Paul Turner, PhD
Rachel Carson Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Research & Publications
Biography
News
Research Summary
Because microorganisms allow experiments on the order of hundreds (or even thousands) of generations, microbes provide a uniquely powerful system to study evolution in action. My laboratory uses microorganisms (RNA viruses, DNA viruses, bacteria) as model systems to address hypotheses in ecological and evolutionary theory, especially questions regarding the evolution of genetic exchange (sex), virus ecology and evolution, host-parasite interactions, and the evolution of infectious disease. I use an inter-disciplinary approach to investigate these processes, employing techniques from microbiology, population genetics, genomics, molecular biology, and mathematical modeling.
Extensive Research Description
Dr. Paul Turner is the Rachel Carson Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Yale University, and Microbiology faculty member at Yale School of Medicine. He obtained a BA in Biology (1988) from University of Rochester, a PhD in Microbial Evolution (1995) from Michigan State University, and did postdocs at National Institutes of Health, University of Valencia in Spain, and University of Maryland-College Park, before joining Yale in 2001. Dr. Turner studies evolutionary genetics of viruses, particularly phages that infect bacterial pathogens and RNA viruses transmitted by arthropods, and researches the use of phages to treat antibiotic-resistant bacterial diseases. He is very active in science-communication outreach to the general public, and is involved in programs where faculty collaborate with K-12 teachers to improve STEMM education in underserved public schools. Dr. Turner’s service includes the National Science Foundation’s Bio Advisory Committee, and his honors include Fellowship in the National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and American Academy of Microbiology.
Coauthors
Research Interests
RNA Viruses
Selected Publications
- 41 CYstic Fibrosis bacterioPHage study at Yale (CYPHY)Chan B, Kortright K, Stanley G, Cochrane C, Lee A, Vill A, Sun Y, Stewart J, Britto-Leon C, Harris Z, Talkwalkar J, Shabanova V, Turner P, Koff J. 41 CYstic Fibrosis bacterioPHage study at Yale (CYPHY). Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2023, 22: s22. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(23)00976-1.
- Complete Genome Assembly and Annotation of Escherichia coli Bacteriophage 55 from Rivière la Quint in Gonaïves, HaitiSchwarz J, An W, Theroux A, Vargas L, Chan B, Turner P, Burmeister A. Complete Genome Assembly and Annotation of Escherichia coli Bacteriophage 55 from Rivière la Quint in Gonaïves, Haiti. Microbiology Resource Announcements 2023, 12: e00107-23. PMID: 37272828, PMCID: PMC10353447, DOI: 10.1128/mra.00107-23.
- Complete Genome Assembly and Annotation of Escherichia coli Bacteriophage 107Schwarz J, Chan B, Turner P, Burmeister A. Complete Genome Assembly and Annotation of Escherichia coli Bacteriophage 107. Microbiology Resource Announcements 2023, 12: e00106-23. PMID: 37191527, PMCID: PMC10281100, DOI: 10.1128/mra.00106-23.
- Experimental Evolution of the TolC-Receptor Phage U136B Functionally Identifies a Tail Fiber Protein Involved in Adsorption through Strong Parallel AdaptationBurmeister A, Tzintzun-Tapia E, Roush C, Mangal I, Barahman R, Bjornson R, Turner P. Experimental Evolution of the TolC-Receptor Phage U136B Functionally Identifies a Tail Fiber Protein Involved in Adsorption through Strong Parallel Adaptation. Applied And Environmental Microbiology 2023, 89: e00079-23. PMID: 37191555, PMCID: PMC10304864, DOI: 10.1128/aem.00079-23.
- Single Sequential Bacteriophage Therapy Decreases Pseudomonas Virulence More Than a Cocktail ApproachStanley G, Chan B, Wuerstle S, Grun C, Kazmierczak B, Sun Y, Kortright K, Turner P, Koff J. Single Sequential Bacteriophage Therapy Decreases Pseudomonas Virulence More Than a Cocktail Approach. 2023, a1228-a1228. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2023.207.1_meetingabstracts.a1228.
