Shawn Cowper, MD
Research & Publications
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Research Summary
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a disease marked by skin stiffening in the setting of a patient with kidney disease. The disease has been linked with MRI Contrast Agents. There is no evidence to suggest that patients without kidney disease can develop NSF.
Our laboratory investigates cases of possible NSF (examining clinical records and tissue slides) to try to confirm the diagnosis. Once confirmed, we interview patients, conduct an investigation into medical records, and use the information to populate a database comparing all known patients with NSF verified in our laboratory. We use this information to guide medical, pharmaceutical, and government advisory personnel, and to guide further research into the cause of this mysterious disorder.
Our goal is to eradicate this dangerous (and sometimes deadly) condition, and to use the information to better understand fibrosis and wound healing in the hopes of impacting research on related conditions.
Specialized Terms: Alopecia; Cutaneous lymphoma; Pathology informatics; Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy; Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Extensive Research Description
My primary research interest is in the mechanism of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (formerly nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy). This is an emerging fibrosing disorder seen in patients with renal disease. Compelling epidemiological, microanalytical, and animal studies have linked the disease to the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) used in MRI imaging. Current thinking suggests these renally-excreted compounds are ineffectively removed in the renally-impaired, leading to a novel toxicity reaction. The findings manifest themselves most dramatically in the skin and soft-tissue of affected patients by increased production of matrix elements (collagen, elastin, mucin). These excess components reduce the flexibility and compliance of skin, leading to decreased range of motion in affected limbs. Questions currently being examined include effects in non-cutaneous tissues and factors that may contribute to a propensity to develop NSF (genetic, medical cofactors, other toxicities, etc).
Yale is home to the International NSF Registry, housing clinical records and pathology specimens from over 330 patients with NSF. This registry serves as a source of basic information for investigations into the clinical and histological aspects of NSF.
Yale is also the home base for a core of interested clinical and basic science researchers actively engaged in understanding all aspects of this unusual disease. Periodically, this team hosts the Yale Fibrosis Symposium.
Besides NSF, I am interested in cutaneous lymphomas and alopecias, and the appropriate use of histopathology in diagnosing these disorders.
My primary and preferred instructional tool is the networked computer. I have been involved with web-based pathology education for some time. My largest project Pathmax, was one of the first web-based resource for pathology professionals on the internet. Beginning in 1997, this site ran continuously until 2018. I am also one of the cofounders of the Dermatopathology Master Class Series, a web-based streaming lecture series on topics of relevance in dermatopathology. In recent years I have been the chairman of the Virtual Slide Library of the American Society of Dermatopathology where I manage 50 volunteers interested in optimizing and vetting over 10,000 scanned dermatopathology whole slide images.
Coauthors
Research Interests
Alopecia; Dermatology; Fibrosis; Medical Informatics; Pathology; Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy
Research Images
Selected Publications
- Histopathologic features and immunohistochemistry findings to assist the dermatopathologist in differentiating melanocytic matrical carcinoma from melanomaBelzer A, Becerra C, Clune J, Malik M, Leventhal J, Cowper S, Johnson R. Histopathologic features and immunohistochemistry findings to assist the dermatopathologist in differentiating melanocytic matrical carcinoma from melanoma Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2023, 50: 471-474. PMID: 36645720, DOI: 10.1111/cup.14376.
- What's Eating You? Caterpillars.Ellis CR, Elston DM, Hossler EW, Cowper SE, Rapini RP. What's Eating You? Caterpillars. Cutis 2021, 108: 346-351. PMID: 35167790, DOI: 10.12788/cutis.0406.
- Bullous Pemphigoid Exacerbated by Radiation Therapy: An Atypical PresentationChoi R, Cowper S, Young M, Leventhal J. Bullous Pemphigoid Exacerbated by Radiation Therapy: An Atypical Presentation Advances In Radiation Oncology 2021, 7: 100794. PMID: 34984247, PMCID: PMC8693003, DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2021.100794.
