2025
Global, regional, and national burden of suicide, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Collaborators G, Weaver N, Bertolacci G, Rosenblad E, Ghoba S, Cunningham M, Ikuta K, Moberg M, Mougin V, Han C, Wool E, Abate Y, Adewuyi H, Adnani Q, Adzigbli L, Afolabi A, Agampodi S, Ahinkorah B, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad S, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Al Hamad H, Al-Ajlouni Y, Al-amer R, Albashtawy M, Aldhaleei W, Ali S, Ali W, Alomari M, Alsabri M, Alvis-Guzman N, Al-Worafi Y, Amindarolzarbi A, Amiri S, Andrei T, Anvari S, Arabloo J, Areda D, Artamonov A, Ashraf T, Athari S, Atout M, Azzam A, Badiye A, Baghcheghi N, Bahramian S, Banach M, Barker-Collo S, Bärnighausen T, Barrow A, Bashiri A, Bashiru H, Bastan M, Batra K, Batra R, Bayati M, Benjet C, Benzian H, Bertuccio P, Bhagavathula A, Bhattacharjee P, Bills C, Boppana S, Borges G, Borhany H, Bustanji Y, dos Santos F, Castelpietra G, Caye A, Cenderadewi M, Chandika R, Chandrasekar E, Charalampous P, Chen Y, Chimoriya R, Chopra H, Choudhari S, Chu D, Chukwu I, Chutiyami M, Cowden R, Dachew B, Dadras O, Dai X, Dalal K, Dandona L, Dandona R, Darcho S, Soltani R, Dávila-Cervantes C, de la Torre-Luque A, Debopadhaya S, Degenhardt L, Delgado-Enciso I, Dervišević E, Diaz M, Dongarwar D, Doshi O, Dsouza H, Dumith S, Duraisamy S, Eboreime E, Efendi F, Ekholuenetale M, Arab R, Elhadi M, ELNahas G, Eltaha C, Haque S, Eskandarieh S, Fahim A, Faro A, Fatehizadeh A, Fazeli P, Feizkhah A, Fekadu G, Ferreira N, Fischer F, Franklin R, Fridayani N, Gajdács M, Gandhi A, Ganesan B, Gebregergis M, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremeskel T, Getie M, Ghadimi D, Ghailan K, Ghashghaee A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Goleij P, Grada A, Grivna M, Guan S, Gulati S, Gupta S, Gutiérrez R, Gutiérrez-Murillo R, Hamilton E, Hanifi N, Hasan I, Tabatabaei M, Hay S, Heidari M, Hemmati M, Hoan N, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Huang J, Huynh H, Ibitoye S, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Immurana M, Inok A, Iwu C, Jahrami H, Jaka S, Yengejeh R, Ji Z, Jin S, Joseph N, Joshua C, Jozwiak J, Kabir Z, Kadashetti V, Kanmodi K, Kantar R, Kapoor N, Karaye I, Karmakar S, Kaur H, Kerr J, Khajuria H, Khan A, Khatab K, Kheirallah K, Kim K, Kim M, Shivakumar S, Kolahi A, Koohestani H, Krishna V, Kugbey N, Kulimbet M, Kumar G, Kumar M, Kundu S, Kytö V, Landires I, Le N, Lee D, Lee W, Lee Y, Lim S, Lin J, Liu R, López-Gil J, Lucchetti G, Feei Z, Maled V, Malhotra K, Malik A, Marconi A, Martinez-Piedra R, Marzo R, Mathangasinghe Y, Maulik P, Meles H, Menezes R, Meretoja T, Mestrovic T, Michalek I, Miller T, Mirza M, Misganaw A, Mittal C, Mohamed A, Mohamed N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mokdad A, Molinaro S, Monasta L, Ghalibaf A, Morrison S, Motappa R, Mughal F, Mulita F, Munkhsaikhan Y, Murray C, Muthu S, Myung W, Nafei A, Naghavi P, Naik G, Naik G, Natto Z, Naveed M, Navid S, Nayak B, Nazri-Panjaki A, Netsere H, Neupane S, Nguyen H, Nguyen N, Nguyen P, Phuong The Nguyen, Nguyen V, Nikoobar A, Noguer I, Nomura S, Nri-Ezedi C, Nuñez-Samudio V, Nzoputam O, Oancea B, Oduro M, Oh I, Okeke S, Oluwafemi Y, Ong S, Ordak M, Orpana H, Ortiz-Prado E, Osuagwu U, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri J, Palma-Alvarez R, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pantazopoulos I, Park S, Park S, Pashaei A, Patel J, Pawar S, Peprah, Peres M, Petcu I, Philip A, Phillips M, Piracha Z, Pradhan J, Prates E, Pribadi D, Puvvula J, Qattea I, Qian G, Radhakrishnan V, Raghav P, Rahimibarghani S, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahmanian M, Rajpoot P, Ramadan M, Ramasamy S, Rani S, Rao M, Rao S, Rashidi M, Rastogi P, Rathish D, Rawaf D, Reifels L, Rezaeian M, Rhee T, Rickard J, Roever L, Rony M, Chandan S, Saddik B, Sadeghian F, Saeb