- Differentiation of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis from Secondary Peritonitis in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: Retrospective Multicentre StudyWürstle S, Hapfelmeier A, Karapetyan S, Studen F, Isaakidou A, Schneider T, Schmid R, von Delius S, Gundling F, Burgkart R, Obermeier A, Mayr U, Ringelhan M, Rasch S, Lahmer T, Geisler F, Turner P, Chan B, Spinner C, Schneider J. Differentiation of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis from Secondary Peritonitis in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: Retrospective Multicentre Study. Diagnostics 2023, 13: 994. PMID: 36900138, PMCID: PMC10000989, DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050994.
- Inhaled Bacteriophage Therapy for Multi-Drug Resistant Achromobacter.Winzig F, Gandhi S, Lee A, Würstle S, Stanley G, Capuano I, Neuringer I, Koff J, Turner P, Chan B. Inhaled Bacteriophage Therapy for Multi-Drug Resistant Achromobacter. The Yale Journal Of Biology And Medicine 2022, 95: 413-427. PMID: 36568830, PMCID: PMC9765334.
- A Novel Machine Learning-Based Point-Score Model as a Non-Invasive Decision-Making Tool for Identifying Infected Ascites in Patients with Hydropic Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis: A Retrospective Multicentre StudyWürstle S, Hapfelmeier A, Karapetyan S, Studen F, Isaakidou A, Schneider T, Schmid R, von Delius S, Gundling F, Triebelhorn J, Burgkart R, Obermeier A, Mayr U, Heller S, Rasch S, Lahmer T, Geisler F, Chan B, Turner P, Rothe K, Spinner C, Schneider J. A Novel Machine Learning-Based Point-Score Model as a Non-Invasive Decision-Making Tool for Identifying Infected Ascites in Patients with Hydropic Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis: A Retrospective Multicentre Study. Antibiotics 2022, 11: 1610. PMID: 36421254, PMCID: PMC9686825, DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111610.
- 415 Bacteriophages that treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections induce pro-inflammatory immune responses in the cystic fibrosis airway epitheliumZamora P, Reidy T, Armbruster C, Chan B, Koff J, Turner P, Van Tyne D, Bomberger J. 415 Bacteriophages that treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections induce pro-inflammatory immune responses in the cystic fibrosis airway epithelium. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2022, 21: s240-s241. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(22)01105-5.
- 539 Single sequential bacteriophage therapy decreases Pseudomonas virulence in cystic fibrosis more than a cocktail approachStanley G, Chan B, Wuerstle S, Grun C, Kazmierczak B, Sun Y, Kortright K, Turner P, Koff J. 539 Single sequential bacteriophage therapy decreases Pseudomonas virulence in cystic fibrosis more than a cocktail approach. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2022, 21: s300. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(22)01229-2.
- Lipopolysaccharide Targeted Bacteriophage Therapy Deceases Lung Inflammation in Cystic FibrosisStanley G, Chan B, Kortright K, Sun Y, Rajagopalan G, Harris Z, Turner P, Koff J. Lipopolysaccharide Targeted Bacteriophage Therapy Deceases Lung Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis. 2022, a3452-a3452. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a3452.
- Assembly and Annotation of Escherichia coli Bacteriophage U115An W, Emsbo C, Frey E, Hu V, Jones A, Latif N, Perrilli M, Reillo K, Schwarz J, Strasner S, Theroux A, Vargas L, Turner P, Burmeister A. Assembly and Annotation of Escherichia coli Bacteriophage U115. Microbiology Resource Announcements 2022, 11: e00949-21. PMID: 35175109, PMCID: PMC8852279, DOI: 10.1128/mra.00949-21.
- 347: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages used therapeutically in cystic fibrosis interact differently with various types of mammalian cellsZamora P, Armbruster C, Chan B, Koff J, Turner P, Bomberger J. 347: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages used therapeutically in cystic fibrosis interact differently with various types of mammalian cells. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2021, 20: s166. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01771-9.
