Sex Differences in Long COVID
Shah D, Thaweethai T, Karlson E, Bonilla H, Horne B, Mullington J, Wisnivesky J, Hornig M, Shinnick D, Klein J, Erdmann N, Brosnahan S, Lee-Iannotti J, Metz T, Maughan C, Ofotokun I, Reeder H, Stiles L, Shaukat A, Hess R, Ashktorab H, Bartram L, Bassett I, Becker J, Brim H, Charney A, Chopra T, Clifton R, Deeks S, Erlandson K, Fierer D, Flaherman V, Fonseca V, Gander J, Hodder S, Jacoby V, Kotini-Shah P, Krishnan J, Kumar A, Levy B, Lieberman D, Lin J, Martin J, McComsey G, Moukabary T, Okumura M, Peluso M, Rosen C, Saade G, Shah P, Sherif Z, Taylor B, Tuttle K, Urdaneta A, Wallick J, Wiley Z, Zhang D, Horwitz L, Foulkes A, Singer N, Han J, Marconi V, Ofotokun I, Patzer R, Walker T, Abraham R, Aguilar F, Ahmadi-Izad G, Ahmed D, Alvarez A, Anderson B, Asencios W, Beaty C, Bedi B, Berry J, Boone D, Bower M, Bremner J, Brent C, Brown-Smith K, Bull R, Capo G, Carl-Igwe K, Chitadze C, Chukwumerije N, Clyburn E, Collins S, Costello J, Couture G, Craft A, Cui X, del Rio C, Detelich J, Dixon C, Dow J, Doyle D, Elchommali J, Elsey I, Franks N, Gallini J, Gutter E, Harding J, Hernandez L, Holloway C, Ifejika C, Jasarevic R, Javia V, Jeter M, Joseph Y, Juarez M, Kirkpatrick C, Koumanelis A, Krishnan S, Leon J, Lew V, Maier C, Makkaoui N, Maroney M, Martin C, Mbogo L, McCaslin A, McIntyre J, Moanna A, Montoya M, Morales E, Moran C, Murray C, Nelson R, Nguyen T, Ojoawo B, Osinski E, Oviedo S, Paredes-Gaitan Y, Prude M, Ramakrishnan G, Rebolledo P, Roberts M, Robinson K, Rogers C, Rouphael N, Searles C, Segall M, Shah A, Silva R, Simpson C, Simpson-Derrell K, Sirajud-Deen T, Stroud J, Suthar M, Sylber C, Sylvera A, Teunis L, Thomas K, Titanji K, Toy C, Truong A, Vaccarino V, Varney K, Vyas K, Vyas K, Walkow M, Wesley T, Winston J, Winter T, Wongtrakool C, Cribbs S, Francis A, Hang T, Ingram K, Lainez J, Wiley Z, Ager A, Atha M, Gray N, Grimes A, Hewitt L, Huerta C, Johnson B, Khalil L, Kleinhenz D, Koumanelis A, Kozoman R, Lee M, Lewis K, Litvack M, Maramba T, Mehta C, Panganiban B, Rahman K, Smith V, Stringer A, Tolbert M, Traenkner J, Unterberger K, Wang H, Wimberly E, Yang Q, Gander J, Neuman R, Bush P, Hudgins A, Kolailat I, Martinez M, Thompson S, Agu C, Pemu P, Afani A, Ariri C, Dandy A, Harper K, Ibeawuchi C, Lawrence B, Morgan-Billingslea J, Ojemakinde E, Smith K, Levy B, Aikawa M, Baden L, Baslet G, Bennett L, Bhattacharyya S, Buring J, Cagnina R, Chen L, Clark C, Cohen P, Czeisler C, Estill P, Gay E, Hong J, Lamas D, Lay S, Levy-Carrick N, Manson J, Monafrared T, Redline S, Remis E, Schilkrut D, Sesso H, Solomon S, Sparks J, Spencer L, Systrom D, Thu P, Walt D, Washko G, Whittelsey M, Wiener R, Bassett I, Alba G, Aung T, Ginns L, Haas J, Hu Y, Juelg B, Kanjilal D, Kim A, Klerman E, Lewis G, Musa A, Ojikutu B, Perlis R, Rosand J, Wallace Z, Xerras D, Zionts D, Mullington J, Collier A, Fong T, Haack M, Hauser K, Maley J, Quintana Y, Shaughnessy L, Stephenson K, Thomas