M, Saeed U, Moghaddam S, Safari M, Sagoe D, Sharif-Askari N, Sahoo P, Sahoo S, Salamati P, Salihu D, Salimi S, Salum G, Sameen S, Samy A, Santric-Milicevic M, Sarkar C, Sarode G, Sarode S, Sathian B, Schumacher A, Šekerija M, Semreen M, Sepanlou S, Shafie M, Shahid S, Shaikh A, Shaikh M, Sharifan A, Rad J, Sharma A, Sharma V, Sheikhi R, Shetty M, Shetty P, Shetty P, Shivarov V, Shool S, Singh P, Singh P, Singh S, Socea B, Stein D, Stein M, Sun J, Swain C, Szarpak L, Y S, Tabatabaei S, Tabche C, Tareke M, Temsah M, Thum C, Tiruye T, Tovani-Palone M, Tran N, Tran T, Duc N, Tromans S, Truyen T, Tsegay G, Tumurkhuu M, Vahdati S, Vaithinathan A, Valdez P, Vasankari T, Veroux M, Verras G, Vinayak M, Vos T, Walde M, Wang Y, Ward J, Wickramasinghe N, Wojewodzic M, Yesodharan R, Yiğit A, Yin D, Yip P, Yon D, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Zare I, Zeariya M, Zhang H, Zhong C, Zhu B, Zhumagaliuly A, Naghavi M. Global, regional, and national burden of suicide, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Public Health 2025, 10: e189-e202. PMID: 39986290, PMCID: PMC11876099, DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00006-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAge-standardised mortality ratesBurden of suicideRates of suicideIncidence of suicide attemptsGlobal burdenHighest age-standardised rateGlobal Burden of Disease StudyBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseSouthern Sub-Saharan AfricaMortality rateAge-standardised ratesSub-Saharan AfricaPublic health frameworkRisk Factors StudyReduce suicide mortalityBurden of diseasePopulation mortality ratesMortality surveillanceCentral sub-Saharan AfricaVerbal autopsySuicide attemptsSuicide burdenVital registrationHealth framework
2017
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Collaborators G, Vos T, Abajobir A, Abate K, Abbafati C, Abbas K, Abd-Allah F, Abdulkader R, Abdulle A, Abebo T, Abera S, Aboyans V, Abu-Raddad L, Ackerman I, Adamu A, Adetokunboh O, Afarideh M, Afshin A, Agarwal S, Aggarwal R, Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Ahmadieh H, Ahmed M, Aichour M, Aichour A, Aichour I, Aiyar S, Akinyemi R, Akseer N, Al Lami F, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam N, Alam T, Alasfoor D, Alene K, Ali R, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Allebeck P, Allen C, Al-Maskari F, Al-Raddadi R, Alsharif U, Alsowaidi S, Altirkawi K, Amare A, Amini E, Ammar W, Amoako Y, Andersen H, Antonio C, Anwari P, Ärnlöv J, Artaman A, Aryal K, Asayesh H, Asgedom S, Assadi R, Atey T, Atnafu N, Atre S, Avila-Burgos L, Avokphako E, Awasthi A, Bacha U, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Bannick M, Barac A, Barber R, Barker-Collo S, Bärnighausen T, Barquera S, Barregard L, Barrero L, Basu S, Battista B, Battle K, Baune B, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Beghi E, Béjot Y, Bekele B, Bell M, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Benson J, Berhane A, Berhe D, Bernabé E, Betsu B, Beuran M, Beyene A, Bhala N, Bhansali A, Bhatt S, Bhutta Z, Biadgilign S, Bicer B, Bienhoff K, Bikbov B, Birungi C, Biryukov S, Bisanzio D, Bizuayehu H, Boneya D, Boufous S, Bourne R, Brazinova A, Brugha T, Buchbinder R, Bulto L, Bumgarner B, Butt Z, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Cameron E, Car M, Carabin H, Carapetis J, Cárdenas R, Carpenter D, Carrero J, Carter A, Carvalho F, Casey D, Caso V, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Castle C, Catalá-López F, Chang H, Chang J, Charlson F, Chen H, Chibalabala M, Chibueze C, Chisumpa V, Chitheer A, Christopher D, Ciobanu L, Cirillo M, Colombara D, Cooper C, Cortesi P, Criqui M, Crump J, Dadi A, Dalal K, Dandona L, Dandona R, Neves J, Davitoiu D, de Courten B, De De Leo D, Defo B, Degenhardt L, Deiparine S, Dellavalle R, Deribe K, Jarlais D, Dey S, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Dicker