- 499: Bacteriophage therapy decreases cystic fibrosis lung inflammationStanley G, Modak M, Kortright K, Ott I, Sun Y, Korde A, Rajagopalan G, Chan B, Turner P, Koff J. 499: Bacteriophage therapy decreases cystic fibrosis lung inflammation. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2021, 20: s235-s236. DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01923-8.
- Assembly and Annotation of the Complete Genome Sequence of T4-Like Bacteriophage 132Roush C, Chan B, Turner P, Burmeister A. Assembly and Annotation of the Complete Genome Sequence of T4-Like Bacteriophage 132. Microbiology Resource Announcements 2021, 10: e00649-21. PMID: 34591682, PMCID: PMC8483715, DOI: 10.1128/mra.00649-21.
- Community context matters for bacteria-phage ecology and evolutionBlazanin M, Turner P. Community context matters for bacteria-phage ecology and evolution. The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal Of Microbial Ecology 2021, 15: 3119-3128. PMID: 34127803, PMCID: PMC8528888, DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01012-x.
- Effects of historical co‐infection on host shift abilities of exploitative and competitive virusesSinghal S, Turner P. Effects of historical co‐infection on host shift abilities of exploitative and competitive viruses. Evolution 2021, 75: 1878-1888. PMID: 33969482, DOI: 10.1111/evo.14263.
- Bacteriophage Decrease Cystic Fibrosis Lung InflammationStanley G, Modak M, Chan B, Ott I, Sun Y, Harris Z, Kortright K, Turner P, Koff J. Bacteriophage Decrease Cystic Fibrosis Lung Inflammation. 2021, a1215-a1215. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a1215.
- Experimental Evolution of Human Rhinovirus Strains Adapting to Mouse CellsWasik B, Wasik B, Foxman E, Iwasaki A, Turner P. Experimental Evolution of Human Rhinovirus Strains Adapting to Mouse Cells. 2020, 145-157. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39831-6_12.
- Bacteriophage Therapy Decreases Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Lung InflammationStanley G, Chan B, Ott I, Mayo E, Harris Z, Sun Y, Hu B, Rajagopalan G, Turner P, Koff J. Bacteriophage Therapy Decreases Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Lung Inflammation. 2020, a2977-a2977. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a2977.
- The interplay between host community structure and pathogen life‐history constraints in driving the evolution of host‐range shiftsOkamoto K, Amarasekare P, Post D, Vasseur D, Turner P. The interplay between host community structure and pathogen life‐history constraints in driving the evolution of host‐range shifts. Functional Ecology 2019, 33: 2338-2353. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13467.
- Clinical Use of Inhaled Bacteriophages to Treat Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas AeruginosaKoff J, Chan B, Stanley G, Geer J, Grun C, Kazmerciak B, Turner P. Clinical Use of Inhaled Bacteriophages to Treat Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. 2019, a7381-a7381. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a7381.
- Phage Therapy: A Renewed Approach to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant BacteriaKortright KE, Chan BK, Koff JL, Turner PE. Phage Therapy: A Renewed Approach to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Cell Host & Microbe 2019, 25: 219-232. PMID: 30763536, DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.014.
- Bacteriophage Ecology☆Burmeister A, Abedon S, Turner P. Bacteriophage Ecology☆. 2019, 434-440. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90677-0.
- Could bacteriophages help with managing cholera in The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)?Maestri A, Chan B, de Vos D, Pirnay J, Turner P, Zozo D, Lavigne R, Nagel T, Kamiwiziku G, Batumbo D, Bompangue D, Merabishvili M, Kakabadze E, Gribaudo G. Could bacteriophages help with managing cholera in The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? International Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2018, 73: 257-258. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.4001.
- A48 Evolutionary history constrains adaptation in vesicular stomatitis virusGloria-Soria A, Mendiola S, Morley V, Turner P. A48 Evolutionary history constrains adaptation in vesicular stomatitis virus. Virus Evolution 2018, 4: vey010.047. PMCID: PMC5905482, DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey010.047.
