2009
Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: A critical review
Martino D, Dale RC, Gilbert DL, Giovannoni G, Leckman JF. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: A critical review. Movement Disorders 2009, 24: 1267-1279. PMID: 19353683, PMCID: PMC3972005, DOI: 10.1002/mds.22504.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTourette syndromeT cellsTS patientsBeta-haemolytic streptococcal infectionPathogenesis of TSPeripheral immune cellsRegulatory T cellsCell-mediated mechanismsPro-inflammatory cytokinesCourse of diseaseGeneration of ticsAdaptive immune systemImmune effector moleculesAntineuronal antibodiesImmunopathogenic mechanismsLymphocyte subpopulationsNatural killerStreptococcal infectionAutoimmune responseImmune activationPlasma levelsDisease onsetImmune cellsPathogenic roleImmune response
2006
Decreased Numbers of Regulatory T Cells Suggest Impaired Immune Tolerance in Children with Tourette Syndrome: A Preliminary Study
Kawikova I, Leckman JF, Kronig H, Katsovich L, Bessen DE, Ghebremichael M, Bothwell AL. Decreased Numbers of Regulatory T Cells Suggest Impaired Immune Tolerance in Children with Tourette Syndrome: A Preliminary Study. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 61: 273-278. PMID: 16996487, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.012.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAge of OnsetAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteAutoantigensBlood Cell CountCD4 Lymphocyte CountCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesChildData Interpretation, StatisticalFemaleFlow CytometryHumansImmune ToleranceInterleukin-2 Receptor alpha SubunitLectins, C-TypeLymphocyte CountMaleStreptococcal InfectionsTic DisordersT-LymphocytesTourette SyndromeConceptsT reg cellsRegulatory T cellsReg cellsTourette syndromeT cellsTS patientsFluorescence-activated cell sortingHealthy age-matched control childrenHealthy age-matched control subjectsT reg cell numbersBeta-hemolytic streptococcal infectionAge-matched control subjectsHost T-cell immunityPathogenesis of TSHemolytic streptococcal infectionT cell immunitySignificant decreaseAge-matched control childrenAutoimmune inflammationCell immunityStreptococcal infectionAutoreactive lymphocytesImmune toleranceAutoimmune responsePeripheral blood