D, Ding E, Djalalinia S, Phuc H, Dorsey E, dos Santos K, Douwes-Schultz D, Doyle K, Driscoll T, Dubey M, Duncan B, El-Khatib Z, Ellerstrand J, Enayati A, Endries A, Ermakov S, Erskine H, Eshrati B, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Estep K, Fanuel F, Farinha C, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fazeli M, Feigin V, Fereshtehnejad S, Fernandes J, Ferrari A, Feyissa T, Filip I, Fischer F, Fitzmaurice C, Flaxman A, Flor L, Foigt N, Foreman K, Franklin R, Fullman N, Fürst T, Furtado J, Futran N, Gakidou E, Ganji M, Garcia-Basteiro A, Gebre T, Gebrehiwot T, Geleto A, Gemechu B, Gesesew H, Gething P, Ghajar A, Gibney K, Gill P, Gillum R, Ginawi I, Giref A, Gishu M, Giussani G, Godwin W, Gold A, Goldberg E, Gona P, Goodridge A, Gopalani S, Goto A, Goulart A, Griswold M, Gugnani H, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta T, Gupta V, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hailu G, Hailu A, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Handal A, Hankey G, Hanson S, Hao Y, Harb H, Hareri H, Haro J, Harvey J, Hassanvand M, Havmoeller R, Hawley C, Hay S, Hay R, Henry N, Heredia-Pi I, Hernandez J, Heydarpour P, Hoek H, Hoffman H, Horita N, Hosgood H, Hostiuc S, Hotez P, Hoy D, Htet A, Hu G, Huang H, Huynh C, Iburg K, Igumbor E, Ikeda C, Irvine C, Jacobsen K, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Jassal S, Javanbakht M, Jayaraman S, Jeemon P, Jensen P, Jha V, Jiang G, John D, Johnson S, Johnson C, Jonas J, Jürisson M, Kabir Z, Kadel R, Kahsay A, Kamal R, Kan H, Karam N, Karch A, Karema C, Kasaeian A, Kassa G, Kassaw N, Kassebaum N, Kastor A, Katikireddi S, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Keiyoro P, Kengne A, Keren A, Khader Y, Khalil I, Khan E, Khang Y, Khosravi A, Khubchandani J, Kiadaliri A, Kieling C, Kim Y, Kim D, Kim P, Kimokoti R, Kinfu Y, Kisa A, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Kivimaki M, Knudsen A, Kokubo Y, Kolte D, Kopec J, Kosen S, Koul P, Koyanagi A, Kravchenko M, Krishnaswami S, Krohn K, Kumar G, Kumar P, Kumar S, Kyu H, Lal D, Lalloo R, Lambert N, Lan Q, Larsson A, Lavados P, Leasher J, Lee P, Lee J, Leigh J, Leshargie C, Leung J, Leung R, Levi M, Li Y, Li Y, Kappe D, Liang X, Liben M, Lim S, Linn S, Liu P, Liu A, Liu S, Liu Y, Lodha R, Logroscino G, London S, Looker K, Lopez A, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Low N, Lozano R, Lucas T, Macarayan E, Razek H, Razek M, Mahdavi, Majdan M, Majdzadeh R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malhotra R, Malta D, Mamun A, Manguerra H, Manhertz T, Mantilla A, Mantovani L, Mapoma C, Marczak L, Martinez-Raga J, Martins-Melo F, Martopullo I, März W, Mathur M, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGaughey M, McGrath J, McKee M, McNellan C, Mehata S, Mehndiratta M, Mekonnen T, Memiah P, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Mengistie M, Mengistu D, Mensah G, Meretoja T, Meretoja A, Mezgebe H, Micha R, Millear A, Miller T, Mills E, Mirarefin M, Mirrakhimov E, Misganaw A, Mishra S, Mitchell P, Mohammad K, Mohammadi A, Mohammed K, Mohammed S, Mohanty S, Mokdad A, Mollenkopf S, Monasta L, Montico M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Mori R, Morozoff C, Morrison S, Moses M, Mountjoy-Venning C, Mruts K, Mueller U, Muller K, Murdoch M, Murthy G, Musa K, Nachega J, Nagel G, Naghavi M, Naheed A, Naidoo K, Naldi L, Nangia V, Natarajan G, Negasa D, Negoi R, Negoi I, Newton C, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen T, Le Nguyen Q, Nguyen C, Nguyen G, Nguyen M, Nichols E, Ningrum D, Nolte S, Nong V, Norrving B, Noubiap J, O'Donnell M, Ogbo F, Oh I, Okoro A, Oladimeji O, Olagunju T, Olagunju A, Olsen H, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Ong K, Opio J, Oren E, Ortiz A, Osgood-Zimmerman A, Osman M, Owolabi M, Mahesh P, Pacella R, Pana A, Panda B, Papachristou