Receptor Promotes Axonal Sprouting and Recovery after Spinal Injury. Journal Of Neuroscience 2004, 24: 10511-10520. PMID: 15548666, PMCID: PMC6730300, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2828-04.2004.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAxonsEvoked Potentials, MotorFemaleGPI-Linked ProteinsInjections, SpinalMotor ActivityMyelin ProteinsMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1OligodendrogliaPeptide FragmentsRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Cell SurfaceReceptors, PeptideRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSerotoninSolubilitySpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsAxonal sproutingTraumatic spinal cord injurySpinal-injured ratsSpinal cord injuryAdult mammalian CNSNogo-66 receptorOligodendrocyte myelin glycoproteinMyelin associated glycoproteinRaphespinal fibersLocomotor recoveryCord injurySpinal injuryMammalian CNSNgR functionTherapeutic potentialAxonal growthNogo-66Myelin glycoproteinInjuryMyelin proteinsImproved locomotionViral blockadeBlockadeFc proteinSproutingNogo-66 Receptor Prevents Raphespinal and Rubrospinal Axon Regeneration and Limits Functional Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury
Kim JE, Liu BP, Park JH, Strittmatter SM. Nogo-66 Receptor Prevents Raphespinal and Rubrospinal Axon Regeneration and Limits Functional Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury. Neuron 2004, 44: 439-451. PMID: 15504325, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.015.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords5,7-DihydroxytryptamineAnimalsAxonsBehavior, AnimalBlotting, NorthernBlotting, SouthernBrainCell CountCells, CulturedCloning, MolecularCornified Envelope Proline-Rich ProteinsDesipramineDisease Models, AnimalEvoked Potentials, MotorFemaleGanglia, SpinalGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinGlucoseGPI-Linked ProteinsGrowth ConesImmunohistochemistryMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMotor ActivityMyelin ProteinsMyelin SheathMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinNerve RegenerationNeuronsNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1Phospholipid EthersProteinsPyramidal TractsReceptors, Cell SurfaceRecovery of FunctionSerotoninSerotonin AgentsSpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesTime FactorsConceptsAdult CNSNogo-66Spinal cord injuryAdult mammalian CNSNogo-66 receptorDorsal hemisectionDRG neuronsFunctional recoveryRubrospinal fibersCord injuryMyelin inhibitorsComplete transectionCorticospinal fibersMotor functionSpinal cordMotor impairmentAxon regenerationMammalian CNSAxonal growthAxonal outgrowthCNS myelinMiceInhibitory proteinInjuryGrowth cones
2003
Structure and axon outgrowth inhibitor binding of the Nogo‐66 receptor and related proteins
Barton WA, Liu BP, Tzvetkova D, Jeffrey PD, Fournier AE, Sah D, Cate R, Strittmatter SM, Nikolov DB. Structure and axon outgrowth inhibitor binding of the Nogo‐66 receptor and related proteins. The EMBO Journal 2003, 22: 3291-3302. PMID: 12839991, PMCID: PMC165649, DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg325.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchDelayed Systemic Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury
Li S, Strittmatter SM. Delayed Systemic Nogo-66 Receptor Antagonist Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury. Journal Of Neuroscience 2003, 23: 4219-4227. PMID: 12764110, PMCID: PMC6741116, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-10-04219.2003.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsAxonsAxotomyBehavior, AnimalCornified Envelope Proline-Rich ProteinsFemaleGanglia, SpinalGPI-Linked ProteinsInjections, SubcutaneousIntralaminar Thalamic NucleiMembrane ProteinsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMolecular Sequence DataMolecular WeightMotor ActivityMyelin ProteinsNerve FibersNerve RegenerationNogo Receptor 1Peptide FragmentsProtein BiosynthesisProteinsPyramidal TractsReceptors, Cell SurfaceSerotoninSpinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsSpinal cord injuryCord injuryCorticospinal axonsThoracic spinal cord injuryTherapeutic time windowSpinal cord hemisectionSpinal cord traumaCorticospinal tract axonsAdult mammalian CNSNogo-66 receptorOligodendrocyte myelin glycoproteinCNS axonal injuryCord lesionsSubcutaneous treatmentSystemic therapyCord hemisectionCord traumaIntrathecal applicationLocal therapyLocomotor recoveryFunctional recoverySerotonergic fibersAxonal injuryReceptor antagonistAxon sproutingThe Nogo-66 receptor: focusing myelin inhibition of axon regeneration