- Generalized eczematous reactions to the Pfizer‐BioNTech COVID‐19 vaccineLeasure A, Cowper S, McNiff J, Cohen J. Generalized eczematous reactions to the Pfizer‐BioNTech COVID‐19 vaccine Journal Of The European Academy Of Dermatology And Venereology 2021, 35: e716-e717. PMID: 34236729, PMCID: PMC8447468, DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17494.
- Cutaneous Vasculitis After Ustekinumab Induction in Crohn's Disease.Chugh R, Proctor DD, Little A, Myung P, Cowper S, Imaeda S, Pashankar DS, Al-Bawardy B. Cutaneous Vasculitis After Ustekinumab Induction in Crohn's Disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2020, 27: e30-e31. PMID: 33179735, DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa285.
- Morphea after Borrelia-induced facial nerve palsyXie CB, Cowper S, Odell ID. Morphea after Borrelia-induced facial nerve palsy Journal Of Scleroderma And Related Disorders 2020, 6: 111-113. PMID: 35382252, PMCID: PMC8922639, DOI: 10.1177/2397198320956892.
- Cutaneous Involvement by Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Expanding the Spectrum of Histopathologic Findings in a Series of 9 Cases.Panse G, Cowper S, Ko CJ, Subtil A. Cutaneous Involvement by Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Expanding the Spectrum of Histopathologic Findings in a Series of 9 Cases. American Journal Of Dermatopathology 2020, 42: 848-853. PMID: 32675465, DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001742.
- Erythema nodosum due to Mycobacterium abscessus infection complicating autologous fat transferSu C, Cowper SE, Ramachandran S, Little AJ. Erythema nodosum due to Mycobacterium abscessus infection complicating autologous fat transfer International Journal Of Women's Dermatology 2020, 6: 340-341. PMID: 33015302, PMCID: PMC7522915, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.05.011.
- Neoadjuvant anti–programmed cell death 1 therapy for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma in treatment-naive patients: A case seriesLigtenberg KG, Hu JK, Damsky W, Olino K, Kluger H, Clune J, Cowper SE, Panse G, Leventhal J, Weiss SA. Neoadjuvant anti–programmed cell death 1 therapy for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma in treatment-naive patients: A case series JAAD Case Reports 2020, 6: 628-633. PMID: 32613057, PMCID: PMC7317689, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.05.010.
- CD8+ mycosis fungoides palmaris et plantaris with peripheral blood involvementYumeen S, Mirza FN, Lewis JM, Carlson KR, King B, Cowper S, Bunick CG, McNiff J, Girardi M. CD8+ mycosis fungoides palmaris et plantaris with peripheral blood involvement JAAD Case Reports 2020, 6: 434-437. PMID: 32382639, PMCID: PMC7200192, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.02.025.
- A rapidly growing, exophytic nodule on the chestRamseier JY, Cowper SE, Leventhal JS, Vesely MD. A rapidly growing, exophytic nodule on the chest JAAD Case Reports 2020, 6: 417-419. PMID: 32382633, PMCID: PMC7200183, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.02.038.
- High-throughput quantitative histology in systemic sclerosis skin disease using computer visionCorreia C, Mawe S, Lofgren S, Marangoni RG, Lee J, Saber R, Aren K, Cheng M, Teaw S, Hoffmann A, Goldberg I, Cowper SE, Khatri P, Hinchcliff M, Mahoney JM. High-throughput quantitative histology in systemic sclerosis skin disease using computer vision Arthritis Research & Therapy 2020, 22: 48. PMID: 32171325, PMCID: PMC7071594, DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-2127-0.
- Endocarditis-associated IgA vasculitis: Two subtle presentations of endocarditis caused by Candida parapsilosis and Cardiobacterium hominisWang JX, Perkins S, Totonchy M, Stamey C, Levy LL, Imaeda S, Cowper SE, Little AJ. Endocarditis-associated IgA vasculitis: Two subtle presentations of endocarditis caused by Candida parapsilosis and Cardiobacterium hominis JAAD Case Reports 2020, 6: 243-246. PMID: 32140528, PMCID: PMC7047146, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.01.009.