C, Park E, Parry C, Parsaeian M, Patten S, Patton G, Paulson K, Pearce N, Pereira D, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Peterson C, Petzold M, Phillips M, Pigott D, Pillay J, Pinho C, Plass D, Pletcher M, Popova S, Poulton R, Pourmalek F, Prabhakaran D, Prasad N, Prasad N, Purcell C, Qorbani M, Quansah R, Quintanilla B, Rabiee R, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman M, Kumar R, Rajsic S, Ram U, Ranabhat C, Rankin Z, Rao P, Rao P, Rawaf S, Ray S, Reiner R, Reinig N, Reitsma M, Remuzzi G, Renzaho A, Resnikoff S, Rezaei S, Ribeiro A, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roth G, Roy A, Rubagotti E, Ruhago G, Saadat S, Sadat N, Safdarian, Safi S, Safiri S, Sagar R, Sahathevan R, Salama J, Saleem H, Salomon J, Salvi S, Samy A, Sanabria J, Santomauro D, Santos I, Santos J, Milicevic M, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Saxena S, Schmidt M, Schneider I, Schöttker B, Schwebel D, Schwendicke F, Seedat S, Sepanlou S, Servan-Mori E, Setegn T, Shackelford K, Shaheen A, Shaikh M, Shamsipour M, Islam M, Sharma J, Sharma R, She J, Shi P, Shields C, Shifa G, Shigematsu M, Shinohara Y, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shirude S, Shishani K, Shrime M, Sibai A, Sigfusdottir I, Silva D, Silva J, Silveira D, Singh J, Singh N, Sinha D, Skiadaresi E, Skirbekk V, Slepak E, Sligar A, Smith D, Smith M, Sobaih B, Sobngwi E, Sorensen R, Sousa T, Sposato L, Sreeramareddy C, Srinivasan V, Stanaway J, Stathopoulou V, Steel N, Stein M, Stein D, Steiner T, Steiner C, Steinke S, Stokes M, Stovner L, Strub B, Subart M, Sufiyan M, Sunguya B, Sur P, Swaminathan S, Sykes B, Sylte D, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Taffere G, Takala J, Tandon N, Tavakkoli M, Taveira N, Taylor H, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekelab T, Terkawi A, Tesfaye D, Tesssema B, Thamsuwan O, Thomas K, Thrift A, Tiruye T, Tobe-Gai R, Tollanes M, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Tortajada M, Touvier M, Tran B, Tripathi S, Troeger C, Truelsen T, Tsoi D, Tuem K, Tuzcu E, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja K, Undurraga E, Uneke C, Updike R, Uthman O, Uzochukwu B, van Boven J, Varughese S, Vasankari T, Venkatesh S, Venketasubramanian N, Vidavalur R, Violante F, Vladimirov S, Vlassov V, Vollset S, Wadilo F, Wakayo T, Wang Y, Weaver M, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub R, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Whiteford H, Wijeratne T, Wiysonge C, Wolfe C, Woodbrook R, Woolf A, Workicho A, Xavier D, Xu G, Yadgir S, Yaghoubi M, Yakob B, Yan L, Yano Y, Ye P, Yimam H, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon S, Yotebieng M, Younis M, Zaidi Z, Zaki M, Zegeye E, Zenebe Z, Zhang X, Zhou M, Zipkin B, Zodpey S, Zuhlke L, Murray C. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2017, 390: 1211-1259. PMID: 28919117, PMCID: PMC5605509, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32154-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAge DistributionAgedAged, 80 and overCause of DeathChildChild, PreschoolCommunicable DiseasesFemaleGlobal Burden of DiseaseGlobal HealthHumansIncidenceInfantInfant, NewbornMaleMiddle AgedNoncommunicable DiseasesPersons with DisabilitiesPrevalenceSex DistributionWounds and InjuriesYoung AdultConceptsAge-standardised YLD ratesAge-standardised ratesIron deficiency anemiaYLD ratesMajor depressive disorderSocio-demographic IndexGlobal burdenDepressive disorderNational InstituteTransparent Health Estimates ReportingBayesian meta-regression toolRisk Factors Study 2016Death rateCauses of YLDsDisMod-MR 2.1Highest age-standardised rateDisease Study 2016Low back painNon-communicable diseasesNon-fatal outcomesTrends of diseaseSubstance use disordersHealth system responseNon-fatal consequencesProduct of prevalence
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