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Walther Mothes, PhD

Paul B. Beeson Professor of Medicine and Professor of Microbial Pathogenesis; Co-Leader, Cancer Microbiology

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Walther Mothes, PhD

Mailing Address

  • Microbial Pathogenesis

    Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, 295 Congress Avenue

    New Haven, CT 06519

    United States

Mothes Laboratory
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Research Summary

Dr. Mothes’ laboratory is interested in various aspects of viral spread and pathogenesis of HIV-1 and other retroviruses. Retroviruses can efficiently spread from cell to cell through contact zones, called virological and infectious synapses. The Mothes lab has contributed to this process by directly visualizing how cell-cell contracts between infected and uninfected cells form, virus assembly is directed towards cell-cell contact sites and viruses are actively transferred to infect neighboring cells. A major current interest of the laboratory is to monitor viral spread and aspects of retroviral pathogenesis directly in living animals using multi-photon laser scanning microscopy. The laboratory is also applying single molecule imaging to understand how conformational events in the HIV-1 envelope protein lead to fusion between viral and cellular membranes. A detailed understanding of these processes will permit the rational design of vaccines and antiviral therapies that prevent virus spreading and the infection of new cells.

Specialized Terms: cell biology; retroviral replication; retroviruses; immune; viral biology; genetic; biochemical; cell imaging; Viral entry and exit; Retroviruses including HIV

