2023
Functional connectivity during tic suppression predicts reductions in vocal tics following behavior therapy in children with Tourette syndrome
Morand-Beaulieu S, Crowley M, Grantz H, Leckman J, Sukhodolsky D. Functional connectivity during tic suppression predicts reductions in vocal tics following behavior therapy in children with Tourette syndrome. Psychological Medicine 2023, 53: 7857-7864. PMID: 37485677, PMCID: PMC10755221, DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001940.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultBehavior TherapyChildHumansSeverity of Illness IndexTic DisordersTicsTourette SyndromeConceptsVoluntary tic suppressionTic suppressionVocal tic severityFunctional connectivityTic severityTourette syndromeRight superior frontal gyrusFirst-line treatmentBehavior therapyComprehensive Behavioral InterventionSuperior frontal gyrusRight angular gyrusVocal ticsFunctional brain networksBehavioral interventionsUsual control conditionFrontal gyrusBaselineAngular gyrusSeverityBrain networksSyndromeChildrenTherapyGyrus
2019
Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback for Tics in Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome
Sukhodolsky DG, Walsh C, Koller WN, Eilbott J, Rance M, Fulbright RK, Zhao Z, Bloch MH, King R, Leckman JF, Scheinost D, Pittman B, Hampson M. Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback for Tics in Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome. Biological Psychiatry 2019, 87: 1063-1070. PMID: 31668476, PMCID: PMC7015800, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.035.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentCross-Over StudiesHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingNeurofeedbackSeverity of Illness IndexTicsTourette SyndromeConceptsSupplementary motor areaYale Global Tic Severity ScaleFunctional magnetic resonanceTic Severity ScaleReal-time functional magnetic resonanceTourette syndromeSeverity ScaleYale Global Tic Severity Scale-Total Tic ScoreTotal tic scorePrimary outcome measureSham control conditionReduction of ticsMagnetic resonanceSecondary outcomesSessions of neurofeedbackCrossover studyTic symptomsTic scoreOutcome measuresMotor areaSecondary measuresTic severityReal neurofeedbackEnd pointNeurofeedback intervention
2018
Obsessive-Compulsive Symptomatology in Community Youth: Typical Development or a Red Flag for Psychopathology?
Barzilay R, Patrick A, Calkins ME, Moore TM, Wolf DH, Benton TD, Leckman JF, Gur RC, Gur RE. Obsessive-Compulsive Symptomatology in Community Youth: Typical Development or a Red Flag for Psychopathology? Journal Of The American Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2018, 58: 277-286.e4. PMID: 30738554, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.038.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsObsessive-compulsive disorderMajor psychiatric conditionsObsessive-compulsive symptomsPsychiatric conditionsAssociation of OCSStructured psychiatric interviewSerious psychopathologyRed flagsSuicide ideationMental health helpDepressive episodePsychiatric evaluationPsychiatric interviewLifetime diagnosisPhiladelphia Neurodevelopmental CohortSymptomsSubstantial associationCommunity youthOCS symptomsFemale participantsHigh rateNeurodevelopmental CohortOCD criteriaPsychosisPhenotypic heterogeneityA multicenter examination and strategic revisions of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale
McGuire JF, Piacentini J, Storch EA, Murphy TK, Ricketts EJ, Woods DW, Walkup JW, Peterson AL, Wilhelm S, Lewin AB, McCracken JT, Leckman JF, Scahill L. A multicenter examination and strategic revisions of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Neurology 2018, 90: e1711-e1719. PMID: 29653992, PMCID: PMC5952973, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005474.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTic symptom severityTic scoreTIC numbersYale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) scoresSymptom severityYale Global Tic Severity ScaleYGTSS total tic scoreTotal tic scoreSimilar clinical characteristicsInternal consistencySeverity Scale scoreCross-sectional studyTic Severity ScaleDelphi consensus processClinical characteristicsPhonic ticsTic disordersMulticenter examinationImpairment scoresGood internal consistencySeverity ScaleScale scoreSymptom ChecklistDiagnostic InterviewStrong internal consistencyEfficacy and Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome: The International Tourette Syndrome Deep Brain Stimulation Public Database and Registry