McGee AW, Strittmatter SM. The Nogo-66 receptor: focusing myelin inhibition of axon regeneration. Trends In Neurosciences 2003, 26: 193-198. PMID: 12689770, DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00062-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAcute-Phase ProteinsAnimalsAxonsCells, CulturedGPI-Linked ProteinsHumansIn Vitro TechniquesMiceMyelin ProteinsMyelin SheathMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinNerve RegenerationNeural InhibitionNeuronal PlasticityNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1RatsReceptor, Nerve Growth FactorReceptors, Cell SurfaceReceptors, Nerve Growth FactorSignal TransductionConceptsNogo-66 receptorMembrane protein NogoSpinal cord injuryFunctional recoveryCord injuryAxonal regrowthSecond messenger pathwaysProtein NogoAdult CNSAxon regenerationMyelin inhibitionAxonal outgrowthAdditional studiesCNS myelinMyelinNeurite elongationPhysiological roleReceptorsMolecular determinantsInhibitorsInhibitionNGRCurrent understanding
2002
Localization of Nogo-A and Nogo-66 Receptor Proteins at Sites of Axon–Myelin and Synaptic Contact
Wang X, Chun SJ, Treloar H, Vartanian T, Greer CA, Strittmatter SM. Localization of Nogo-A and Nogo-66 Receptor Proteins at Sites of Axon–Myelin and Synaptic Contact. Journal Of Neuroscience 2002, 22: 5505-5515. PMID: 12097502, PMCID: PMC6758202, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-13-05505.2002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAdult CNSLimited axonal regenerationSpinal cord injuryNogo-66 receptorInteraction of NogoAxonal plasticityCord injurySynaptic contactsAxonal regenerationNgR proteinMyelinated fibersPostnatal neuronsLocalization of NogoMyelinated axonsAxonal growthOligodendrocyte surfacePhysiologic roleAxonsNogoProtein expressionNeuronsReceptorsInhibitory proteinInjuryCNSMyelin-Associated Glycoprotein as a Functional Ligand for the Nogo-66 Receptor
Liu BP, Fournier A, GrandPré T, Strittmatter SM. Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein as a Functional Ligand for the Nogo-66 Receptor. Science 2002, 297: 1190-1193. PMID: 12089450, DOI: 10.1126/science.1073031.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAxonsBinding SitesChick EmbryoCloning, MolecularCOS CellsGanglia, SpinalGene LibraryGPI-Linked ProteinsLigandsMiceMyelin ProteinsMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinNerve RegenerationNeuritesNeuronsNogo ProteinsNogo Receptor 1Peptide FragmentsPhosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-LyaseProtein Structure, TertiaryReceptors, Cell SurfaceRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSialic AcidsTransfectionType C PhospholipasesNogo-66 receptor antagonist peptide promotes axonal regeneration
GrandPré T, Li S, Strittmatter SM. Nogo-66 receptor antagonist peptide promotes axonal regeneration. Nature 2002, 417: 547-551. PMID: 12037567, DOI: 10.1038/417547a.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsAxonsBinding, CompetitiveCentral Nervous SystemCulture Media, ConditionedFemaleGPI-Linked ProteinsGrowth ConesMolecular Sequence DataMotor ActivityMyelin ProteinsMyelin SheathNerve RegenerationNeuritesNogo Receptor 1Peptide FragmentsProtein Structure, TertiaryRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Cell SurfaceSpinal Cord InjuriesConceptsCentral nervous systemAxonal regenerationNogo-66NEP1-40Antagonist peptideAxonal outgrowthNogo-66 receptorPotential therapeutic agentCorticospinal tract regenerationAxonal outgrowth inhibitionCNS myelin inhibitionSignificant axon growthIntrathecal administrationFunctional recoveryCNS injuryCorticospinal tractOutgrowth inhibitorCompetitive antagonistNervous systemMyelin inhibitionTherapeutic agentsAxon growthMonoclonal antibodiesAdult mammalsNogo