Coauthors

Research Interests

Cell Biology; HIV; Immune System; Retroviridae

Selected Publications

  • Molecular basis for antiviral activity of two pediatric neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBDChen Y, Prévost J, Ullah I, Romero H, Lisi V, Tolbert W, Grover J, Ding S, Gong S, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Gasser R, Benlarbi M, Vézina D, Anand S, Chatterjee D, Goyette G, Grunst M, Yang Z, Bo Y, Zhou F, Béland K, Bai X, Zeher A, Huang R, Nguyen D, Sherburn R, Wu D, Piszczek G, Paré B, Matthies D, Xia D, Richard J, Kumar P, Mothes W, Côté M, Uchil P, Lavallée V, Smith M, Pazgier M, Haddad E, Finzi A. Molecular basis for antiviral activity of two pediatric neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD IScience 2022, 26: 105783. PMID: 36514310, PMCID: PMC9733284, DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105783.
  • SARS-Cov-2 variants of concern decelerate the dynamics of spike open conformation as an evolutionary strategyYang Z, Han Y, Ding S, Finzi A, Mothes W, Lu M. SARS-Cov-2 variants of concern decelerate the dynamics of spike open conformation as an evolutionary strategy Biophysical Journal 2022, 121: 39a. PMCID: PMC8833081, DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.2500.
  • Real-Time Conformational Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Spikes on Virus ParticlesLu M, Uchil P, Li W, Terry D, Gorman J, Zhang B, Zhou T, Ding S, Liu L, Ho D, Mascola J, Finzi A, Kwong P, Blanchard S, Mothes W. Real-Time Conformational Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Spikes on Virus Particles Biophysical Journal 2021, 120: 276a. PMCID: PMC7879775, DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.1757.
  • Chapter Eight Illuminating the virus life cycle with single-molecule FRET imagingLu M, Ma X, Mothes W. Chapter Eight Illuminating the virus life cycle with single-molecule FRET imaging 2019, 105: 239-273. PMID: 31522706, PMCID: PMC7246055, DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.004.
  • In vivo Imaging-Driven Approaches to Study Virus Dissemination and PathogenesisUchil PD, Haugh KA, Pi R, Mothes W. In vivo Imaging-Driven Approaches to Study Virus Dissemination and Pathogenesis Annual Review Of Virology 2019, 6: 1-24. PMID: 31283440, PMCID: PMC7217087, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041429.
  • Associating HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein structures with states on the virus observed by smFRETLu M, Ma X, Castillo-Menendez LR, Gorman J, Alsahafi N, Ermel U, Terry DS, Chambers M, Peng D, Zhang B, Zhou T, Reichard N, Wang K, Grover JR, Carman BP, Gardner MR, Nikić-Spiegel I, Sugawara A, Arthos J, Lemke EA, Smith AB, Farzan M, Abrams C, Munro JB, McDermott AB, Finzi A, Kwong PD, Blanchard SC, Sodroski JG, Mothes W. Associating HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein structures with states on the virus observed by smFRET Nature 2019, 568: 415-419. PMID: 30971821, PMCID: PMC6655592, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1101-y.
  • A Protective Role for the Lectin CD169/Siglec-1 against a Pathogenic Murine RetrovirusUchil PD, Pi R, Haugh KA, Ladinsky MS, Ventura JD, Barrett BS, Santiago ML, Bjorkman PJ, Kassiotis G, Sewald X, Mothes W. A Protective Role for the Lectin CD169/Siglec-1 against a Pathogenic Murine Retrovirus Cell Host & Microbe 2018, 25: 87-100.e10. PMID: 30595553, PMCID: PMC6331384, DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.11.011.
  • A Biocontainment Procedure for Intravital Microscopy of High-Risk PathogensHaugh K, Pi R, Fontes B, Mothes W, Uchil P. A Biocontainment Procedure for Intravital Microscopy of High-Risk Pathogens Applied Biosafety 2018, 23: 211-222. DOI: 10.1177/1535676018785177.