Martinez-Ramirez D, Jimenez-Shahed J, Leckman JF, Porta M, Servello D, Meng FG, Kuhn J, Huys D, Baldermann JC, Foltynie T, Hariz MI, Joyce EM, Zrinzo L, Kefalopoulou Z, Silburn P, Coyne T, Mogilner AY, Pourfar MH, Khandhar SM, Auyeung M, Ostrem JL, Visser-Vandewalle V, Welter ML, Mallet L, Karachi C, Houeto JL, Klassen BT, Ackermans L, Kaido T, Temel Y, Gross RE, Walker HC, Lozano AM, Walter BL, Mari Z, Anderson WS, Changizi BK, Moro E, Zauber SE, Schrock LE, Zhang JG, Hu W, Rizer K, Monari EH, Foote KD, Malaty IA, Deeb W, Gunduz A, Okun MS. Efficacy and Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome: The International Tourette Syndrome Deep Brain Stimulation Public Database and Registry. JAMA Neurology 2018, 75: 353-359. PMID: 29340590, PMCID: PMC5885852, DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4317.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDeep brain stimulationGlobus pallidus internusTourette syndromeDBS implantationBrain stimulationAdverse eventsOutcome of DBSSafety of DBSYale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) scoresPosterior globus pallidus internusOverall adverse event rateYale Global Tic Severity ScaleStimulation-induced adverse effectsMedically refractory symptomsImportant adverse eventsAdverse event ratesRefractory Tourette syndromeSeverity Scale scoreTic Severity ScaleSelf-injurious behaviorRefractory symptomsSymptomatic improvementIntracranial hemorrhageObsessive-compulsive disorderInternal capsule
2017
Elevated plasma concentrations of S100 calcium-binding protein B and tumor necrosis factor alpha in children with autism spectrum disorders
Guloksuz SA, Abali O, Cetin E, Gazioglu S, Deniz G, Yildirim A, Kawikova I, Guloksuz S, Leckman JF. Elevated plasma concentrations of S100 calcium-binding protein B and tumor necrosis factor alpha in children with autism spectrum disorders. Brazilian Journal Of Psychiatry 2017, 39: 195-200. PMID: 28099628, PMCID: PMC7111377, DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1843.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTumor necrosis factor alphaNecrosis factor alphaS100B concentrationsPlasma concentrationsFactor alphaChildhood Autism Rating ScaleS100 calcium-binding protein BCalcium-binding protein BElevated plasma concentrationsTNF-α concentrationsAutism spectrum disorderIL-17AIL-10Cytokine concentrationsInflammatory cytokinesIL-6Peripheral concentrationsHealthy childrenIL-4Plasma levelsSpectrum disorderImmune functionInterferon gammaImmune systemS100BSystematic review of severity scales and screening instruments for tics: Critique and recommendations
Martino D, Pringsheim TM, Cavanna AE, Colosimo C, Hartmann A, Leckman JF, Luo S, Munchau A, Goetz CG, Stebbins GT, Martinez‐Martin P, Development T. Systematic review of severity scales and screening instruments for tics: Critique and recommendations. Movement Disorders 2017, 32: 467-473. PMID: 28071825, PMCID: PMC5482361, DOI: 10.1002/mds.26891.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2016
N-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Pediatric Tourette Syndrome: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Add-On Trial
Bloch MH, Panza KE, Yaffa A, Alvarenga PG, Jakubovski E, Mulqueen JM, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF. N-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Pediatric Tourette Syndrome: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Add-On Trial. Journal Of Child And Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2016, 26: 327-334. PMID: 27027204, PMCID: PMC6445198, DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0109.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBenefit of NACEfficacy of NACYale Global Tic Severity ScaleAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderObsessive-compulsive disorderTourette syndromeN-acetylcysteineObsessive-compulsive spectrum disordersSide effectsRecent placebo-controlled trialPediatric Tourette syndromePlacebo-controlled trialCurrent pharmacological treatmentsTreatment of ticsTotal tic scoreSeverity of ticsSubstantial side effectsTic Severity ScaleYears of ageMinimal side effectsPediatric TSPrimary outcomeSecondary outcomesGlutamatergic systemPharmacological treatment
2015
Meta-Analysis: Risk of Tics Associated With Psychostimulant Use in Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials
Cohen SC, Mulqueen JM, Ferracioli-Oda E, Stuckelman ZD, Coughlin CG, Leckman JF, Bloch MH. Meta-Analysis: Risk of Tics Associated With Psychostimulant Use in Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2015, 54: 728-736. PMID: 26299294, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.011.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsWorsening of ticsRisk of ticsAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderPlacebo-controlled trialNew onsetDuration of treatmentPsychostimulant usePsychostimulant medicationNew-onset ticsType of psychostimulantsParallel-group trialStratified subgroup analysisSide effect dataTreatment of childrenAge of participantsPlacebo groupAdverse eventsCrossover studyPsychostimulant treatmentTic symptomsRisk ratioSubgroup analysisFamily historyGroup trialsPubMed search
2014
Cross-Disorder Genome-Wide Analyses Suggest a Complex Genetic Relationship Between Tourette’s Syndrome and OCD
Yu D, Mathews CA, Scharf JM, Neale BM, Davis LK, Gamazon ER, Derks EM, Evans P, Edlund CK, Crane J, Fagerness JA, Osiecki L, Gallagher P, Gerber G, Haddad S, Illmann C, McGrath LM, Mayerfeld C, Arepalli S, Barlassina C, Barr CL, Bellodi L, Benarroch F, Berrió GB, Bienvenu OJ, Black DW, Bloch MH, Brentani H, Bruun RD, Budman CL, Camarena B, Campbell DD, Cappi C, Silgado JC, Cavallini MC, Chavira DA, Chouinard S, Cook EH, Cookson MR, Coric V, Cullen B, Cusi D, Delorme R, Denys D, Dion Y, Eapen V, Egberts K, Falkai P, Fernandez T, Fournier E, Garrido H, Geller D, Gilbert DL, Girard SL, Grabe HJ, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, Gross-Tsur V, Grünblatt E, Hardy J, Heiman GA, Hemmings SM, Herrera LD, Hezel DM, Hoekstra PJ, Jankovic J, Kennedy JL, King RA, Konkashbaev AI, Kremeyer B, Kurlan R, Lanzagorta N, Leboyer M, Leckman JF, Lennertz L, Liu C, Lochner C, Lowe TL, Lupoli S, Macciardi F, Maier W, Manunta P, Marconi M, McCracken JT, Mesa Restrepo SC, Moessner R, Moorjani P, Morgan J, Muller H, Murphy DL, Naarden AL, Nurmi E, Ochoa WC, Ophoff RA, Pakstis AJ, Pato MT, Pato CN, Piacentini J, Pittenger C, Pollak Y, Rauch SL, Renner T, Reus VI, Richter MA, Riddle MA, Robertson MM, Romero R, Rosário MC, Rosenberg D, Ruhrmann S, Sabatti C, Salvi E, Sampaio AS, Samuels J, Sandor P, Service SK, Sheppard B, Singer HS, Smit JH, Stein DJ, Strengman E, Tischfield JA, Turiel M, Valencia Duarte AV, Vallada H, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Walitza S, Wang Y, Weale M, Weiss R, Wendland JR, Westenberg HG, Shugart YY, Hounie AG, Miguel EC, Nicolini H, Wagner M, Ruiz-Linares A, Cath DC, McMahon W, Posthuma D, Oostra BA, Nestadt G, Rouleau GA, Purcell S, Jenike MA, Heutink P, Hanna GL, Conti DV, Arnold PD, Freimer NB, Stewart SE, Knowles JA, Cox NJ, Pauls DL. Cross-Disorder Genome-Wide Analyses Suggest a Complex Genetic Relationship Between Tourette’s Syndrome and OCD. American Journal Of Psychiatry 2014, 172: 82-93. PMID: 25158072, PMCID: PMC4282594, DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101306.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGenome-wide association studiesSingle nucleotide polymorphismsPolygenic score analysisGene expression levelsGenetic architecturePhenotypic varianceCombined genome-wide association studyFunctional variantsPolygenic componentPolygenic signalSignificant polygenic componentExpression levelsGWAS summary statisticsAncestry-matched controlsBrain gene expression levelsComplex genetic relationshipsHeritable neurodevelopmental disorderTrue functional variantsParent-child triosGWAS signalsIndividual single nucleotide polymorphismsWide analysisGenetic variationUnderlying genetic susceptibilityAssociation studiesGender and Injuries Predict Stimulant Medication Use
Dalsgaard S, Leckman JF, Nielsen HS, Simonsen M. Gender and Injuries Predict Stimulant Medication Use. Journal Of Child And Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2014, 24: 253-259. PMID: 24813570, PMCID: PMC4064734, DOI: 10.1089/cap.2013.0101.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAge FactorsAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityCentral Nervous System StimulantsChildChild Development Disorders, PervasiveCraniocerebral TraumaFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMental DisordersPractice Patterns, Physicians'Prospective StudiesSeverity of Illness IndexSex FactorsWounds and InjuriesConceptsAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderStimulant treatmentNumber of injuriesADHD medicationPsychiatric disordersStimulant medicationAutism spectrum disorderFirst prospective studyGroup of patientsPopulation-based studyYears of ageEarly life predictorsStimulant medication useMedication useGroup of childrenProspective studyPharmacological treatmentHead injuryNational cohortDrug prescriptionsMale genderPsychiatric diagnosisMedicationsNational registersInjury