R, Torres R, Marathe J, Duffy E, Hamburg N, Kobayashi M, O'Connor G, Shepherd F, Williams C, Zhang H, John J, Ticotsky A, Ward H, Blazey-Martin D, Ghamloush M, Jordan M, Kogelman L, Erdmann N, Levitan E, Tita A, Armstrong D, Binkley S, Blackwell K, Causey A, Cook F, Domingo J, Donahue C, Eady M, Edberg J, Forehand K, Frazier P, Garcia-McClaney N, Garner M, Gray B, Hall W, Hart C, Hebson C, Hidalgo B, Holtzapfel K, Jinright A, Judd S, Kennedy T, Kirkwood L, Maier M, McCormack P, Mitchell K, Montgomery A, Peralta-Carcelen M, Pilco J, Powell L, Royster J, Shevin R, Skipworth S, Spurgeon L, Steele C, Vines J, Ware G, Wilson R, Woodruff D, Young B, Gillespie M, Daniel C, Hansel J, Wu J, Carton T, Miele L, Brown T, Sutherland E, Fuloria J, Datri P, Hagensee M, Leggio C, Perkins A, Trauth A, Trotter S, Van Deerlin A, Weiser S, Young M, Ashktorab H, Brim H, Laiyemo A, Sherif Z, Durrani S, Nezamloo A, Ngwa J, Njoku N, Gentil M, Mehari A, Solemani A, Chang L, Thuluvath P, Alemu M, Anderson J, Chauhan M, Cho S, Goodman K, Lanke G, Lebron R, Maheshwari A, Ok J, To C, Hodder S, Bardes J, Dominique-Villanueva D, Juskowich J, Reece R, Sarwari A, Shellito J, Greenway F, Kirwan J, Rodemann G, Rosen C, Arruda A, Brunet T, Emery I, Roelke T, Berger P, Hoover S, Black L, Tjarks B, Fonseca V, Gupta S, Longo M, Yang M, Shikuma C, Chow D, MarGangcuangco L, Castro M, Bengtson C, Howard T, Koontz B, Spikes L, Simmons C, Whiteheart S, Garvy B, Wood J, Marshall G, Garla V, Kuebler J, Nandi U, Vasey A, Warren D, Dickinson J, VanWagoner T, Bogie A, Heyanka D, James J, Scott J, Sukhera F, Luciano Roman C, Perez Frontera S, Santana Bagur J, Klein J, Krishnan J, Lin J, Muramatsu N, Prabhakar B, Prendergast H, Vanden Hoek T, Adams D, Baker A, Barbera S, Basu S, Bleasdale S, Boyd A, Breiter T, Buhimschi I, Carrithers M, Chalamalla R, Chestek D, Cook J, Darbar D, Dasgupta R, Davis Blakley F, DeLisa J, Diviak K, Donlon M, Dworkin M, Ellison A, Flanigan C, Freedman M, Gerald L, Giles W, Gordon H, Hammad B, Hasek S, Hasse W, Hryniewicka M, Illendula S, Ismail N, Jain A, Jennette K, Kadubek G, Kent D, Kent D, Kim K, Kotini-Shah P, Large L, Lash J, Lu J, Mahamed A, Malchenko S, Martinez M, Mauntel-Medici C, McCauley M, Menchaca M, Mermelstein R, Moreno D, Morrissy L, Musick H, Norwick L, Novak R, Ortiz M, Patel K, Perez N, Pliskin N, Pope S, Prasad B, Predki B, Quigley J, Ramchandran R, Ramirez A, Rappe S, Rehman J, Rowley M, Rudraraju G, Rutherfoord M, Sculley J, Smith-Mack J, Sun J, Tartt N, Villanueva L, Warfield Kelly S, Yazici C, Certa M, Chessier E, Everett E, Kindred E, Harris P, Sudhindra P, Olds L, Aponte-Soto L, Del Rios M, Diaz M, Ibanez A, Rolon C, Cranford S, Brown D, Dixon J, Gale L, Hammerl S, Hartwig K, Madineni A, Swearingen P, Hendrickson M, Noland S, Terlinde T, Hobbs B, Stewart de Ramirez S, Bolliger D, Boyineni J, Chebrolu P, Curry H, Donohue S, Edmonds S, Kelly S, Maholovich P, Sader S, Thompson T, Welter H, Woolley