  • P-C4 Associating HIV-1 Env trimer structures with functional Env conformational states by smFRET analysisLu M, Ma X, Castillo-Menendez L, Gorman J, Munro J, Kwong P, Blanchard S, Sodroski J, Mothes W. P-C4 Associating HIV-1 Env trimer structures with functional Env conformational states by smFRET analysis JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2018, 77: 58. DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000532510.14481.56.
  • HIV-1 Env trimer opens through an asymmetric intermediate in which individual protomers adopt distinct conformationsMa X, Lu M, Gorman J, Terry DS, Hong X, Zhou Z, Zhao H, Altman RB, Arthos J, Blanchard SC, Kwong PD, Munro JB, Mothes W. HIV-1 Env trimer opens through an asymmetric intermediate in which individual protomers adopt distinct conformations ELife 2018, 7: e34271. PMID: 29561264, PMCID: PMC5896952, DOI: 10.7554/elife.34271.
  • Single-Molecule FRET Reveals an Additional Conformational State of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Critical for Vaccine DesignLu M, Ma X, R. C, Ermel U, S. T, Gorman J, Reichard N, Wang K, Grover J, Finzi A, Munro J, Kwong P, Blanchard S, Sodroski J, Mothes W. Single-Molecule FRET Reveals an Additional Conformational State of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Critical for Vaccine Design Biophysical Journal 2018, 114: 27a. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.192.
  • Single-Molecule FRET Delineates Asymmetric Trimer Conformations during HIV-1 EntryMa X, Lu M, Terry D, Gorman J, Kwong P, Blanchard S, Munro J, Mothes W. Single-Molecule FRET Delineates Asymmetric Trimer Conformations during HIV-1 Entry Biophysical Journal 2017, 112: 177a. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.980.
  • Proceedings of the Frontiers of Retrovirology Conference 2016Zurnic I, Hütter S, Lehmann U, Stanke N, Reh J, Kern T, Lindel F, Gerresheim G, Hamann M, Müllers E, Lesbats P, Cherepanov P, Serrao E, Engelman A, Lindemann D, Da Silva Santos C, Tartour K, Cimarelli A, Burdick R, Chen J, Sastri J, Hu W, Pathak V, Keppler O, Pradeau K, Eiler S, Levy N, Lennon S, Cianferani S, Emiliani S, Ruff M, Parissi V, Rato S, Rausell A, Munoz M, Telenti A, Ciuffi A, Zhyvoloup A, Melamed A, Anderson I, Planas D, Kriston-Vizi J, Ketteler R, Lee C, Merritt A, Ancuta P, Bangham C, Fassati A, Rodari A, Van Driessche B, Galais M, Delacourt N, Fauquenoy S, Vanhulle C, Kula A, Burny A, Rohr O, Van Lint C, van Montfort T, van der Sluis R, Speijer D, Berkhout B, Meng B, Rutkowski A, Berry N, Dölken L, Lever A, Schuster T, Asbach B, Wagner R, Gross C, Wiesmann V, Kalmer M, Wittenberg T, Gettemans J, Thoma-Kress A, Li M, Freed E, Liu S, Müller J, Münch J, Sewald X, Uchil P, Ladinsky M, Beloor J, Pi R, Herrmann C, Motamedi N, Murooka T, Brehm M, Greiner D, Mempel T, Bjorkman P, Kumar P, Mothes W, Joas S, Parrish E, Gnanadurai C, Lump E, Stürzel C, Parrish N, Sauermann U, Töpfer K, Schultheiss T, Bosinger S, Silvestri G, Apetrei C, Huot N, Müller-Trutwin M, Sauter D, Hahn B, Stahl-Hennig C, Kirchhoff F, Schumann G, Jung-Klawitter S, Fuchs N, Upton K, Muñoz-Lopez M, Shukla R, Wang J, Garcia-Canadas M, Lopez-Ruiz C, Gerhardt D, Sebe A, Grabundzija I, Gerdes P, Merkert S, Pulgarin A, Bock A, Held U, Witthuhn A, Haase A, Wolvetang E, Martin U, Ivics Z, Izsvák Z, Garcia-Perez J, Faulkner G, Hurst T, Katzourakis A, Magiorkinis G, Schott K, Derua R, Seifried J, Reuter A, Schmitz H, Tondera C, Brandariz-Nuñez A, Diaz-Griffero F, Janssens V, König R, Baldauf H, Stegmann L, Schwarz S, Trotard M, Martin M, Lenzi G, Burggraf M, Pan X, Fregoso O, Lim E, Abraham L, Erikson E, Nguyen L, Ambiel I, Rutsch F, Kim B, Emerman M, Fackler O, Wittmann S, Behrendt R, Volkmann B, Eissmann K, Gramberg T, Bolduan S, Koppensteiner H, Regensburg S, Brack-Werner R, Draenert R, Schindler M, Ducroux A, Xu S, Ponnurangam A, Franz S, Malassa A, Ewald E, Goffinet C, Fung S, Chan C, Yuen C, Kok K, Chan C, Jin D, Dittmer U, Kmiec D, Iyer S, Stürzel C, Hahn B, Ariumi Y, Yasuda-Inoue M, Kawano K, Tateishi S, Turelli P, Compton A, Roy N, Porrot F, Billet A, Casartelli N, Yount