- Pruritic reticulation: don't ‘fiddle’ aroundSalam A, Peleva E, Cowper SE, Leventhal JS. Pruritic reticulation: don't ‘fiddle’ around Clinical And Experimental Dermatology 2019, 45: 501-504. PMID: 31762054, DOI: 10.1111/ced.14135.
- Lobular neutrophilic panniculitis associated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in the treatment of myeloid diseaseColeman E, Panse G, Cowper S, Prebet T, Gore S, Leventhal J. Lobular neutrophilic panniculitis associated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in the treatment of myeloid disease Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2019, 46: 930-934. PMID: 31254406, DOI: 10.1111/cup.13537.
- Pathology of spontaneous and immunotherapy‐induced tumor regression in a murine model of melanomaBlenman KRM, Wang J, Cowper S, Bosenberg M. Pathology of spontaneous and immunotherapy‐induced tumor regression in a murine model of melanoma Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 2019, 32: 448-457. PMID: 30702217, PMCID: PMC6500596, DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12769.
- Disappearing pigmentary mosaicism during imatinib treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumorsColeman E, Panse G, Cowper S, Lacy J, Leventhal J. Disappearing pigmentary mosaicism during imatinib treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumors JAAD Case Reports 2019, 5: 170-172. PMID: 30740499, PMCID: PMC6357547, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.11.021.
- Detection of Borrelia in Ixodes scapularis ticks by silver stain, immunohistochemical and direct immunofluorescent methodsGalan A, Kupernik P, Cowper SE. Detection of Borrelia in Ixodes scapularis ticks by silver stain, immunohistochemical and direct immunofluorescent methods Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2018, 45: 473-477. PMID: 29569269, DOI: 10.1111/cup.13143.
- How to take better photomicrographs: A step‐wise approachCocks M, Rehman J, Barker N, Auerbach J, Cowper S, Rodic N. How to take better photomicrographs: A step‐wise approach Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2018, 45: 412-415. PMID: 29484692, DOI: 10.1111/cup.13136.
- Erythema Nodosum–like Eruption in the Setting of Sorafenib TherapyColeman EL, Cowper SE, Stein SM, Leventhal JS. Erythema Nodosum–like Eruption in the Setting of Sorafenib Therapy JAMA Dermatology 2018, 154: 369-370. PMID: 29453869, DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.5733.
- 168 Nephrogenic systemic fibrosisGalan A, Cowper S. 168 Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis 2018, 557-558. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6912-3.00168-3.
- Image Gallery: Juvenile autoimmune pemphigus presenting with diffuse gingival hypertrophy and antibodies against desmocollin 3Leventhal JS, Haberland CM, Cowper SE, Tomayko MM. Image Gallery: Juvenile autoimmune pemphigus presenting with diffuse gingival hypertrophy and antibodies against desmocollin 3 British Journal Of Dermatology 2017, 177: e226-e226. PMID: 29192983, DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15954.
- A 71‐year‐old man with a hemorrhagic vesicular eruptionHamilton CE, King BA, Cowper SE, Hochster H, Leventhal JS. A 71‐year‐old man with a hemorrhagic vesicular eruption International Journal Of Dermatology 2017, 57: 147-148. PMID: 29057466, DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13793.
- Well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumors in skin: Terminology and diagnostic utility of cytokeratin 5/6 and p63Panse G, Cowper SE, Leffell DJ, Pulitzer M, Ko CJ. Well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumors in skin: Terminology and diagnostic utility of cytokeratin 5/6 and p63 Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2017, 44: 557-562. PMID: 28417484, DOI: 10.1111/cup.12952.