B, Hafner J, Hanson K, Hutton R, Charney A, Kovatch P, Merad M, Nadkarni G, Wisnivesky J, Aberg J, Ascolillo S, Bagiella E, Bartram L, Becker J, Beckmann N, Bendl A, Chen B, Civil A, Crawford G, Dhar K, Evo-Ortega L, Fierer D, Gallagher E, Garcia-Sastre A, Gnjatic S, Gray I, Guliyeva S, Harvey-Ingram L, Herrera-Moreno J, Hill M, Horowitz C, Jackson R, Kastrat D, Lala-Trindade A, Lin J, Macaluso N, Marcon K, Meyer D, Morinigo J, Natelson B, Nussenzweig M, Padua T, Putrino D, Richardson L, Russo S, Seifert A, Serri A, Walker J, Yee M, Bateman L, Hess R, Truong D, Alekhina N, Barlocker J, Brown J, Cortez M, Donohue D, Facelli J, Ford I, Gouripeddi R, Hermansen J, Johnny J, Lindsay A, Ling L, Lloyd J, Lu Y, Medina J, Morimoto S, Pace L, Powell J, Scholand M, Shah K, Sharareh N, Spivak A, Stringham C, Trinity J, Velinder M, Weaver L, Vernon S, Deakyne Davies S, Gardner E, Bryan T, Buck K, Hawkins K, Oakes J, Horne B, Knowlton K, Woller S, Aguirre B, Anderson J, Bair T, Bosh L, Evans L, Garrett C, Harris D, Herrera K, Iverson L, Jensen M, Juan J, Knight S, Leither L, Maestas H, May H, Najarian G, Webb T, Zubal S, Erlandson K, Sokol R, Brightman M, Davis D, Feuerriegel E, Fudge H, Garg L, Higgins J, Jolley S, Lockie T, McCandless S, Pitch C, Reusch J, Thurman B, Tran H, West S, Friedman N, Ludwig K, Decker L, Raissy H, Adolphi N, Archuleta D, Bradfute S, Brito R, Elifritz J, Garcia-Soberanez N, Gentry F, Harkins M, Martinez N, Montoya L, Parada A, Quinn D, Ramos A, Sheehan E, Treacher I, McComsey G, Adams C, Andrefsky J, Atieh O, Baissary J, Boldt N, Conrad A, D’Anza B, Koberssy Z, Daher J, Dawson S, DiFrancesco K, Durieux J, Foster (Rodgers) T, Gallagher M, Gupta A, Harrill J, Harris P, Hernandez C, Ialacci S, Jacono F, Kelly J, Kumar R, Labbato D, Lesco E, Lim J, Pettinato K, Rodgers M, Rosolia B, Roy A, Scott S, Smith B, Tejani V, Tribout M, Yendewa G, Zhang D, Singer N, Ayache M, Barnboym E, Brown A, Chesnick H, Edminston M, Greenwood C, Haghiac M, Kaufman E, Lengu K, Lowenthal R, Malakooti S, Oleson C, Pearman A, Rizea A, Smith C, Washington M, Weinberger E, Heath J, Brennan C, Edmark R, Gutierrez V, Hadlock J, Li S, Magis A, McDonald C, Murray K, Rowen L, Yuan D, Chen P, Caudill A, Chopra T, Contreras F, Dahlke L, Gudipudi L, Jackman S, Modes M, Muttera N, Nelson C, Parimon T, Salinas N, Tadeo J, Torbati S, Watson S, Tuttle K, Alicic R, Baxter J, Emerson S, Hood S, Kuykendall K, White S, Wilcox L, Goldman J, Algren H, Del Alcazar J, Duven A, Kaneko J, Kim C, Manner P, Mason C, Okada A, Poussier R, Satira R, Wallick J, Chu H, Elias-Warren A, Harteloo A, Logue J, McCaffrey K, Nguyen H, Nambiar A, Patterson T, Potter J, Salehi M, Sharma K, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Anderson R, Arellanes A, Barajas R, Chauhan S, Clarke G, Farner C, Fischer M, Goldberg M, Hastings G, Heard P, Hernandez J, Herrera I, Infante E, Johnson H, Jones J, Kellogg D, Kraig E, Longoria L, Okafor