J, Liang C, Schwartz O, Magnus C, Reh L, Moore P, Uhr T, Weber J, Morris L, Trkola A, Grindberg R, Schlaepfer E, Schreiber G, Simon V, Speck R, Debyser Z, Vranckx L, Demeulemeester J, Saleh S, Verdin E, Cereseto A, Christ F, Gijsbers R, Wang G, Zhao N, Das A, Köstler J, Perdiguero B, Esteban M, Jacobs B, Montefiori D, LaBranche C, Yates N, Tomaras G, Ferrari G, Foulds K, Roederer M, Landucci G, Forthal D, Seaman M, Hawkins N, Self S, Phogat S, Tartaglia J, Barnett S, Burke B, Cristillo A, Ding S, Heeney J, Pantaleo G, Stab V, Ensser A, Tippler B, Burton D, Tenbusch M, Überla K, Alter G, Lofano G, Dugast A, Kulkarni V, Suscovich T, Opazo T, Barraza F, Herrera D, Garces A, Schwenke T, Tapia D, Cancino J, Arriagada G, Haußner C, Damm D, Rohrhofer A, Schmidt B, Eichler J, Midgley R, Wheeldon J, Piguet V, Khopkar P, Rohamare M, Kulkarni S, Godinho-Santos A, Hance A, Goncalves J, Mammano F, Gasser R, Hamoudi M, Pellicciotta M, Zhou Z, Visdeloup C, Colin P, Braibant M, Lagane B, Negroni M, Wamara J, Bannert N, Mesplede T, Osman N, Anstett K, Liang J, Pham H, Wainberg M, Shao W, Shan J, Kearney M, Wu X, Maldarelli F, Mellors J, Luke B, Coffin J, Hughes S, Fricke T, Opp S, Shepard C, Ivanov D, Valle-Casuso J, Kanja M, Cappy P, Negroni M, Lener D, Knyazhanskaya E, Anisenko A, Zatsepin T, Gottikh M, Komkov A, Minervina A, Nugmanov G, Nazarov V, Khodosevich K, Mamedov I, Lebedev Y, Colomer-Lluch M, Serra-Moreno R, Sarracino A, Gharu L, Pasternak A, Marcello A, McCartin A, Kulkarni A, Le Douce V, Gautier V, Baeyens A, Naessens E, Van Nuffel A, Weening K, Reilly A, Claeys E, Trypsteen W, Vandekerckhove L, Eyckerman S, Gevaert K, Verhasselt B, Mok H, Norton N, Fun A, Hirst J, Wills M, Miklik D, Senigl F, Hejnar J, Sakuragi J, Sakuragi S, Yokoyama M, Shioda T, Sato H, Bodem J, Moschall R, Denk S, Erkelenz S, Schenk C, Schaal H, Donhauser N, Socher E, Millen S, Sticht H, Gross C, Mann M, Wei G, Betts M, Liu Y, Kehl T, Russell R, Löchelt M, Hohn O, Mostafa S, Hanke K, Norley S, Chen C, Shingai M, Borrego P, Taveira N, Strebel K, Hellmund C, Meng B, Friedrich M, Hahn F, Setz C, Rauch P, Fraedrich K, Matthaei A, Henklein P, Traxdorf M, Fossen T, Schubert U, Khwaja A, Galilee M, Alian A, Schwalbe B, Hauser H, Schreiber M, Scherpenisse M, Cho Y, Kim J, Jeong D, Trejbalova K, Benesova M, Kucerova D, Vernerova Z, Amouroux R, Hajkova P, Elleder D, Hron T, Farkasova H, Padhi A, Paces J, Zhu H, Gifford R, Murcia P, Carrozza M, Niewiadomska A, Mazzei M, Abi-Said M, Hughes J, Hué S, Gifford R, Obasa A, Jacobs G, Engelbrecht S, Mack K, Starz K, Geyer M, Bibollet-Ruche F, Stürzel C, Leoz M, Plantier J, Argaw-Denboba A, Balestrieri E, Serafino A, Bucci I, Cipriani C, Spadafora C, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Matteucci C, Jayashree S, Neogi U, Chhangani A, Rathore S, Mathur B, Abati A, Koç B, Oğuzoğlu T, Shimauchi T, Caucheteux S, Turpin J, Finsterbusch K, Tokura Y, Souriant S, Balboa L, Pingris K, Kviatcowsky D, Raynaud-Messina B, Cougoule C, Mercier I, Kuroda M, González-Montaner P, Inwentarz S, Moraña E, del Carmen Sasiain M, Neyrolles O, Maridonneau-Parini I, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C, Herrmann A, Thomas D, Bouzas N, Lahaye X, Bhargava A, Satoh T, Gentili M, Cerboni S, Silvin A, Conrad C, Ahmed-Belkacem H, Rodriguez E, Guichou J, Bosquet N, Piel M, Le Grand R, King M, Pawlotsky J, Manel N, Hofmann H, Vanwalscappel B, Bloch N, Landau N, Indik S, Hagen B, Valle-Casuso J, Allouch A, David A, Barré-Sinoussi F, Benkirane M, Pancino G, Saez-Cirion A, Lee W, Sloan R, Schulte B, Opp S, Blomberg J, Vargiu L, Rodriguez-Tomé P, Tramontano E, Sperber G, Kumari N, Ammosova T, Diaz S, Oneal P, Nekhai S, Fahrny A, Gers-Huber G, Audigé A, Jayaprakash A, Sachidanandam R, Hernandez M, Dillon-White M, Souriant S, Pingris K, Raynaud-Messina B, Cougoule C, Mercier I, Neyrolles O, Maridonneau-Parini I, Lugo-Villarino G, Maze E, Ham C, Almond N, Towers G, Belshaw R, de