2013
LONG‐TERM OUTCOME IN ADULTS WITH OBSESSIVE‐COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Bloch MH, Green C, Kichuk SA, Dombrowski PA, Wasylink S, Billingslea E, Landeros‐Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Coric V, Pittenger C. LONG‐TERM OUTCOME IN ADULTS WITH OBSESSIVE‐COMPULSIVE DISORDER. Depression And Anxiety 2013, 30: 716-722. PMID: 23532944, PMCID: PMC3932438, DOI: 10.1002/da.22103.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLong-term outcomesObsessive-compulsive disorderEvidence-based treatmentsAdult OCD patientsLong-term clinical outcomesSymptom severitySerotonin reuptake inhibitor medicationsOCD patientsPlacebo-controlled trialSerotonin reuptake inhibitorsReuptake inhibitor medicationsPercent of subjectsInitial responseSymptom dimensionsLater symptom severityOCD symptomsSignificant OCD symptomsOCD symptom dimensionsAdult patientsClinical characteristicsClinical improvementEligible subjectsPartial respondersInhibitor medicationReuptake inhibitorsN-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Pediatric Trichotillomania: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Add-On Trial
Bloch MH, Panza KE, Grant JE, Pittenger C, Leckman JF. N-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Pediatric Trichotillomania: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Add-On Trial. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2013, 52: 231-240. PMID: 23452680, PMCID: PMC3745012, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.020.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsN-acetylcysteinePharmacological interventionsPediatric trichotillomaniaBenefit of NACBehavioral therapySecondary outcome measuresTreatment of childrenClinician-rated improvementMassachusetts General HospitalTreat populationPlacebo groupPrimary outcomeNAC groupGeneral HospitalOutcome measuresTreatment respondersSecondary measuresPlaceboTreatment assignmentTrichotillomaniaLinear mixed modelsTrialsSignificant differencesChildrenTherapy
2012
FAMILY ACCOMMODATION IN PEDIATRIC ANXIETY DISORDERS
Lebowitz ER, Woolston J, Bar‐Haim Y, Calvocoressi L, Dauser C, Warnick E, Scahill L, Chakir AR, Shechner T, Hermes H, Vitulano LA, King RA, Leckman JF. FAMILY ACCOMMODATION IN PEDIATRIC ANXIETY DISORDERS. Depression And Anxiety 2012, 30: 47-54. PMID: 22965863, PMCID: PMC3932435, DOI: 10.1002/da.21998.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsChildhood anxiety disordersFamily Accommodation ScaleFamily accommodationAnxiety disordersMeasures of anxietyFamilies of childrenObsessive-compulsive disorderGood internal consistencyTwo-factor solutionAnxious childrenPediatric anxietyAccommodation ScaleSeparation anxietyGreater symptom severityAnxiety symptomsCompulsive disorderDivergent validityFamily routinesAnxietyDiagnostic InterviewPoor treatment outcomesInternal consistencySymptom severityMost parentsFactor analysis
2011
Coercive and disruptive behaviors in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder
Lebowitz ER, Omer H, Leckman JF. Coercive and disruptive behaviors in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. Depression And Anxiety 2011, 28: 899-905. PMID: 21769998, PMCID: PMC4006629, DOI: 10.1002/da.20858.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2010
Streptococcal Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Exacerbations of Tic and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Leckman JF, King RA, Gilbert DL, Coffey BJ, Singer HS, Dure LS, Grantz H, Katsovich L, Lin H, Lombroso PJ, Kawikova I, Johnson DR, Kurlan RM, Kaplan EL. Streptococcal Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Exacerbations of Tic and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2010, 50: 108-118.e3. PMID: 21241948, PMCID: PMC3024577, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.10.011.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsExacerbation of ticsGABHS infectionStreptococcal infectionSymptom exacerbationStreptococcal upper respiratory tract infectionPediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disordersUpper respiratory tract infectionObsessive-compulsive symptomsAutoimmune neuropsychiatric disordersHemolytic streptococcal infectionRespiratory tract infectionsThroat swab cultureLongitudinal studyProspective longitudinal studyPANDAS subjectsClinical exacerbationStreptococcal antibodiesTract infectionsClinical symptomsGABHS infectionsGroup of childrenLaboratory valuesSwab culturesClinical conditionsClinical evaluatorsAltered immunoglobulin profiles in children with Tourette syndrome