- Phage selection restores antibiotic sensitivity in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosaChan BK, Sistrom M, Wertz JE, Kortright KE, Narayan D, Turner PE. Phage selection restores antibiotic sensitivity in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Scientific Reports 2016, 6: 26717. PMID: 27225966, PMCID: PMC4880932, DOI: 10.1038/srep26717.
- Reassortment in segmented RNA viruses: mechanisms and outcomesMcDonald SM, Nelson MI, Turner PE, Patton JT. Reassortment in segmented RNA viruses: mechanisms and outcomes. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2016, 14: 448-460. PMID: 27211789, PMCID: PMC5119462, DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.46.
- Generalized selection to overcome innate immunity selects for host breadth in an RNA virusWasik BR, Muñoz‐Rojas A, Okamoto KW, Miller‐Jensen K, Turner PE. Generalized selection to overcome innate immunity selects for host breadth in an RNA virus. Evolution 2016, 70: 270-281. PMID: 26882316, DOI: 10.1111/evo.12845.
- Understanding Adaptation Through Experimental Evolution with Viruses: From Simple to Complex EnvironmentsMorley V, Turner P. Understanding Adaptation Through Experimental Evolution with Viruses: From Simple to Complex Environments. 2016, 233-262. DOI: 10.21775/9781910190234.08.
- Rate of novel host invasion affects adaptability of evolving RNA virus lineagesMorley VJ, Mendiola SY, Turner PE. Rate of novel host invasion affects adaptability of evolving RNA virus lineages. Proceedings Of The Royal Society B 2015, 282: 20150801. PMID: 26246544, PMCID: PMC4632612, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0801.
- Temperature-dependent innate defense against the common cold virus limits viral replication at warm temperature in mouse airway cellsFoxman EF, Storer JA, Fitzgerald ME, Wasik BR, Hou L, Zhao H, Turner PE, Pyle AM, Iwasaki A. Temperature-dependent innate defense against the common cold virus limits viral replication at warm temperature in mouse airway cells. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2015, 112: 827-832. PMID: 25561542, PMCID: PMC4311828, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411030112.
- Antibiotic resistance correlates with transmission in plasmid evolutionTurner PE, Williams ES, Okeke C, Cooper VS, Duffy S, Wertz JE. Antibiotic resistance correlates with transmission in plasmid evolution. Evolution 2014, 68: 3368-3380. PMID: 25351426, DOI: 10.1111/evo.12537.
- STOCHASTIC TEMPERATURES IMPEDE RNA VIRUS ADAPTATIONAlto BW, Wasik BR, Morales NM, Turner PE. STOCHASTIC TEMPERATURES IMPEDE RNA VIRUS ADAPTATION. Evolution 2013, 67: 969-979. PMID: 23550749, DOI: 10.1111/evo.12034.
- Correction: Selective Pressure Causes an RNA Virus to Trade Reproductive Fitness for Increased Structural and Thermal Stability of a Viral EnzymeDessau M, Goldhill D, McBride R, Turner P, Modis Y. Correction: Selective Pressure Causes an RNA Virus to Trade Reproductive Fitness for Increased Structural and Thermal Stability of a Viral Enzyme. PLOS Genetics 2012, 8: 10.1371/annotation/aa9bff6f-92c4-4efb-9b7f-de96e405e9d3. PMCID: PMC3552662, DOI: 10.1371/annotation/aa9bff6f-92c4-4efb-9b7f-de96e405e9d3.
- Selective Pressure Causes an RNA Virus to Trade Reproductive Fitness for Increased Structural and Thermal Stability of a Viral EnzymeDessau M, Goldhill D, McBride R, Turner PE, Modis Y. Selective Pressure Causes an RNA Virus to Trade Reproductive Fitness for Increased Structural and Thermal Stability of a Viral Enzyme. PLOS Genetics 2012, 8: e1003102. PMID: 23209446, PMCID: PMC3510033, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003102.