- Cutaneous Fibrosis and Normal Wound HealingHamburg-Shields E, Myung P, Cowper S. Cutaneous Fibrosis and Normal Wound Healing 2017, 577-600. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29785-9_32.
- Somatic Mosaicism in Blaschkolinear Inflammatory DisordersTheodosakis N, Levy L, Cowper S, Lazova R, Kugelman L, Zubek A, Choate K. Somatic Mosaicism in Blaschkolinear Inflammatory Disorders Journal Of Clinical & Experimental Dermatology Research 2016, 2016: 1000356. PMID: 36267522, PMCID: PMC9581078, DOI: 10.4172/2155-9554.1000356.
- Nephrogenic Systemic FibrosisLaChance A, Abu-Alfa A, Cowper S. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis 2015, 119-136. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2395-3_12.
- Advancing pharmacovigilance through academic–legal collaboration: the case of gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis—a research on adverse drug events and reports (RADAR) reportEdwards BJ, Laumann AE, Nardone B, Miller FH, Restaino J, Raisch DW, McKoy JM, Hammel JA, Bhatt K, Bauer K, Samaras AT, Fisher MJ, Bull C, Saddleton E, Belknap SM, Thomsen HS, Kanal E, Cowper SE, Abu Alfa AK, West DP. Advancing pharmacovigilance through academic–legal collaboration: the case of gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis—a research on adverse drug events and reports (RADAR) report British Journal Of Radiology 2014, 87: 20140307. PMID: 25230161, PMCID: PMC4170864, DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20140307.
- Diagnosing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in the post‐FDA restriction eraThomson LK, Thomson PC, Kingsmore DB, Blessing K, Daly CD, Cowper SE, Roditi GH. Diagnosing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in the post‐FDA restriction era Journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2014, 41: 1268-1271. PMID: 24903851, DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24664.
- Pediatric nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is rarely reported: a RADAR reportNardone B, Saddleton E, Laumann AE, Edwards BJ, Raisch DW, McKoy JM, Belknap SM, Bull C, Haryani A, Cowper SE, Abu-Alfa AK, Miller FH, Godinez-Puig V, Dharnidharka VR, West DP. Pediatric nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is rarely reported: a RADAR report Pediatric Radiology 2013, 44: 173-180. PMID: 24057195, PMCID: PMC3946726, DOI: 10.1007/s00247-013-2795-x.
- Case experience of 308-nm excimer laser therapy compatibility with PUVA and oral bexarotene for the treatment of cutaneous lesions in mycosis fungoides.Huang J, Cowper S, Moss J, Girardi M. Case experience of 308-nm excimer laser therapy compatibility with PUVA and oral bexarotene for the treatment of cutaneous lesions in mycosis fungoides. Journal Of Drugs In Dermatology 2013, 12: 487-9. PMID: 23652902.
- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: concepts and perspectivesde Souza Machado Igreja A, de Carvalho Mesquita K, Cowper SE, Costa IM. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: concepts and perspectives Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia 2012, 87: 597-607. PMID: 22892775, DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962012000400013.
- Linking Drugs to Obscure Illnesses: Lessons from Pure Red Cell Aplasia, Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis, and Reye’s Syndrome. A Report From the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR)Bennett CL, Starko KM, Thomsen HS, Cowper S, Sartor O, Macdougall IC, Qureshi ZP, Bookstaver PB, Miller AD, Norris LB, Xirasagar S, Trenery A, Lopez I, Kahn A, Murday A, Luminari S, Cournoyer D, Locatelli F, Ray P, Mattison DR. Linking Drugs to Obscure Illnesses: Lessons from Pure Red Cell Aplasia, Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis, and Reye’s Syndrome. A Report From the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR) Journal Of General Internal Medicine 2012, 27: 1697-1703. PMID: 22692632, PMCID: PMC3509314, DOI: 10.1007/s11606-012-2098-1.
- Chapter 59 Dermatologic Conditions in Kidney DiseaseKo C, Cowper S. Chapter 59 Dermatologic Conditions in Kidney Disease 2012, 2156-2168. DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-6193-9.10059-4.