Sousa-Pereira P, Abrantes J, Pizzato M, Esteves P, Kahle T, Schmitt S, Merkel L, Reuter N, Stamminger T, Rosa I, Bishop K, Spinazzola A, Groom H, Vieyres G, Müsken M, Zillinger T, Hornung V, Barchet W, Häussler S, Pietschmann T, Javed A, Leuchte N, Salinas G, Opitz L, Sopper S, Mummert C, Hofmann C, Hückelhoven A, Bergmann S, Müller-Schmucker S, Harrer E, Dörrie J, Schaft N, Harrer T, Cardinaux L, Zahno M, Vogt H, Zanoni R, Bertoni G, Muenchhoff M, Goulder P, Keppler O, Rebensburg S, Helfer M, Zhang Y, Chen H, Bernier A, Gosselin A, Routy J, Wöhrl B, Schneider A, Corona A, Spöring I, Jordan M, Buchholz B, Maccioni E, Di Santo R, Schweimer K, Schölz C, Weinert B, Wagner S, Beli P, Miyake Y, Qi J, Jensen L, Streicher W, McCarthy A, Westwood N, Lain S, Cox J, Matthias P, Mann M, Bradner J, Choudhary C, Stern M, Valletta E, Frezza C, Marino-Merlo F, Grelli S, Serafino A, Mastino A, Macchi B, Kaulfuß M, Windmann S, Bayer W, Mikasi S, Jacobs G, Heß R, Bonsmann M, Kirschning C, Lepenies B, Kolenbrander A, Temchura V, Iijima K, Kobayashi J, Ishizaka Y. Proceedings of the Frontiers of Retrovirology Conference 2016 Retrovirology 2016, 13: 68. PMCID: PMC5046194, DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0294-5.
  • Retroviruses use CD169-mediated trans-infection of permissive lymphocytes to establish infectionSewald X, Ladinsky MS, Uchil PD, Beloor J, Pi R, Herrmann C, Motamedi N, Murooka TT, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Mempel TR, Bjorkman PJ, Kumar P, Mothes W. Retroviruses use CD169-mediated trans-infection of permissive lymphocytes to establish infection Science 2015, 350: 563-567. PMID: 26429886, PMCID: PMC4651917, DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2749.
  • Conformational Dynamics of Single HIV-1 Envelope Proteins on the Surface of Native VirionsMunro J, Gorman J, Ma X, Zhou Z, Arthos J, Burton D, Koff W, Courter J, Smith A, Kwong P, Blanchard S, Mothes W. Conformational Dynamics of Single HIV-1 Envelope Proteins on the Surface of Native Virions Biophysical Journal 2015, 108: 362a-363a. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.1988.
  • Conformational dynamics of single HIV-1 envelope trimers on the surface of native virionsMunro JB, Gorman J, Ma X, Zhou Z, Arthos J, Burton DR, Koff WC, Courter JR, Smith AB, Kwong PD, Blanchard SC, Mothes W. Conformational dynamics of single HIV-1 envelope trimers on the surface of native virions Science 2014, 346: 759-763. PMID: 25298114, PMCID: PMC4304640, DOI: 10.1126/science.1254426.
  • TRIM15 is a focal adhesion protein that regulates focal adhesion disassemblyUchil P, Pawliczek T, Pawliczek T, Reynolds T, Reynolds T, Ding S, Ding S, Hinz A, Hinz A, Munro J, Munro J, Huang F, Huang F, Floyd R, Floyd R, Yang H, Yang H, Hamilton W, Hamilton W, Bewersdorf J, Xiong Y, Xiong Y, Calderwood D, Mothes W. TRIM15 is a focal adhesion protein that regulates focal adhesion disassembly Development 2014, 141: e1906-e1906. DOI: 10.1242/dev.117242.
  • Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIVAgosto L, Zhong P, Mothes W. Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV 2013, 167-184. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7729-7_7.
  • Conformational Dynamics of Single HIV Env Molecules on the Surface of Native VirionsMunro J, Zhu J, Stuckey J, Kwong P, Blanchard S, Mothes W. Conformational Dynamics of Single HIV Env Molecules on the Surface of Native Virions Biophysical Journal 2013, 104: 415a. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.2311.
  • Ca2+ and synaptotagmin VII–dependent delivery of lysosomal membrane to nascent phagosomesCzibener C, Sherer N, Becker S, Pypaert M, Hui E, Chapman E, Mothes W, Andrews N. Ca2+ and synaptotagmin VII–dependent delivery of lysosomal membrane to nascent phagosomes Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2006, 203: i26-i26. DOI: 10.1084/jem20310oia26.