Bos-Veneman NG, Olieman R, Tobiasova Z, Hoekstra PJ, Katsovich L, Bothwell AL, Leckman JF, Kawikova I. Altered immunoglobulin profiles in children with Tourette syndrome. Brain Behavior And Immunity 2010, 25: 532-538. PMID: 21156204, PMCID: PMC3056238, DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.003.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAnalysis of VarianceChildCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansImmunoglobulinsMalePilot ProjectsSeverity of Illness IndexStatistics, NonparametricTourette SyndromeConceptsTourette syndromeSymptom exacerbationHealthy controlsSymptom severityPost-infectious autoimmunityB cell immunityLevels of IgG2Independent cross-sectional samplesCell immunitySerum levelsAdditional patientsIgG3 levelsIgM levelsImmunoglobulin profileHealthy childrenImmune deficiencyTrend-level significanceHealthy subjectsSerum IgG3PatientsIg profilesCross-sectional sampleIgG3Time pointsIg concentrationsNeuropsychological Functioning in Children With Tourette Syndrome With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Sukhodolsky DG, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Scahill L, Leckman JF, Schultz RT. Neuropsychological Functioning in Children With Tourette Syndrome With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2010, 49: 1155-1164.e1. PMID: 20970703, PMCID: PMC2965169, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderConnors' Continuous Performance TestVisual-Motor Integration TestVisual-motor integrationContinuous Performance TestNeuropsychological functioningResponse inhibitionHyperactivity disorderCo-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderStroop Color-Word Interference TestColor-Word Interference TestBeery Visual-Motor Integration TestAdequate control conditionsSample of childrenFine motor coordinationTourette syndromeNeuropsychological measuresPurdue Pegboard TestHealthy community control subjectsSubtle deficitsNeurobiological mechanismsNeuropsychological deficitsInterference testControl conditionPegboard TestPredictors of early adulthood quality of life in children with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Palermo SD, Bloch MH, Craiglow B, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Dombrowski PA, Panza K, Smith ME, Peterson BS, Leckman JF. Predictors of early adulthood quality of life in children with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Social Psychiatry And Psychiatric Epidemiology 2010, 46: 291-297. PMID: 20191262, PMCID: PMC3645906, DOI: 10.1007/s00127-010-0194-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultChildFemaleForecastingHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleObsessive-Compulsive DisorderQuality of LifeSeverity of Illness IndexSickness Impact ProfileTimeYoung AdultConceptsObsessive-compulsive disorderEarly adulthoodOCD symptomsImpaired Functioning ToolMethodsA longitudinal cohort studyLongitudinal cohort studyResultsForty-two percentSeverity of OCDAverage followClinical predictorsCohort studyPoor QoLResidual impairmentMild impairmentQoLSymptomsObjectivesThe goalAnxiety symptomsAdulthoodChildrenQoL.ChildhoodHoarding symptomsImpairmentDisorders
2009
Clinical course of Tourette syndrome
Bloch MH, Leckman JF. Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. Journal Of Psychosomatic Research 2009, 67: 497-501. PMID: 19913654, PMCID: PMC3974606, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.09.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityDisease ProgressionHumansObsessive-Compulsive DisorderPrognosisSeverity of Illness IndexTourette SyndromeConceptsTourette syndromeComorbid conditionsObsessive-compulsive disorderClinical courseLong-term clinical courseChildhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorderEarly adulthoodLong-term outcomesAttention deficit disorderTic symptomsDepressive disorderTic disordersVocal ticsGeneral populationNeuropsychiatric disordersLiterature searchRelevant articlesDisordersSyndromeChildrenAdulthood outcomesOne-thirdSymptomsTraditional literature searchThree-quarters