- Mycosis fungoides exhibiting features of a dermatofibroma: a case report and review of the literatureMorcos SM, Girardi M, Subtil A, Wilson LD, Cowper SE. Mycosis fungoides exhibiting features of a dermatofibroma: a case report and review of the literature Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2011, 39: 40-46. PMID: 22059953, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01804.x.
- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Clinicopathological definition and workup recommendationsGirardi M, Kay J, Elston DM, LeBoit PE, Abu-Alfa A, Cowper SE. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Clinicopathological definition and workup recommendations Journal Of The American Academy Of Dermatology 2011, 65: 1095-1106.e7. PMID: 21724294, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.041.
- Dermatologic Conditions in Renal DiseaseKo CJ, Cowper SE. Dermatologic Conditions in Renal Disease. In: Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, 9th Edition, Elsevier, 2011, ISBN-13: 978-1416061939
- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosisBraverman IM, Cowper S. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis F1000 Medicine Reports 2010, 2: 84. PMID: 21283650, PMCID: PMC3026615, DOI: 10.3410/m2-84.
- Renal transplantation for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case report and review of the literatureCuffy MC, Singh M, Formica R, Simmons E, Abu Alfa AK, Carlson K, Girardi M, Cowper SE, Kulkarni S. Renal transplantation for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case report and review of the literature Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2010, 26: 1099-1101. PMID: 21079195, DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq693.
- Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the LiteratureTerushkin E, Leffell DJ, Futoryan T, Cowper S, Lazova R. Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature American Journal Of Dermatopathology 2010, 32: 287-292. PMID: 20010402, DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181b623c4.
- Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis for CardiologistsKo CJ, Cowper SE. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis for Cardiologists. In: Braunwald’s Heart Disease, 8th E-dition, Saunders. 2010, ISBN-13: 9781416041047
- Gadolinium‐containing magnetic resonance image contrast agent promotes fibrocyte differentiationVakil V, Sung JJ, Piecychna M, Crawford JR, Kuo P, Abu‐Alfa A, Cowper SE, Bucala R, Gomer RH. Gadolinium‐containing magnetic resonance image contrast agent promotes fibrocyte differentiation Journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2009, 30: 1284-1288. PMID: 19937928, PMCID: PMC2787835, DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21800.
- Fibrosis of the Hand Secondary to Jet Propellant Exposure: A New Clinical SyndromeSpock CR, Masood Q, Cowper SE, Narayan D. Fibrosis of the Hand Secondary to Jet Propellant Exposure: A New Clinical Syndrome Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 2009, 124: 266e-267e. PMID: 20009810, DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181b98e91.
- MRI in the era of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Review, controversies and suggestions for risk reductionKuo P, Abu-Alfa A, Bucala R, Griffith J, Carlson K, Girardi M, Weinreb J, Cowper S. MRI in the era of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Review, controversies and suggestions for risk reduction Applied Radiology 2009, 22-33. DOI: 10.37549/ar1683.
- Chapter 154: Nephrogenic Systemic FibrosisKnopp E, Cowper SE. Chapter 154: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis in “Treatment of Skin Disease, 3rd Edition” ed. Lebwohl MG, et al., Elsevier. Dec 2009 ISBN: 978-0-7020-3121-2
- Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis and Other Scleroderma MimickersPerazella M, Pope J, Cowper S. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis and Other Scleroderma Mimickers 2009, 97-106. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84800-934-9_11.
- Epstein Barr Virus Related Cutaneous T‐Cell Lymphoma Associated with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis and Methotrexate TherapyBarry C, Rashidi H, Bifulco C, DeHoratius D, Heald P, Howe J, Cowper S. Epstein Barr Virus Related Cutaneous T‐Cell Lymphoma Associated with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis and Methotrexate Therapy Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2008, 33: 66-66. DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2006.0511b.x.