E, Patterson J, Pinones A, Reeves W, Scholler I, Seshadri S, Shah P, Shah D, Smith M, Soileau B, Solis P, Stoebner C, Sullivan M, Taylor B, Tragus R, Tsevat J, Hasbani K, Saade G, Sharma K, Paredes C, Alvarado S, Kumar A, Maldonado Y, Utz P, Blish C, Go M, Jagannathan P, Singh U, Ahuja N, Blomkalns A, Bonilla H, Brotherton R, Clinton K, Dingankar V, Geng L, Haddad F, Jamero C, Jee K, Jia X, Khurana N, Miglis M, O'Conor E, Olszewski K, Pathak D, Quintero O, Saperia C, Scott J, Urdaneta A, Varkey M, Nikolich J, Parthasarathy S, Ernst K, Esquivel D, Harris D, Harris S, Hernandez M, Hsu H, James M, Karnafel M, Knox K, Koleski A, LaFleur B, Lambert B, LaRue S, Lutrick K, Merchant N, Morton C, Mosier J, Olorunnisola T, Peralta J, Pilling W, Pogreba-Brown K, Rischard F, Ryan L, Smith T, Snyder M, Subbian V, Suhr K, Velarde D, Reiman E, Lee-Iannotti J, Autry L, Beydoun H, Borwege S, Copeland J, DiLise-Russo M, Fadden S, Gomez I, Grischo G, Hartley W, Hillier L, Ismail H, Iusim S, Kala M, Kim D, Murthy G, Unzek S, Vadovicky S, Veres S, Bime C, Hansen L, Hughes T, Lieberman D, Soto F, Wilson C, Zapien A, Deeks S, Kelly J, Martin J, Peluso M, Anderson G, Anglin K, Argueta U, Asare K, Buitrago M, Chang Song C, Clark A, Conway E, Del Castillo N, Deswal M, Durstenfeld M, Eilkhani E, Eun A, Fehrman E, Figueroa T, Flores D, Grebe H, Henrich T, Hoh R, Hsue P, Huang B, Ibrahim R, Kerbleski M, Kirtikar R, Lew M, Lombardo J, Lopez M, Luna M, Marquez C, Munter S, Ngo L, Pineda-Ramirez J, Prather A, Rhoads K, Rodriguez A, Romero J, Ryder D, So M, Somsouk M, Tai V, Tran B, Uy J, Valdivieso D, Verma D, Williams M, Zamora A, Newman L, Abella J, Barnette Q, Bevc C, Beverly J, Ceger P, Croxford J, Cunningham E, Enger M, Fain K, Farris T, Hanlon S, Hines D, Johnson-Lawrence V, Jordan K, Lefebvre C, Linas B, Luukinen B, Mandal M, McKoy N, Nance S, Oakland A, Pasquarelli D, Quiner C, Sembajwe R, Shaw G, Thornburg V, Tosco K, Wright H, Gross R, Hochman J, Horwitz L, Katz S, Troxel A, Adler L, Akinbo P, Almenana R, Bello O, Bhuiyan S, Blachman N, Branski R, Briscoe J, Brosnahan S, Bueler E, Burgos Y, Caplin N, Chaplin D, Chen Y, Cheng S, Choe P, Choi J, Chung A, Church R, Cobos S, Croft N, Cruz Irving A, Del Boccio P, Díaz I, Doshi V, Dreyer B, Ebel S, Faustin A, Febres E, Fine J, Fink S, Frontera J, Gallagher R, Gonzalez-Duarte A, Hasson D, Hill S, Islam S, Johnson S, Kansal N, Kenney R, Kewlani D, Lamendola-Essel M, Laynor G, Leon T, Lewczak Z, Linton J, Logan M, Malik N, Mamistvalova L, Mandel H, Maranga G, Mathews P, Mattoo A, Mei T, Mendelsohn A, Mercier E, Millar Vernetti P, Miller M, Mitchell M, Moreira A, Mudumbi P, Nahin E, Nair N, Nekulak J, Owens K, Parent B, Patibandla N, Petrov P, Postelnicu R, Randall I, Rao P, Rapkiewicz A, Rizzo J, Rosas J, Rose C, Saint-Jean C, Santacatterina M, Shah B, Shaukat A, Simon N, Simsir A, Stinson M, Tang W, Tatapudi V, Thawani S, Thomas M, Thorpe L, Tom M, Treiha E, Truong J, Udosen