  • Time-Resolved Imaging of Single Retrovirus-Cell FusionMelikyan G, Barnard R, Abrahamyan L, Mothes W, Young J. Time-Resolved Imaging of Single Retrovirus-Cell Fusion Retrovirology 2005, 2: s4. DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-s1-s4.
  • Retroviral Entry Mediated by Receptor Priming and Low pH Triggering of an Envelope GlycoproteinMothes W, Boerger A, Narayan S, Cunningham J, Young J. Retroviral Entry Mediated by Receptor Priming and Low pH Triggering of an Envelope Glycoprotein Cell 2000, 103: 679-689. PMID: 11106737, DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00170-7.
  • The Sec61p Complex Mediates the Integration of a Membrane Protein by Allowing Lipid Partitioning of the Transmembrane DomainHeinrich S, Mothes W, Brunner J, Rapoport T. The Sec61p Complex Mediates the Integration of a Membrane Protein by Allowing Lipid Partitioning of the Transmembrane Domain Cell 2000, 102: 233-244. PMID: 10943843, DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00028-3.
  • Secreted cathepsin L generates endostatin from collagen XVIIIFelbor U, Dreier L, Bryant R, Ploegh H, Olsen B, Mothes W. Secreted cathepsin L generates endostatin from collagen XVIII The EMBO Journal 2000, 19: 1187-1194. PMID: 10716919, PMCID: PMC305660, DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.6.1187.
  • Signal Sequence Recognition in Posttranslational Protein Transport across the Yeast ER MembranePlath K, Mothes W, Wilkinson B, Stirling C, Rapoport T. Signal Sequence Recognition in Posttranslational Protein Transport across the Yeast ER Membrane Cell 1998, 94: 795-807. PMID: 9753326, DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81738-9.
  • Signal Sequence Recognition in Cotranslational Translocation by Protein Components of the Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneMothes W, Jungnickel B, Brunner J, Rapoport T. Signal Sequence Recognition in Cotranslational Translocation by Protein Components of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Journal Of Cell Biology 1998, 142: 355-364. PMID: 9679136, PMCID: PMC2133054, DOI: 10.1083/jcb.142.2.355.
  • Protein Translocation: Tunnel VisionMatlack K, Mothes W, Rapoport T. Protein Translocation: Tunnel Vision Cell 1998, 92: 381-390. PMID: 9476897, DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80930-7.
  • Molecular Mechanism of Membrane Protein Integration into the Endoplasmic ReticulumMothes W, Heinrich S, Graf R, Nilsson I, von Heijne G, Brunner J, Rapoport T. Molecular Mechanism of Membrane Protein Integration into the Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell 1997, 89: 523-533. PMID: 9160744, DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80234-2.
  • Cytomegalovirus uses multiple strategies to interfere with MHC class I-restricted antigen presentationWiertz E, Tortorella D, Bogyo M, Yu J, Galocha B, Mothes W, Jones T, Rapoport T, Ploegh H. Cytomegalovirus uses multiple strategies to interfere with MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation Immunology Letters 1997, 56: 189. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(97)85759-8.
  • Sec6l-mediated transfer of a membrane protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the proteasome for destructionWiertz E, Tortorella D, Bogyo M, Yu J, Mothes W, Jones T, Rapoport T, Ploegh H. Sec6l-mediated transfer of a membrane protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the proteasome for destruction Nature 1996, 384: 432-438. PMID: 8945469, DOI: 10.1038/384432a0.
  • Systematic probing of the environment of a translocating secretory protein during translocation through the ER membrane.Mothes W, Prehn S, Rapoport T. Systematic probing of the environment of a translocating secretory protein during translocation through the ER membrane. The EMBO Journal 1994, 13: 3973-3982. PMID: 8076593, PMCID: PMC395317, DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06713.x.
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