- Gadolinium – is it to blame?Cowper SE. Gadolinium – is it to blame? Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2008, 35: 520-522. PMID: 18399814, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01027.x.
- Clinical and histological findings in nephrogenic systemic fibrosisCowper SE, Rabach M, Girardi M. Clinical and histological findings in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis European Journal Of Radiology 2008, 66: 191-199. PMID: 18325705, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.01.016.
- NSF: WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Early Recognition and TreatmentKnopp EA, Cowper SE. NSF: WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Early Recognition and Treatment Seminars In Dialysis 2008, 21: 123-128. PMID: 18226008, DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139x.2007.00399.x.
- The Effects of Transplantation on Preexisting DermatosesNamrata A, Pacheco TR, Cowper SE. The Effects of Transplantation on Preexisting Dermatoses. In: Skin disease in organ transplantation, Cambridge University Press, NY, NY. 2008, ISBN-13: 9780521870672
- Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: An OverviewCowper SE. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: An Overview Journal Of The American College Of Radiology 2008, 5: 23-28. PMID: 18180005, DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2007.08.013.
- Metastatic cutaneous carcinoid tumor mimicking an adnexal poroid neoplasmPuri PK, Galan A, Glusac EJ, Cowper SE. Metastatic cutaneous carcinoid tumor mimicking an adnexal poroid neoplasm Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2007, 35: 54-57. PMID: 18095995, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00755.x.
- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium exposure: Association and lessons for idiopathic fibrosing disordersCowper SE, Kuo PH, Bucala R. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium exposure: Association and lessons for idiopathic fibrosing disorders Arthritis & Rheumatism 2007, 56: 3173-3175. PMID: 17907160, DOI: 10.1002/art.22926.
- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case series suggesting gadolinium as a possible aetiological factorMoreno‐Romero J, Segura S, Mascaró JM, Cowper SE, Julià M, Poch E, Botey A, Herrero C. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case series suggesting gadolinium as a possible aetiological factor British Journal Of Dermatology 2007, 157: 783-787. PMID: 17627792, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08067.x.
- Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case series of nine patients and review of the literature.Introcaso CE, Hivnor C, Cowper S, Werth VP. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case series of nine patients and review of the literature. International Journal Of Dermatology 2007, 46: 447-52. PMID: 17472669, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03301.x.
- Gadolinium is quantifiable within the tissue of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosisHigh WA, Ayers RA, Cowper SE. Gadolinium is quantifiable within the tissue of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Journal Of The American Academy Of Dermatology 2007, 56: 710-712. PMID: 17289213, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.01.022.
- Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Population Study Examining the Relationship of Disease Development to Gadolinium ExposureDeo A, Fogel M, Cowper SE. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Population Study Examining the Relationship of Disease Development to Gadolinium Exposure Clinical Journal Of The American Society Of Nephrology 2007, 2: 264-267. PMID: 17699423, DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03921106.
- Gadolinium-based MR Contrast Agents and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis1Kuo PH, Kanal E, Abu-Alfa AK, Cowper SE. Gadolinium-based MR Contrast Agents and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis1 Radiology 2007, 242: 647-9. PMID: 17213364, DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2423061640.
- Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Review and Exploration of the Role of GadoliniumCowper SE. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Review and Exploration of the Role of Gadolinium Advances In Dermatology 2007, 23: 131-154. PMID: 18159899, DOI: 10.1016/j.yadr.2007.07.002.
- Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Prototype Fibrocyte DiseaseKucher C, Cowper S. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Prototype Fibrocyte Disease 2007, 195-225. DOI: 10.1142/9789812706690_0011.
- Gadolinium is detectable within the tissue of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosisHigh WA, Ayers RA, Chandler J, Zito G, Cowper SE. Gadolinium is detectable within the tissue of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Journal Of The American Academy Of Dermatology 2006, 56: 21-26. PMID: 17097388, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.10.047.
- ReplyMcNiff J, Subtil A, Cowper S, Lazova R, Glusac E. Reply Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2006, 33: 764-764. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00547.x.
- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy)Galan A, Cowper SE, Bucala R. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy) Current Opinion In Rheumatology 2006, 18: 614-617. PMID: 17053507, DOI: 10.1097/01.bor.0000245725.94887.8d.
- Editorials: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: An Emerging Threat Among Renal PatientsDeHoratius DM, Cowper SE. Editorials: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: An Emerging Threat Among Renal Patients Seminars In Dialysis 2006, 19: 191-194. PMID: 16689966, DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139x.2006.00152.x.
- The role of circulating fibrocytes in fibrosisQuan TE, Cowper SE, Bucala R. The role of circulating fibrocytes in fibrosis Current Rheumatology Reports 2006, 8: 145-150. PMID: 16569374, DOI: 10.1007/s11926-006-0055-x.
- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: An updateCowper SE, Boyer PJ. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: An update Current Rheumatology Reports 2006, 8: 151-157. PMID: 16569375, DOI: 10.1007/s11926-006-0056-9.
- The histopathology of primary cicatricial alopecia.Sperling LC, Cowper SE. The histopathology of primary cicatricial alopecia. Seminars In Cutaneous Medicine And Surgery 2006, 25: 41-50. PMID: 16616302, DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2006.01.006.
- Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy/Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis—Setting the Record StraightCowper SE, Bucala R, Leboit PE. Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy/Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis—Setting the Record Straight Seminars In Arthritis And Rheumatism 2006, 35: 208-210. PMID: 16461067, DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2005.09.005.
- Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: The Nosological and Conceptual Evolution of Nephrogenic Fibrosing DermopathyCowper SE. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: The Nosological and Conceptual Evolution of Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy American Journal Of Kidney Diseases 2005, 46: 763-765. PMID: 16183434, DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.08.008.
- CD56 staining in Merkel cell carcinoma and natural killer‐cell lymphoma: magic bullet, diagnostic pitfall, or both?McNiff JM, Cowper SE, Lazova R, Subtil A, Glusac EJ. CD56 staining in Merkel cell carcinoma and natural killer‐cell lymphoma: magic bullet, diagnostic pitfall, or both? Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2005, 32: 541-545. PMID: 16115052, DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00378.x.
- Cellular digital fibromas: distinctive CD34‐positive lesions that may mimic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberansMcNiff JM, Subtil A, Cowper SE, Lazova R, Glusac EJ. Cellular digital fibromas: distinctive CD34‐positive lesions that may mimic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Journal Of Cutaneous Pathology 2005, 32: 413-418. PMID: 15953374, DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00358.x.
- Case 35-2004: Nephrogenic Fibrosing DermopathyCowper SE, Bucala R, LeBoit PE. Case 35-2004: Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy New England Journal Of Medicine 2005, 352: 1723-1724. PMID: 15846862, DOI: 10.1056/nejm200504213521621.
- Skeletal Muscle Involvement in Nephrogenic Fibrosing DermopathyBoyer PJ, Cortese C, Kershishnik M, Le BH, Tekrony MC, Joseph C, Cowper SE. Skeletal Muscle Involvement in Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2005, 64(5): 452
- Kidney Disease and Stiff LegsCowper SE and Watsky K. Kidney Disease and Stiff Legs – Module II, pp 1-2. Maintenance of Certification Manual for Dermatology (MOCMD). American Academy of Dermatology, September 1, 2005, Schaumburg, IL.
- Circulating fibrocytes: collagen-secreting cells of the peripheral bloodQuan TE, Cowper S, Wu SP, Bockenstedt LK, Bucala R. Circulating fibrocytes: collagen-secreting cells of the peripheral blood The International Journal Of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 2004, 36: 598-606. PMID: 15010326, DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.10.005.
- Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: the first 6 yearsCowper SE. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: the first 6 years Current Opinion In Rheumatology 2003, 15: 785-790. PMID: 14569211, DOI: 10.1097/00002281-200311000-00017.
- Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy: Suspect Identified, Motive UnclearCowper SE, Bucala R. Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy: Suspect Identified, Motive Unclear American Journal Of Dermatopathology 2003, 25: 358. PMID: 12876500, DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200308000-00017.
- Generalized bullae in an infant.Chamlin SL, Cowper SE, Longley BJ, Williams ML. Generalized bullae in an infant. JAMA Dermatology 2002, 138: 831-6. PMID: 12056971.
- An Investigation of Apoptosis in Androgenetic AlopeciaCowper SE, Rosenberg AS, Morgan MB. An Investigation of Apoptosis in Androgenetic Alopecia American Journal Of Dermatopathology 2002, 24: 204-208. PMID: 12140435, DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200206000-00003.
- PULMONARY TOXICITY OF SIMULATED LUNAR AND MARTIAN DUSTS IN MICE: I. HISTOPATHOLOGY 7 AND 90 DAYS AFTER INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATIONLam CW, James JT, McCluskey R, Cowper S, Balis J, Muro-Cacho C. PULMONARY TOXICITY OF SIMULATED LUNAR AND MARTIAN DUSTS IN MICE: I. HISTOPATHOLOGY 7 AND 90 DAYS AFTER INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION Inhalation Toxicology 2002, 14: 901-916. PMID: 12396402, DOI: 10.1080/08958370290084683.
- Nephrogenic Fibrosing DermopathyCowper S, Su L, Bhawan J, Robin H, LeBoit P. Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy American Journal Of Dermatopathology 2001, 23: 383-393. PMID: 11801769, DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200110000-00001.
- Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the SkinCowper S, Morgan M. Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Skin American Journal Of Dermatopathology 2001, 23: 276-278. DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200106000-00028.
- Scleromyxoedema-like cutaneous diseases in renal-dialysis patientsCowper S, Robin H, Steinberg S, Su L, Gupta S, LeBoit P. Scleromyxoedema-like cutaneous diseases in renal-dialysis patients The Lancet 2000, 356: 1000-1001. PMID: 11041404, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02694-5.
- p53, mdm-2, and p21 waf-1 in the PorokeratosesNelson C, Cowper S, Morgan M. p53, mdm-2, and p21 waf-1 in the Porokeratoses American Journal Of Dermatopathology 1999, 21: 420. PMID: 10535569, DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199910000-00003.
- Expression of p-27 (kip1) in Nevi and MelanomasMorgan M, Cowper S. Expression of p-27 (kip1) in Nevi and Melanomas American Journal Of Dermatopathology 1999, 21: 121-124. PMID: 10218670, DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199904000-00002.
- Solitary Fibrous Tumor: It's Not Just for Surgical Pathologists Anymore.Cowper S, Morgan M. Solitary Fibrous Tumor: It's Not Just for Surgical Pathologists Anymore. American Journal Of Dermatopathology 1999, 21: 93. DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199902000-00080.
- Chemistry: The Lack of Diagnostic Utility of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes: Evaluation of Acute Myocardial InfarctionCowper S, Lopez M, Foulis P. Chemistry: The Lack of Diagnostic Utility of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes: Evaluation of Acute Myocardial Infarction Lab Medicine 1998, 29: 629-632. DOI: 10.1093/labmed/29.10.629.
- Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the VaginaCowper S, Fiorica J, Haller E, Nicosia S, Jones M, Coppola D. Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vagina Cancer Control 1998, 5: 1-4. PMID: 10761029, DOI: 10.1177/107327489800500211.
- An Atlas of Hair Pathology with Clinical Correlations, 2d Ed. (Book): Sperling L, Cowper SE, Knopp EA. Informs Healthcare, 2012An Atlas of Hair Pathology with Clinical Correlations, 2d Ed. (Book): Sperling L, Cowper SE, Knopp EA. Informs Healthcare, 2012