Lauren Ferrante, MD, MHS
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine); Director, Operations Core, Yale Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center; Student Thesis Chair, Internal Medicine
Research & Publications
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Research Summary
Dr. Ferrante is an Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine at the Yale School of Medicine and Director of the Operations Core at the Yale Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center. Her research program, funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIH/NIA), is centered at the interface of critical care medicine and geriatrics, with the overarching goal of understanding and improving the functional outcomes of critically ill older adults. Her work has been recognized most recently with the Jo Rae Wright Award for Outstanding Science (2023) and the Critical Care Early Career Achievement Award (2022), both from the American Thoracic Society. Dr. Ferrante is a strong advocate of integrating geriatrics principles into critical care medicine and increasing collaboration between the subspecialties and geriatrics. To that end, she co-founded/co-chairs the Aging in Critical Care Interest Group (formerly the Aging & Geriatrics Working Group) of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and co-chairs the Medical Subspecialties Section of the American Geriatrics Society (AGS).
Coauthors
Research Interests
Aging; Intensive Care Units; Frail Elderly; Mobility Limitation; International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; Critical Care Outcomes; Frailty
Research Image
Supplementary Figure
Supplementary Figure for https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201806-1144LE
Selected Publications
- Rationale, Design, and Characteristics of the VALIANT (COVID‐19 in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Assessment) CohortCohen A, McAvay G, Geda M, Chattopadhyay S, Lee S, Acampora D, Araujo K, Charpentier P, Gill T, Hajduk A, Ferrante L. Rationale, Design, and Characteristics of the VALIANT (COVID‐19 in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Assessment) Cohort. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2022, 71: 832-844. PMID: 36544250, PMCID: PMC9877652, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18146.
- Development and validation of a prediction model for persistent functional impairment among older ICU survivorsFerrante LE, Murphy TE, Leo‐Summers L, O'Leary JR, Wyk B, Pisani MA, Gill TM. Development and validation of a prediction model for persistent functional impairment among older ICU survivors. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2022, 71: 188-197. PMID: 36196998, PMCID: PMC9870848, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18075.
- Association Between Daily Average of Mobility Achieved During Physical Therapy Sessions and Hospital-Acquired or Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia among Critically Ill PatientsQi W, Murphy TE, Doyle MM, Ferrante LE. Association Between Daily Average of Mobility Achieved During Physical Therapy Sessions and Hospital-Acquired or Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia among Critically Ill Patients. Journal Of Intensive Care Medicine 2022, 38: 418-424. PMID: 36278257, PMCID: PMC10065937, DOI: 10.1177/08850666221133318.
- Association Between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Decline in Function, Cognition, and Mental Health After Critical Illness Among Older Adults : A Cohort Study.Jain S, Murphy TE, O'Leary JR, Leo-Summers L, Ferrante LE. Association Between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Decline in Function, Cognition, and Mental Health After Critical Illness Among Older Adults : A Cohort Study. Annals Of Internal Medicine 2022, 175: 644-655. PMID: 35254879, PMCID: PMC9316386, DOI: 10.7326/m21-3086.
- Association of Social Isolation With Disability Burden and 1-Year Mortality Among Older Adults With Critical IllnessFalvey JR, Cohen AB, O’Leary J, Leo-Summers L, Murphy TE, Ferrante LE. Association of Social Isolation With Disability Burden and 1-Year Mortality Among Older Adults With Critical Illness. JAMA Internal Medicine 2021, 181: 1433-1439. PMID: 34491282, PMCID: PMC8424527, DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5022.
- Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Disability After Critical Illness*Falvey JR, Murphy TE, Leo-Summers L, Gill TM, Ferrante LE. Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Disability After Critical Illness*. Critical Care Medicine 2021, 50: 733-741. PMID: 34636807, PMCID: PMC9001742, DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005364.
- Society of Critical Care Medicine's International Consensus Conference on Prediction and Identification of Long-Term Impairments After Critical Illness.Mikkelsen ME, Still M, Anderson BJ, Bienvenu OJ, Brodsky MB, Brummel N, Butcher B, Clay AS, Felt H, Ferrante LE, Haines KJ, Harhay MO, Hope AA, Hopkins RO, Hosey M, Hough CTL, Jackson JC, Johnson A, Khan B, Lone NI, MacTavish P, McPeake J, Montgomery-Yates A, Needham DM, Netzer G, Schorr C, Skidmore B, Stollings JL, Umberger R, Andrews A, Iwashyna TJ, Sevin CM. Society of Critical Care Medicine's International Consensus Conference on Prediction and Identification of Long-Term Impairments After Critical Illness. Critical Care Medicine 2020, 48: 1670-1679. PMID: 32947467, DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004586.