M, Velazquez-Perez J, Vernetti P, Vidal C, Viswanathan A, Wong C, Wood M, Wuller S, Yin S, Young C, Zaretsky J, Zavlunova S, Foulkes A, Karlson E, Murphy S, Ahirwar S, Ahmed S, Ainsworth L, Atchley-Challenner R, Avilach P, Balan T, Benik N, Benoit B, Bind M, Bonaventura W, Boutin N, Brion B, Cagan A, Cai T, Cao T, Castro V, Cerretani X, Chan J, Cheng D, Chibnik L, Ciriello M, Costenbader K, Dimitrov D, Estiri H, Fayad M, Feldman C, Gainer V, Ghosh B, Gollub R, Guan Z, Harris A, Helmer K, Hendrix A, Holzbach A, Huang W, Kaufman D, Keogh D, Kerr J, Klann J, Krishnamoorthy A, Lasky-Su J, Liao K, MacFadden D, Maram A, Martel M, Mendis M, Metta R, Monteiro J, Morales E, Morse R, Nazaire M, Neils G, Nguyen A, Norman J, Paik H, Pant D, Park H, Rabideau D, Reeder H, Rossi-Roh K, Santacroce L, Schlepphorst K, Schulte C, Selvaggi C, Shinnick D, Simons W, Simpson L, St. Jean Flanders M, Strasser Z, Thakrar M, Thaweethai T, Thorn M, Trewett P, Van Fleet D, Wagholikar K, Wang T, Wattanasin N, Weber G, Williams M, Zhang R, Cerda M, Clash V, Taylor B, Zissis M, Akintonwa T, Blancero F, Brown H, Carmilani M, Copeland D, Hall Y, kondo K, Lerma L, Lindsay J, Marti H, Maughan C, Minor T, Vincent H, Burns J, Spudich S, Bailey C, Cicek M, Cortez M, Foulkes A, Goff D, Lasky-Su J, Metz T, Ofotokun I, Stockwell M, Stone J, Taylor B, Utz P, Williams N, Anderson B, Bardhan S, Castro-Baucom L, Chisolm D, Corchado C, Dehority W, Dinwiddie G, Goldman Rosas L, Thomas G, Lopez K, MacDonald Pinkett S, Regino L, Valencia C, Vangeepuram N, Walden A, Burton P, Catallozzi M, Dworetzky B, Edwards B, Ferrer R, Freeland C, Laury S, Pearson G, Rothman R, Wagner L, Wallace A, Aragon L, Bander B, Bishof K, Carignan E, Castro Baucom L, Clash V, Coombs K, Corchado C, Davis H, Diggs M, Dunn M, Fisher L, Fitzgerald M, Gage Witvliet M, Gustafson T, Holmes V, Hornig M, Hornig M, Jain N, Lam J, Letts R, Lewis J, Martinez T, McCorkell L, McGrath R, Nguyen K, Nichols L, O'Brien L, Peddie A, Perlowski A, Phillips-Lorenzo E, Prentiss L, Raytselis N, Rockwell M, Rutter J, Seibert E, Sekar A, Taylor E, Wilensky R, Williams M, Williams N, Williams-Dawson K, Wylam A. Sex Differences in Long COVID. JAMA Network Open 2025, 8: e2455430. PMID: 39841477, PMCID: PMC11755195, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.55430.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk of long COVIDRisk ratioFemale sexSocial determinants of healthCohort studyManagement of long COVIDLong COVIDDeterminants of healthFemale participantsSymptom-based questionnaireEstimate risk ratiosProspective cohort studyAssociated with higher riskStates plus WashingtonNational Institutes of Health (NIHSocial determinantsSelf-reported sexEvaluate sex differencesMain OutcomesPost-COVID conditionsNonpregnant participantsRisk differenceMale participantsMenopausal statusCOVID risk
This site is protected by hCaptcha and its Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply