2024
High burden of viruses and bacterial pathobionts drives heightened nasal innate immunity in children
Watkins T, Green A, Amat J, Cheemarla N, Hänsel K, Lozano R, Dudgeon S, Germain G, Landry M, Schulz W, Foxman E. High burden of viruses and bacterial pathobionts drives heightened nasal innate immunity in children. Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2024, 221: e20230911. PMID: 38949638, PMCID: PMC11215523, DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230911.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBacterial pathobiontsRespiratory virusesBurden of virusesSARS-CoV-2Innate immune activationSARS-CoV-2 viral loadDynamic host-pathogen interactionsInnate immune responseViral coinfectionCytokine profileViral loadNasal virusImmune activationProinflammatory responseIL-1BNasopharyngeal samplesHost-pathogen interactionsImmune responseInterferon responsePathobiontsInnate immunityPaired samplesCXCL10Healthy 1-year-oldVirus
2023
Progressive shingles in a toddler due to reactivation of Varicella Zoster vaccine virus four days after infection with SARS-CoV-2; a case report
Miller C, Taylor-Salmon E, Emuren L, Landry M, Gershon A, Miller G. Progressive shingles in a toddler due to reactivation of Varicella Zoster vaccine virus four days after infection with SARS-CoV-2; a case report. BMC Infectious Diseases 2023, 23: 854. PMID: 38057696, PMCID: PMC10698951, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08809-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVaricella-zoster virusVZV reactivationVaccine-strain varicella-zoster virusSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Latent varicella zoster virusSymptomatic COVID-19 infectionRespiratory syndrome coronavirus 2SARS-CoV2 infectionSyndrome coronavirus 2COVID-19 infectionVaccine-type strainsSARS-CoV-2Vesicular rashPediatric patientsSignificant morbidityClinical syndromeCoronavirus 2Single doseCase reportGeneral populationMechanical traumaDisease processHZ casesPhysiologic stressEnhanced inhibition of MHC-I expression by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants
Moriyama M, Lucas C, Monteiro V, Initiative Y, Iwasaki A, Chen N, Breban M, Hahn A, Pham K, Koch T, Chaguza C, Tikhonova I, Castaldi C, Mane S, De Kumar B, Ferguson D, Kerantzas N, Peaper D, Landry M, Schulz W, Vogels C, Grubaugh N. Enhanced inhibition of MHC-I expression by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2023, 120: e2221652120. PMID: 37036977, PMCID: PMC10120007, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221652120.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMHC-I expressionBreakthrough infectionsSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variantsMajor histocompatibility complex class I expressionCell-mediated immunityInfluenza virus infectionSARS-CoV-2 VOCsMHC-I upregulationClass I expressionSARS-CoV-2T cell recognitionVirus infectionMHC II expressionSpike proteinEnhanced inhibitionInfectionCell recognitionCommon mutationsReinfectionE proteinAntibodiesViral genesSubvariantsExpressionNasal host response-based screening for undiagnosed respiratory viruses: a pathogen surveillance and detection study
Cheemarla N, Hanron A, Fauver J, Bishai J, Watkins T, Brito A, Zhao D, Alpert T, Vogels C, Ko A, Schulz W, Landry M, Grubaugh N, van Dijk D, Foxman E. Nasal host response-based screening for undiagnosed respiratory viruses: a pathogen surveillance and detection study. The Lancet Microbe 2023, 4: e38-e46. PMID: 36586415, PMCID: PMC9835789, DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00296-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRespiratory virus panelPg/mLCXCL10 concentrationsSARS-CoV-2Bacterial pathobiontsRespiratory virusesSARS-CoV-2 negative samplesViral respiratory infectionsSARS-CoV-2 positive samplesClinical virology laboratoryHealth care systemVirus-positive samplesQuantitative RT-PCRInfluenza C virusSymptomatic patientsRespiratory infectionsSeasonal coronavirusesNasopharyngeal swabsVirus panelC virusCommon virusesCXCL10Host responseInterferon responseVirology laboratory
2022
Combining genomic and epidemiological data to compare the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha and Iota
Petrone ME, Rothman JE, Breban MI, Ott IM, Russell A, Lasek-Nesselquist E, Badr H, Kelly K, Omerza G, Renzette N, Watkins AE, Kalinich CC, Alpert T, Brito AF, Earnest R, Tikhonova IR, Castaldi C, Kelly JP, Shudt M, Plitnick J, Schneider E, Murphy S, Neal C, Laszlo E, Altajar A, Pearson C, Muyombwe A, Downing R, Razeq J, Niccolai L, Wilson MS, Anderson ML, Wang J, Liu C, Hui P, Mane S, Taylor BP, Hanage WP, Landry ML, Peaper DR, Bilguvar K, Fauver JR, Vogels CBF, Gardner LM, Pitzer VE, St. George K, Adams MD, Grubaugh ND. Combining genomic and epidemiological data to compare the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha and Iota. Communications Biology 2022, 5: 439. PMID: 35545661, PMCID: PMC9095641, DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03347-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchRapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is associated with an infection advantage over Delta in vaccinated persons
Chaguza C, Coppi A, Earnest R, Ferguson D, Kerantzas N, Warner F, Young HP, Breban MI, Billig K, Koch RT, Pham K, Kalinich CC, Ott IM, Fauver JR, Hahn AM, Tikhonova IR, Castaldi C, De Kumar B, Pettker CM, Warren JL, Weinberger DM, Landry ML, Peaper DR, Schulz W, Vogels CBF, Grubaugh ND. Rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is associated with an infection advantage over Delta in vaccinated persons. Med 2022, 3: 325-334.e4. PMID: 35399324, PMCID: PMC8983481, DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.03.010.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpike gene target failureSARS-CoV-2 Omicron variantPositivity rateOmicron variantOmicron infectionVaccine dosesVaccine-induced immunityNumber of dosesTest positivity rateOdds of infectionSARS-CoV-2Significant reductionDominant Delta variantUnvaccinated personsVaccination statusHigher oddsDelta variantInfectionVaccine manufacturersDisease controlVirus copiesDosesPCR testOddsTarget failureComparative transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta and Alpha in New England, USA
Earnest R, Uddin R, Matluk N, Renzette N, Turbett SE, Siddle KJ, Loreth C, Adams G, Tomkins-Tinch CH, Petrone ME, Rothman JE, Breban MI, Koch RT, Billig K, Fauver JR, Vogels CBF, Bilguvar K, De Kumar B, Landry ML, Peaper DR, Kelly K, Omerza G, Grieser H, Meak S, Martha J, Dewey HB, Kales S, Berenzy D, Carpenter-Azevedo K, King E, Huard RC, Novitsky V, Howison M, Darpolor J, Manne A, Kantor R, Smole SC, Brown CM, Fink T, Lang AS, Gallagher GR, Pitzer VE, Sabeti PC, Gabriel S, MacInnis BL, Team N, Altajar A, DeJesus A, Brito A, Watkins A, Muyombwe A, Blumenstiel B, Neal C, Kalinich C, Liu C, Loreth C, Castaldi C, Pearson C, Bernard C, Nolet C, Ferguson D, Buzby E, Laszlo E, Reagan F, Vicente G, Rooke H, Munger H, Johnson H, Tikhonova I, Ott I, Razeq J, Meldrim J, Brown J, Wang J, Vostok J, Beauchamp J, Grimsby J, Hall J, Messer K, Larkin K, Vernest K, Madoff L, Green L, Webber L, Gagne L, Ulcena M, Ray M, Fisher M, Barter M, Lee M, DeFelice M, Cipicchio M, Smith N, Lennon N, Fitzgerald N, Kerantzas N, Hui P, Harrington R, Downing R, Haye R, Lynch R, Anderson S, Hennigan S, English S, Cofsky S, Clancy S, Mane S, Ash S, Baez S, Fleming S, Murphy S, Chaluvadi S, Alpert T, Rivard T, Schulz W, Mandese Z, Tewhey R, Adams M, Park D, Lemieux J, Grubaugh N. Comparative transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta and Alpha in New England, USA. Cell Reports Medicine 2022, 3: 100583. PMID: 35480627, PMCID: PMC8913280, DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100583.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEnhanced transmissibilitySARS-CoV-2 variant DeltaSARS-CoV-2 Delta variantViral RNA copiesPublic health programsAlpha infectionDelta infectionEffective reproductive numberDelta variantHealth programsVariant DeltaRNA copiesInfectionAlphaReproductive numberTransmissibilityEpidemiological dynamics
2021
A stem-loop RNA RIG-I agonist protects against acute and chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice
Mao T, Israelow B, Lucas C, Vogels CBF, Gomez-Calvo ML, Fedorova O, Breban MI, Menasche BL, Dong H, Linehan M, Alpert T, Anderson F, Earnest R, Fauver J, Kalinich C, Munyenyembe K, Ott I, Petrone M, Rothman J, Watkins A, Wilen C, Landry M, Grubaugh N, Pyle A, Iwasaki A. A stem-loop RNA RIG-I agonist protects against acute and chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2021, 219: e20211818. PMID: 34757384, PMCID: PMC8590200, DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211818.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2 infectionChronic SARS-CoV-2 infectionVariants of concernLethal SARS-CoV-2 infectionPost-infection therapyLower respiratory tractPost-exposure treatmentType I interferonSARS-CoV-2Effective medical countermeasuresAdaptive immune systemBroad-spectrum antiviralsContext of infectionSingle doseRespiratory tractViral controlImmunodeficient miceSevere diseaseMouse modelI interferonViral infectionImmune systemInnate immunityDisease preventionConsiderable efficacyUniversal SARS-CoV-2 Testing of Emergency Department Admissions Increases Emergency Department Length of Stay
Sangal RB, Peaper DR, Rothenberg C, Landry ML, Sussman LS, Martinello RA, Ulrich A, Venkatesh AK. Universal SARS-CoV-2 Testing of Emergency Department Admissions Increases Emergency Department Length of Stay. Annals Of Emergency Medicine 2021, 79: 182-186. PMID: 34756452, PMCID: PMC8424016, DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.09.005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2 testingUniversal SARS-CoV-2 testingEmergency department lengthAdmission lengthED admissionPositivity rateSARS-CoV-2 testAcademic health systemCOVID-19 prevalenceSecondary outcomesED lengthPrevention needsED boardingPatientsStayPositive casesClinical costsHealth systemAdmissionTesting policiesContainment effortsTestingPrevalenceTesting changesPositivityDynamic innate immune response determines susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and early replication kinetics
Cheemarla NR, Watkins TA, Mihaylova VT, Wang B, Zhao D, Wang G, Landry ML, Foxman EF. Dynamic innate immune response determines susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and early replication kinetics. Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2021, 218: e20210583. PMID: 34128960, PMCID: PMC8210587, DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210583.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2Case-Control StudiesChemokine CXCL10COVID-19Disease SusceptibilityFemaleGene Expression ProfilingHost-Pathogen InteractionsHumansImmunity, InnateInterferonsMaleMiddle AgedNasopharynxPicornaviridae InfectionsSARS-CoV-2Viral LoadVirus ReplicationConceptsSARS-CoV-2 infectionSARS-CoV-2 exposureSARS-CoV-2Interferon-stimulated genesUpper respiratory tractRespiratory tractEarly SARS-CoV-2 infectionDynamic innate immune responseViral replicationSARS-CoV-2 replicationPatient nasopharyngeal samplesInnate immune responseLow infectious doseViral loadNasopharyngeal samplesImmune responseInfectious doseISG responseAntiviral responseInfection progressionViral transmissionLevel correlatesInfectionISG inductionInitial replicationMultiplex qPCR discriminates variants of concern to enhance global surveillance of SARS-CoV-2
Vogels CBF, Breban MI, Ott IM, Alpert T, Petrone ME, Watkins AE, Kalinich CC, Earnest R, Rothman JE, de Jesus J, Claro I, Ferreira G, Crispim MAE, Network B, Singh L, Tegally H, Anyaneji UJ, Africa N, Hodcroft EB, Mason CE, Khullar G, Metti J, Dudley JT, MacKay MJ, Nash M, Wang J, Liu C, Hui P, Murphy S, Neal C, Laszlo E, Landry ML, Muyombwe A, Downing R, Razeq J, de Oliveira T, Faria NR, Sabino EC, Neher RA, Fauver JR, Grubaugh ND. Multiplex qPCR discriminates variants of concern to enhance global surveillance of SARS-CoV-2. PLOS Biology 2021, 19: e3001236. PMID: 33961632, PMCID: PMC8133773, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001236.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchReal-world assessment of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nasopharyngeal swab testing in a region with a high burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Sangal RB, Peaper DR, Rothenberg C, Fadlallah H, Mobolaji-Lawal M, Landry ML, Sussman LS, Ulrich A, Venkatesh AK. Real-world assessment of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nasopharyngeal swab testing in a region with a high burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 2021, 43: 1051-1053. PMID: 33823949, PMCID: PMC8111191, DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.153.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchEarly introductions and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 in the United States
Alpert T, Brito AF, Lasek-Nesselquist E, Rothman J, Valesano AL, MacKay MJ, Petrone ME, Breban MI, Watkins AE, Vogels CBF, Kalinich CC, Dellicour S, Russell A, Kelly JP, Shudt M, Plitnick J, Schneider E, Fitzsimmons WJ, Khullar G, Metti J, Dudley JT, Nash M, Beaubier N, Wang J, Liu C, Hui P, Muyombwe A, Downing R, Razeq J, Bart SM, Grills A, Morrison SM, Murphy S, Neal C, Laszlo E, Rennert H, Cushing M, Westblade L, Velu P, Craney A, Cong L, Peaper DR, Landry ML, Cook PW, Fauver JR, Mason CE, Lauring AS, St George K, MacCannell DR, Grubaugh ND. Early introductions and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 in the United States. Cell 2021, 184: 2595-2604.e13. PMID: 33891875, PMCID: PMC8018830, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.061.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7Global public health concernPublic health concernPublic health responseCOVID-19 casesLineage B.1.1.7Variant B.1.1.7Health responseHealth concernB.1.1.7Increased transmissibilityEarly introductionGenomic surveillanceUnited StatesDiagnostic dataDominant lineage
2020
Clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values in solid organ transplant recipients
Gaston DC, Malinis M, Osborn R, Peaper DR, Landry M, Juthani-Mehta M, Azar MM. Clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values in solid organ transplant recipients. American Journal Of Transplantation 2020, 21: 1304-1311. PMID: 33043603, PMCID: PMC7675520, DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16357.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSolid organ transplant recipientsOrgan transplant recipientsClinical implicationsCycle threshold valuesSOT patientsTransplant recipientsSymptom onsetYale New Haven Health SystemUpper respiratory tract samplesSARS-CoV-2 viral RNASARS-CoV-2 viral dynamicsAdult SOT recipientsRetrospective chart reviewRespiratory tract samplesSARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold valuesInfection prevention measuresCOVID-19 severityViral RNAHigher clinical acuityPrimary diagnostic testRT-PCR assaysSOT recipientsChart reviewViral loadAdmission severityDiagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the setting of the cytokine release syndrome
Azar MM, Shin JJ, Kang I, Landry M. Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the setting of the cytokine release syndrome. Expert Review Of Molecular Diagnostics 2020, 20: 1087-1097. PMID: 32990479, DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1830760.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2Immune profileCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2 infectionCytokine release syndromeAdaptive immune cellsMultiple inflammatory cytokinesSARS-CoV-2 RNAFalse-negative resultsRelease syndromeInfectious complicationsIL-10Laboratory markersD-dimerInflammatory moleculesIP-10IL-6Inflammatory cytokinesMCP-1Acute diagnosisIL-2Immune cellsClinical severityTherapeutic benefitPathogenic contributionInterference between rhinovirus and influenza A virus: a clinical data analysis and experimental infection study
Wu A, Mihaylova VT, Landry ML, Foxman EF. Interference between rhinovirus and influenza A virus: a clinical data analysis and experimental infection study. The Lancet Microbe 2020, 1: e254-e262. PMID: 33103132, PMCID: PMC7580833, DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30114-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRhinovirus infectionInterferon-stimulated genesExperimental infection studiesClinical data analysisMock infectionInfection studiesDay 3ISG expressionViral interferenceInterferon responsePrimary human airway epithelial culturesYale-New Haven HospitalHuman airway epithelial culturesIAV RNASeasonal influenza epidemicsNational InstituteAirway epithelial culturesReverse transcription-quantitative PCRTranscription-quantitative PCRElectronic medical record systemPeak virusAirway mucosaMedical record systemRespiratory virusesIAV infectionChallenges in use of saliva for detection of SARS CoV-2 RNA in symptomatic outpatients
Landry ML, Criscuolo J, Peaper DR. Challenges in use of saliva for detection of SARS CoV-2 RNA in symptomatic outpatients. Journal Of Clinical Virology 2020, 130: 104567. PMID: 32750665, PMCID: PMC7392849, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104567.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBetacoronavirusClinical Laboratory TechniquesCoronavirus InfectionsCOVID-19COVID-19 TestingCOVID-19 VaccinesHumansMolecular Diagnostic TechniquesNasopharynxOutpatientsPandemicsPneumonia, ViralProspective StudiesReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionRNA, ViralSalivaSARS-CoV-2Specimen HandlingConceptsNasopharyngeal swabsReal-time RT-PCRSymptomatic outpatientsRT-PCRSARS-CoV-2 positivitySaliva samplesSARS-CoV-2 testingMedian cycle threshold valuePure salivaSARS-CoV-2 RNA detectionSARS-CoV-2 RNACoV-2 testingUse of salivaCycle threshold valuesSymptomatic patientsOverall sensitivityRNA detectionSalivaCOVID-19OutpatientsHigh-volume testingPatientsSwabsAnalytical sensitivity and efficiency comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 RT–qPCR primer–probe sets