- High-throughput analysis of growth differences among phage strainsTurner PE, Draghi JA, Wilpiszeski R. High-throughput analysis of growth differences among phage strains. Journal Of Microbiological Methods 2011, 88: 117-121. PMID: 22101310, DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.10.020.
- ROLE OF EVOLVED HOST BREADTH IN THE INITIAL EMERGENCE OF AN RNA VIRUSTurner PE, Morales NM, Alto BW, Remold SK. ROLE OF EVOLVED HOST BREADTH IN THE INITIAL EMERGENCE OF AN RNA VIRUS. Evolution 2010, 64: 3273-3286. PMID: 20633045, DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01051.x.
- Consequences of host adaptation for performance of vesicular stomatitis virus in novel thermal environmentsAlto B, Turner P. Consequences of host adaptation for performance of vesicular stomatitis virus in novel thermal environments. Evolutionary Ecology 2009, 24: 299-315. DOI: 10.1007/s10682-009-9307-3.
- Bacteriophage EcologyAbedon S, Duffy S, Turner P. Bacteriophage Ecology. 2009, 42-57. DOI: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00022-5.
- Predicting Virus Evolution: The Relationship between Genetic Robustness and Evolvability of ThermotoleranceOgbunugafor CB, McBride RC, Turner PE. Predicting Virus Evolution: The Relationship between Genetic Robustness and Evolvability of Thermotolerance. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia On Quantitative Biology 2009, 74: 109-118. PMID: 19843592, DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2009.74.023.
- Robustness promotes evolvability of thermotolerance in an RNA virusMcBride RC, Ogbunugafor CB, Turner PE. Robustness promotes evolvability of thermotolerance in an RNA virus. BMC Ecology And Evolution 2008, 8: 231. PMID: 18694497, PMCID: PMC2518931, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-231.
- Evolutionary ecology of multiple phage adsorption and infectionTurner P, Duffy S. Evolutionary ecology of multiple phage adsorption and infection. 2008, 195-216. DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511541483.011.
- Phage evolutionary biologyDuffy S, Turner P. Phage evolutionary biology. 2008, 147-176. DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511541483.009.
- Evolutionary Genomics of Host Adaptation in Vesicular Stomatitis VirusRemold SK, Rambaut A, Turner PE. Evolutionary Genomics of Host Adaptation in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. Molecular Biology And Evolution 2008, 25: 1138-1147. PMID: 18353798, DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn059.
- EVOLUTION OF HOST SPECIFICITY DRIVES REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION AMONG RNA VIRUSESDuffy S, Burch CL, Turner PE. EVOLUTION OF HOST SPECIFICITY DRIVES REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION AMONG RNA VIRUSES. Evolution 2007, 61: 2614-2622. PMID: 17908251, PMCID: PMC7202233, DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00226.x.
- Virus population extinction via ecological trapsDennehy JJ, Friedenberg NA, Yang YW, Turner PE. Virus population extinction via ecological traps. Ecology Letters 2007, 10: 230-240. PMID: 17305806, DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.01013.x.
- Viral ecology and the maintenance of novel host use.Dennehy JJ, Friedenberg NA, Holt RD, Turner PE. Viral ecology and the maintenance of novel host use. The American Naturalist 2006, 167: 429-39. PMID: 16673350, DOI: 10.1086/499381.
- Pleiotropic Costs of Niche Expansion in the RNA Bacteriophage Φ6Duffy S, Turner PE, Burch CL. Pleiotropic Costs of Niche Expansion in the RNA Bacteriophage Φ6. Genetics 2006, 172: 751-757. PMID: 16299384, PMCID: PMC1456241, DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.051136.
- Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophagesSilander OK, Weinreich DM, Wright KM, O'Keefe KJ, Rang CU, Turner PE, Chao L. Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2005, 102: 19009-19014. PMID: 16365305, PMCID: PMC1323146, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503074102.
