Effects of smoking and oral contraception on plasma β-carotene levels in healthy women
Palan P, Romney S, Vermund S, Mikhail M, Basu J. Effects of smoking and oral contraception on plasma β-carotene levels in healthy women. American Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology 1989, 161: 881-885. PMID: 2801833, DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90742-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPlasma beta-carotene levelsBeta-carotene levelsOral contraceptive usersCigarette smokingHealthy womenOral contraceptionRetinol levelsContraceptive usersPlasma concentrationsLower plasma beta-carotene levelOral contraceptive usageOral contraceptive useEffect of smokingNormal healthy womenHigher retinol levelsPlasma vitamin levelsStudy plasma concentrationsCross-sectional studyIntrauterine contraceptive deviceLow plasma concentrationsGeneral Health QuestionnaireTime of recruitmentMethod of contraceptionPatient ageSmoking habits