Vogels CBF, Brito AF, Wyllie AL, Fauver JR, Ott IM, Kalinich CC, Petrone ME, Casanovas-Massana A, Catherine Muenker M, Moore AJ, Klein J, Lu P, Lu-Culligan A, Jiang X, Kim DJ, Kudo E, Mao T, Moriyama M, Oh JE, Park A, Silva J, Song E, Takahashi T, Taura M, Tokuyama M, Venkataraman A, Weizman OE, Wong P, Yang Y, Cheemarla NR, White EB, Lapidus S, Earnest R, Geng B, Vijayakumar P, Odio C, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Farhadian S, Dela Cruz CS, Iwasaki A, Ko AI, Landry ML, Foxman EF, Grubaugh ND. Analytical sensitivity and efficiency comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 RT–qPCR primer–probe sets. Nature Microbiology 2020, 5: 1299-1305. PMID: 32651556, PMCID: PMC9241364, DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0761-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2SARS-CoV-2 RTSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirusAcute respiratory syndrome coronavirusViral RNA copiesPublic health laboratoriesPublic health interventionsReverse transcription-PCR assaySARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testingDiagnostic assaysTranscription-PCR assaySARS-CoV-2 evolutionQuantitative reverse transcription-PCR assaysRapid diagnostic assaysHealth laboratoriesHealth interventionsDiagnostic testingRNA copiesPrimer-probe setsAssaysLow sensitivityCritical needAnalytical sensitivityAttenuated Novel SARS Coronavirus 2 Infection in an Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patient on Ruxolitinib
Foss FM, Rubinowitz A, Landry ML, Isufi I, Gowda L, Seropian S, Perreault S, Shenoi SV. Attenuated Novel SARS Coronavirus 2 Infection in an Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patient on Ruxolitinib. Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma & Leukemia 2020, 20: 720-723. PMID: 32727701, PMCID: PMC7316063, DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.06.014.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBetacoronavirusCoronavirus InfectionsCOVID-19COVID-19 Drug TreatmentGraft vs Host DiseaseHematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationHumansImmunocompromised HostLymphoma, T-CellMaleMiddle AgedNitrilesPandemicsPneumonia, ViralPyrazolesPyrimidinesSARS-CoV-2Severity of Illness IndexTransplantation, HomologousTreatment OutcomeConceptsAllogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patientsHematopoietic stem cell transplant patientsSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infectionSARS-CoV-2 pneumoniaAcute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Stem cell transplant patientsSARS-CoV-2 infectionRespiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Coronavirus 2 infectionCell transplant patientsCoV-2 infectionStem cell transplantationSyndrome coronavirus 2High death rateImmunocompromised stateJAK/STAT inhibitor ruxolitinibTransplant patientsCell transplantationCoronavirus 2Novel therapiesInhibitor ruxolitinibPatientsDeath rateRuxolitinibCoast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States
Fauver JR, Petrone ME, Hodcroft EB, Shioda K, Ehrlich HY, Watts AG, Vogels CBF, Brito AF, Alpert T, Muyombwe A, Razeq J, Downing R, Cheemarla NR, Wyllie AL, Kalinich CC, Ott IM, Quick J, Loman NJ, Neugebauer KM, Greninger AL, Jerome KR, Roychoudhury P, Xie H, Shrestha L, Huang ML, Pitzer VE, Iwasaki A, Omer SB, Khan K, Bogoch II, Martinello RA, Foxman EF, Landry ML, Neher RA, Ko AI, Grubaugh ND. Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States. Cell 2020, 181: 990-996.e5. PMID: 32386545, PMCID: PMC7204677, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2Federal travel restrictionsSARS-CoV-2 transmissionCOVID-19 patientsCoronavirus SARS-CoV-2SARS-CoV-2 introductionsEarly SARS-CoV-2 transmissionPattern of spreadSustained transmissionLocal surveillanceEarly epidemicInternational importationCOVID-19 outbreakUnited StatesViral genomeInternational travel patternsPatientsCritical needTravel restrictions