- Evolution of Mutational Robustness in an RNA VirusMontville R, Froissart R, Remold SK, Tenaillon O, Turner PE. Evolution of Mutational Robustness in an RNA Virus. PLOS Biology 2005, 3: e381. PMID: 16248678, PMCID: PMC1275523, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030381.
- Reduced fecundity is the cost of cheating in RNA virus 6Dennehy J, Turner P. Reduced fecundity is the cost of cheating in RNA virus 6. Proceedings Of The Royal Society B 2004, 271: 2275-2282. PMID: 15539353, PMCID: PMC1691856, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2833.
- Differential effects of vertical and horizontal transmission in the fitness of an RNA virus: A reanalysisElena S, Sanjuán R, Borderı́a A, Turner P. Differential effects of vertical and horizontal transmission in the fitness of an RNA virus: A reanalysis. Infection Genetics And Evolution 2002, 1: 307-309. DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1348(02)00038-2.
- Transmission bottlenecks and the evolution of fitness in rapidly evolving RNA virusesElena S, Sanjuán R, Borderı́a A, Turner P. Transmission bottlenecks and the evolution of fitness in rapidly evolving RNA viruses. Infection Genetics And Evolution 2001, 1: 41-48. PMID: 12798049, DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1348(01)00006-5.
- Cost of Host Radiation in an RNA VirusTurner P, Elena S. Cost of Host Radiation in an RNA Virus. Genetics 2000, 156: 1465-1470. PMID: 11102349, PMCID: PMC1461356, DOI: 10.1093/genetics/156.4.1465.
- The Two Faces of Mutation: Extinction and Adaptation in RNA VirusesElena S, Miralles R, Cuevas J, Turner P, Moya A. The Two Faces of Mutation: Extinction and Adaptation in RNA Viruses. IUBMB Life 2000, 49: 5-9. PMID: 10772334, DOI: 10.1080/713803585.
- The Two Faces of Mutation: Extinction and Adaptation in RNA VirusesElena S, Miralles R, Cuevas J, Turner P, Moya A. The Two Faces of Mutation: Extinction and Adaptation in RNA Viruses. IUBMB Life 2000, 49: 5-9. DOI: 10.1080/152165400306296.
- Prisoner's dilemma in an RNA virusTurner P, Chao L. Prisoner's dilemma in an RNA virus. Nature 1999, 398: 441-443. PMID: 10201376, DOI: 10.1038/18913.
- Hybrid frequencies confirm limit to coinfection in the RNA bacteriophage phi6.Turner P, Burch C, Hanley K, Chao L. Hybrid frequencies confirm limit to coinfection in the RNA bacteriophage phi6. Journal Of Virology 1999, 73: 2420-4. PMID: 9971826, PMCID: PMC104488, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.3.2420-2424.1999.
- Sex and the Evolution of Intrahost Competition in RNA Virus φ6Turner P, Chao L. Sex and the Evolution of Intrahost Competition in RNA Virus φ6. Genetics 1998, 150: 523-532. PMID: 9755186, PMCID: PMC1460345, DOI: 10.1093/genetics/150.2.523.
- Tradeoff Between Horizontal and Vertical Modes of Transmission in Bacterial PlasmidsTurner P, Cooper V, Lenski R. Tradeoff Between Horizontal and Vertical Modes of Transmission in Bacterial Plasmids. Evolution 1998, 52: 315. DOI: 10.2307/2411070.
- Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. V. Effects of recombination with immigrant genotypes on the rate of bacterial evolutionSouza V, Turner P, Lenski R. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. V. Effects of recombination with immigrant genotypes on the rate of bacterial evolution. Journal Of Evolutionary Biology 1997, 10: 743-769. DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10050743.x.
- Long-term experimental evolution inSouza V, Turner P, Lenski R. Long-term experimental evolution in. Journal Of Evolutionary Biology 1997, 10: 743. DOI: 10.1007/s000360050052.