- AGS Position Statement: Resource Allocation Strategies and Age‐Related Considerations in the COVID‐19 Era and BeyondFarrell TW, Ferrante LE, Brown T, Francis L, Widera E, Rhodes R, Rosen T, Hwang U, Witt LJ, Thothala N, Liu SW, Vitale CA, Braun UK, Stephens C, Saliba D. AGS Position Statement: Resource Allocation Strategies and Age‐Related Considerations in the COVID‐19 Era and Beyond. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2020, 68: 1136-1142. PMID: 32374440, PMCID: PMC7267615, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16537.
- The Combined Effects of Frailty and Cognitive Impairment on Post-ICU Disability among Older ICU SurvivorsFerrante LE, Murphy TE, Leo-Summers LS, Gahbauer EA, Pisani MA, Gill TM. The Combined Effects of Frailty and Cognitive Impairment on Post-ICU Disability among Older ICU Survivors. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2019, 200: 107-110. PMID: 30883191, PMCID: PMC6603056, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1144le.
- Dual-Physician HouseholdsFerrante L, Mody L. Dual-Physician Households. JAMA 2019, 321: 2161-2162. PMID: 31074762, DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.4413.
- The Association of Frailty With Post-ICU Disability, Nursing Home Admission, and Mortality A Longitudinal StudyFerrante LE, Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Gahbauer EA, Leo-Summers LS, Gill TM. The Association of Frailty With Post-ICU Disability, Nursing Home Admission, and Mortality A Longitudinal Study. CHEST Journal 2018, 153: 1378-1386. PMID: 29559308, PMCID: PMC6026287, DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.03.007.
- Pre–Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Status, Subsequent Disability, and New Nursing Home Admission among Critically Ill Older AdultsFerrante LE, Murphy TE, Gahbauer EA, Leo-Summers LS, Pisani MA, Gill TM. Pre–Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Status, Subsequent Disability, and New Nursing Home Admission among Critically Ill Older Adults. Annals Of The American Thoracic Society 2018, 15: 622-629. PMID: 29446993, PMCID: PMC5949607, DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201709-702oc.
- Integrating Geriatric Principles into Critical Care Medicine: The Time Is NowBrummel NE, Ferrante LE. Integrating Geriatric Principles into Critical Care Medicine: The Time Is Now. Annals Of The American Thoracic Society 2018, 15: 518-522. PMID: 29298089, PMCID: PMC5949609, DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201710-793ip.
- Factors Associated with Functional Recovery among Older Intensive Care Unit SurvivorsFerrante LE, Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Gahbauer EA, Leo-Summers LS, Gill TM. Factors Associated with Functional Recovery among Older Intensive Care Unit Survivors. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2016, 194: 299-307. PMID: 26840348, PMCID: PMC4970594, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201506-1256oc.
- Functional Trajectories Among Older Persons Before and After Critical IllnessFerrante LE, Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Gahbauer EA, Leo-Summers LS, Gill TM. Functional Trajectories Among Older Persons Before and After Critical Illness. JAMA Internal Medicine 2015, 175: 523-529. PMID: 25665067, PMCID: PMC4467795, DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7889.
- Rehabilitation for People with Respiratory Disease and Frailty: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop ReportMaddocks M, Brighton L, Alison J, Beek L, Bhatt S, Brummel N, Burtin C, Cesari M, Evans R, Ferrante L, Flores-Flores O, Franssen F, Garvey C, Harrison S, Iyer A, Lahouse L, Lareau S, Lee A, Man W, Marengoni A, McAuley H, Rozenberg D, Singer J, Spruit M, Osadnik C. Rehabilitation for People with Respiratory Disease and Frailty: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Annals Of The American Thoracic Society 2023, 20: 767-780. PMID: 37261787, PMCID: PMC10257033, DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202302-129st.
- Better but Not Well: Disability, Frailty, and Cognitive Impairment One Year after COVID-19 Critical IllnessAuriemma C, Ferrante L. Better but Not Well: Disability, Frailty, and Cognitive Impairment One Year after COVID-19 Critical Illness. Annals Of The American Thoracic Society 2023, 20: 202-203. PMID: 36723478, PMCID: PMC9989858, DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202211-929ed.
- Changes in Restricting Symptoms after Critical Illness among Community-Living Older Adults.Jain S, Han L, Gahbauer E, Leo-Summers L, Feder S, Ferrante L, Gill T. Changes in Restricting Symptoms after Critical Illness among Community-Living Older Adults. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2023, 208: 1206-1215. PMID: 37769149, PMCID: PMC10868351, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202304-0693oc.
- Clin‐STAR corner: Recent practice‐changing studies at the interface of pulmonary and critical care medicine and geriatricsJain S, Witt L, Ferrante L. Clin‐STAR corner: Recent practice‐changing studies at the interface of pulmonary and critical care medicine and geriatrics. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2022, 71: 705-710. PMID: 36536494, PMCID: PMC10023292, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18196.
- Long-term recovery after critical illness in older adultsKaushik R, Ferrante LE. Long-term recovery after critical illness in older adults. Current Opinion In Critical Care 2022, 28: 572-580. PMID: 35950731, PMCID: PMC9458622, DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000000981.
- All the Lonely People: Social Isolation and Loneliness in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseFerrante L, Cohen A. All the Lonely People: Social Isolation and Loneliness in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Annals Of The American Thoracic Society 2023, 20: 1703-1704. PMID: 38038602, PMCID: PMC10704229, DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202309-833ed.
- What is Frailty?Brighton L, Lareau S, Maddocks M, Osadnik C, Lahousse L, Lee A, Allison J, Singer J, Rozenberg D, Man W, Ferrante L, Spruit M, Burtin C, Harrison S, Iyer A. What is Frailty? American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2023, 207: p5-p6. PMID: 37260228, PMCID: PMC10263127, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.207i11p5.
- SWEAT ICU—An Observational Study of Physician Workload and the Association of Physician Outcomes in Academic ICUsAgarwal A, Chen JT, Coopersmith CM, Denson JL, Dickert NW, Ferrante LE, Gershengorn HB, Gosine AD, Hayward BJ, Kaur N, Khan A, Lamberton C, Landsittel D, Lyons PG, Mikkelsen ME, Nadig NR, Pietropaoli AP, Poole BR, Viglianti EM, Sevransky JE, Network O. SWEAT ICU—An Observational Study of Physician Workload and the Association of Physician Outcomes in Academic ICUs. Critical Care Explorations 2022, 4: e0774. PMID: 36259061, PMCID: PMC9575792, DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000774.
- Trends in Geriatric Conditions Among Older Adults Admitted to US ICUs Between 1998 and 2015Cobert J, Jeon SY, Boscardin J, Chapman AC, Ferrante LE, Lee S, Smith AK. Trends in Geriatric Conditions Among Older Adults Admitted to US ICUs Between 1998 and 2015. CHEST Journal 2022, 161: 1555-1565. PMID: 35026299, PMCID: PMC9248079, DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.12.658.
- Association between Residential Segregation and Long-Term Acute Care Hospital Performance on Improvement in Function among Ventilated Patients.Jain S, Walkey AJ, Law AC, Ferrante LE, Lindenauer PK, Krumholz HM. Association between Residential Segregation and Long-Term Acute Care Hospital Performance on Improvement in Function among Ventilated Patients. Annals Of The American Thoracic Society 2022, 19: 147-150. PMID: 34644244, PMCID: PMC8787797, DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202107-796rl.
- Medicare Beneficiaries With Self-Reported Functional Hearing Difficulty Have Unmet Health Care NeedsReed NS, Assi L, Horiuchi W, Hoover-Fong JE, Lin FR, Ferrante LE, Inouye SK, Miller Iii ER, Boss EF, Oh ES, Willink A. Medicare Beneficiaries With Self-Reported Functional Hearing Difficulty Have Unmet Health Care Needs. Health Affairs 2021, 40: 786-794. PMID: 33939509, PMCID: PMC8323057, DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02371.
- Functional Effects of Intervening Illnesses and Injuries After Critical Illness in Older PersonsGill TM, Han L, Gahbauer EA, Leo-Summers L, Murphy TE, Ferrante LE. Functional Effects of Intervening Illnesses and Injuries After Critical Illness in Older Persons. Critical Care Medicine 2021, 49: 956-966. PMID: 33497167, PMCID: PMC8140984, DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004829.
- Lung-Protective Ventilation Over 6 Years at a Large Academic Medical Center: An Evaluation of Trends, Adherence, and Perceptions of BenefitGao CA, Howard FM, Siner JM, Candido TD, Ferrante LE. Lung-Protective Ventilation Over 6 Years at a Large Academic Medical Center: An Evaluation of Trends, Adherence, and Perceptions of Benefit. Critical Care Explorations 2021, 3: e0325. PMID: 33458691, PMCID: PMC7803935, DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000325.
- Developing a Triage Protocol for the COVID-19 Pandemic: Allocating Scarce Medical Resources in a Public Health Emergency.Tolchin B, Latham SR, Bruce L, Ferrante LE, Kraschel K, Jubanyik K, Hull SC, Herbst JL, Kapo J, Moritz ED, Hughes J, Siegel MD, Mercurio MR. Developing a Triage Protocol for the COVID-19 Pandemic: Allocating Scarce Medical Resources in a Public Health Emergency. The Journal Of Clinical Ethics 2020, 31: 303-317. PMID: 32991327, DOI: 10.1086/jce2020314303.
- A Clinic Blueprint for Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 RECOVERY Learning From the Past, Looking to the FutureLutchmansingh DD, Knauert MP, Antin-Ozerkis DE, Chupp G, Cohn L, Dela Cruz CS, Ferrante LE, Herzog EL, Koff J, Rochester CL, Ryu C, Singh I, Tickoo M, Winks V, Gulati M, Possick JD. A Clinic Blueprint for Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 RECOVERY Learning From the Past, Looking to the Future. CHEST Journal 2020, 159: 949-958. PMID: 33159907, PMCID: PMC7641526, DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.067.
- Embedding and Sustaining a Focus on Function in Specialty Research and CareCallahan KE, Boustani M, Ferrante L, Forman DE, Gurwitz J, High KP, McFarland F, Robinson T, Studenski S, Yang M, Schmader KE. Embedding and Sustaining a Focus on Function in Specialty Research and Care. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2020, 69: 225-233. PMID: 33064303, PMCID: PMC7871732, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16860.
- Prediction Models for Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Impairments After Critical Illness: A Systematic Review and Critical AppraisalHaines KJ, Hibbert E, McPeake J, Anderson BJ, Bienvenu OJ, Andrews A, Brummel NE, Ferrante LE, Hopkins RO, Hough CL, Jackson J, Mikkelsen ME, Leggett N, Montgomery-Yates A, Needham DM, Sevin CM, Skidmore B, Still M, van Smeden M, Collins GS, Harhay MO. Prediction Models for Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Impairments After Critical Illness: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal. Critical Care Medicine 2020, 48: 1871-1880. PMID: 33060502, PMCID: PMC7673641, DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004659.
- Functional Loss and Resilience in Intensive Care.Ferrante LE, Stevens RD. Functional Loss and Resilience in Intensive Care. Critical Care Medicine 2020, 48: 1690-1692. PMID: 33038158, PMCID: PMC8091484, DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004603.
- Managing Older Adults with Presumed COVID‐19 in the Emergency Department: A Rational Approach to RationingRosen T, Ferrante LE, Liu SW, Benton EA, Mulcare MR, Stern ME, Biese K, Hwang U, Sanon M. Managing Older Adults with Presumed COVID‐19 in the Emergency Department: A Rational Approach to Rationing. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2020, 68: 1631-1635. PMID: 32574404, PMCID: PMC7361631, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16651.
- Addressing Hearing Loss to Improve Communication During the COVID‐19 PandemicReed NS, Ferrante LE, Oh ES. Addressing Hearing Loss to Improve Communication During the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2020, 68: 1924-1926. PMID: 32548882, PMCID: PMC7323388, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16674.
- Rationing Limited Healthcare Resources in the COVID‐19 Era and Beyond: Ethical Considerations Regarding Older AdultsFarrell TW, Francis L, Brown T, Ferrante LE, Widera E, Rhodes R, Rosen T, Hwang U, Witt LJ, Thothala N, Liu SW, Vitale CA, Braun UK, Stephens C, Saliba D. Rationing Limited Healthcare Resources in the COVID‐19 Era and Beyond: Ethical Considerations Regarding Older Adults. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2020, 68: 1143-1149. PMID: 32374466, PMCID: PMC7267288, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16539.
- Frailty in Critical Care Medicine: A Review.De Biasio JC, Mittel AM, Mueller AL, Ferrante LE, Kim DH, Shaefi S. Frailty in Critical Care Medicine: A Review. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2020, 130: 1462-1473. PMID: 32384336, PMCID: PMC7426653, DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004665.
- Flattening the disability curve: Rehabilitation and recovery after COVID-19 infectionFalvey JR, Ferrante LE. Flattening the disability curve: Rehabilitation and recovery after COVID-19 infection. Heart & Lung 2020, 49: 440-441. PMID: 32457005, PMCID: PMC7211743, DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.05.001.
- Home Health Rehabilitation Utilization Among Medicare Beneficiaries Following Critical IllnessFalvey JR, Murphy TE, Gill TM, Stevens‐Lapsley J, Ferrante LE. Home Health Rehabilitation Utilization Among Medicare Beneficiaries Following Critical Illness. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2020, 68: 1512-1519. PMID: 32187664, PMCID: PMC7712590, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16412.
- Factors Associated With Discharge Home Among Medical ICU Patients in an Early Mobilization ProgramKim RY, Murphy TE, Doyle M, Pulaski C, Singh M, Tsang S, Wicker D, Pisani MA, Connors GR, Ferrante LE. Factors Associated With Discharge Home Among Medical ICU Patients in an Early Mobilization Program. Critical Care Explorations 2019, 1: e0060. PMID: 32166241, PMCID: PMC7063960, DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000060.
- Patient-Centered Outcomes in Critical Illness: Will My Patient Be Functionally and Cognitively Intact?Geer JH, Qi W, Ferrante LE. Patient-Centered Outcomes in Critical Illness: Will My Patient Be Functionally and Cognitively Intact? Seminars In Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2019, 40: 638-647. PMID: 31826264, DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1698379.
- Care of the Critically Ill Older AdultGao C, Ferrante L. Care of the Critically Ill Older Adult. 2019, 611-623. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-06067-1_47.
- Frailty assessment in the ICU: translation to ‘real‐world' clinical practiceFalvey JR, Ferrante LE. Frailty assessment in the ICU: translation to ‘real‐world' clinical practice. Anaesthesia 2019, 74: 700-703. PMID: 30859547, PMCID: PMC6521947, DOI: 10.1111/anae.14617.
- Factors Associated with Discharge Home among MICU Patients in an Early Mobilization ProgramKim RY, Murphy TE, Doyle M, Pulaski C, Singh M, Tsang S, Wicker D, Pisani MA, Connors GR, Ferrante LE. Factors Associated with Discharge Home among MICU Patients in an Early Mobilization Program. Critical Care Explorations 2019; Published online November 11, 2019.
- The Competing Risk of Death in Longitudinal Geriatric OutcomesMurphy TE, Gill TM, Leo‐Summers L, Gahbauer EA, Pisani MA, Ferrante LE. The Competing Risk of Death in Longitudinal Geriatric Outcomes. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2018, 67: 357-362. PMID: 30537050, PMCID: PMC6367003, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15697.
- Leadership Lessons: Building and Nurturing a High‐Performing Clinical Research TeamMakris UE, Ferrante LE, Mody L. Leadership Lessons: Building and Nurturing a High‐Performing Clinical Research Team. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2018, 66: 1258-1261. PMID: 29684244, PMCID: PMC6204209, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15352.
- Prognostication during Critical Illness: Moving the Field ForwardFerrante LE. Prognostication during Critical Illness: Moving the Field Forward. Annals Of The American Thoracic Society 2017, 14: 1510-1511. PMID: 28961035, PMCID: PMC5718572, DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201706-496ed.
- Intensive Care Unit Outcomes in Older AdultsPisani M, Ferrante L. Intensive Care Unit Outcomes in Older Adults. 2015, 119-137. DOI: 10.1142/9789814635011_0005.
- Understanding and Reducing Disability in Older Adults Following Critical Illness*Brummel NE, Balas MC, Morandi A, Ferrante LE, Gill TM, Ely EW. Understanding and Reducing Disability in Older Adults Following Critical Illness*. Critical Care Medicine 2015, 43: 1265-1275. PMID: 25756418, PMCID: PMC4640688, DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000924.
- Among patients admitted to ICU, delirium is most common in those with neurological diagnoses, and is associated with adverse health outcomesPisani MA, Ferrante L. Among patients admitted to ICU, delirium is most common in those with neurological diagnoses, and is associated with adverse health outcomes. Evidence-Based Nursing 2012, 16: 81. PMID: 23171569, DOI: 10.1136/eb-2012-101054.
Clinical Trials
| Conditions | Study Title |
|---|---|
| Diseases of the Blood; Infectious Diseases | Crystalloid Liberal or Vasopressors Early Resuscitation in Sepsis (CLOVERS) |