2023
IFN-γ Is Protective in Cytokine Release Syndrome-associated Extrapulmonary Acute Lung Injury.
Sun Y, Hu B, Stanley G, Harris ZM, Gautam S, Homer R, Koff JL, Rajagopalan G. IFN-γ Is Protective in Cytokine Release Syndrome-associated Extrapulmonary Acute Lung Injury. American Journal Of Respiratory Cell And Molecular Biology 2023, 68: 75-89. PMID: 36125351, PMCID: PMC9817908, DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0117oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAcute Lung InjuryAnimalsCytokine Release SyndromeCytokinesHumansInterferon-gammaInterleukin-17LungMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutConceptsCytokine release syndromeAcute lung injuryExtrapulmonary acute lung injuryIFN-γ KO miceIL-17ALung injuryKO miceStaphylococcal enterotoxin BRelease syndromeIL-17A KO miceSevere acute lung injuryAcute respiratory distress syndromeSystemic T cell activationEnterotoxin BAdaptive T lymphocytesDR3 transgenic miceNeutralization of IFNRespiratory distress syndromeHuman leukocyte antigenRole of IFNT cell cytokinesJanus kinase inhibitorS100A8/A9T cell activationALI parameters
2020
Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling
Israelow B, Song E, Mao T, Lu P, Meir A, Liu F, Alfajaro MM, Wei J, Dong H, Homer RJ, Ring A, Wilen CB, Iwasaki A. Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling. Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2020, 217: e20201241. PMID: 32750141, PMCID: PMC7401025, DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201241.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2AnimalsBetacoronavirusCell Line, TumorCoronavirus InfectionsCOVID-19DependovirusDisease Models, AnimalFemaleHumansInflammationInterferon Type ILungMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, TransgenicPandemicsParvoviridae InfectionsPeptidyl-Dipeptidase APneumonia, ViralSARS-CoV-2Signal TransductionVirus ReplicationConceptsSARS-CoV-2Type I interferonMouse modelI interferonRobust SARS-CoV-2 infectionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2SARS-CoV-2 infectionRespiratory syndrome coronavirus 2SARS-CoV-2 replicationCOVID-19 patientsSyndrome coronavirus 2Patient-derived virusesSignificant fatality ratePathological findingsInflammatory rolePathological responseEnzyme 2Receptor angiotensinFatality rateVaccine developmentGenetic backgroundViral replicationCoronavirus diseaseMice
2017
Thyroid hormone inhibits lung fibrosis in mice by improving epithelial mitochondrial function
Yu G, Tzouvelekis A, Wang R, Herazo-Maya JD, Ibarra GH, Srivastava A, de Castro JPW, DeIuliis G, Ahangari F, Woolard T, Aurelien N, Arrojo e Drigo R, Gan Y, Graham M, Liu X, Homer RJ, Scanlan TS, Mannam P, Lee PJ, Herzog EL, Bianco AC, Kaminski N. Thyroid hormone inhibits lung fibrosis in mice by improving epithelial mitochondrial function. Nature Medicine 2017, 24: 39-49. PMID: 29200204, PMCID: PMC5760280, DOI: 10.1038/nm.4447.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2016
SH2 Domain–Containing Phosphatase-2 Is a Novel Antifibrotic Regulator in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Tzouvelekis A, Yu G, Lino Cardenas CL, Herazo-Maya JD, Wang R, Woolard T, Zhang Y, Sakamoto K, Lee H, Yi JS, DeIuliis G, Xylourgidis N, Ahangari F, Lee PJ, Aidinis V, Herzog EL, Homer R, Bennett AM, Kaminski N. SH2 Domain–Containing Phosphatase-2 Is a Novel Antifibrotic Regulator in Pulmonary Fibrosis. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2016, 195: 500-514. PMID: 27736153, PMCID: PMC5378419, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201602-0329oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisPulmonary fibrosisProfibrotic stimuliLung fibroblastsChronic fatal lung diseaseMyofibroblast differentiationPrimary human lung fibroblastsFatal lung diseaseNovel therapeutic strategiesVivo therapeutic effectPotential therapeutic usefulnessHuman lung fibroblastsMouse lung fibroblastsDismal prognosisFibroblastic fociLung fibrosisLung diseaseBleomycin modelTherapeutic effectTherapeutic usefulnessTherapeutic strategiesTherapeutic targetTransgenic miceFibrosisSHP2 overexpressionIncreased susceptibility of Cftr−/− mice to LPS-induced lung remodeling
Bruscia E, Zhang P, Barone C, Scholte BJ, Homer R, Krause D, Egan ME. Increased susceptibility of Cftr−/− mice to LPS-induced lung remodeling. American Journal Of Physiology - Lung Cellular And Molecular Physiology 2016, 310: l711-l719. PMID: 26851259, PMCID: PMC4836110, DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00284.2015.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLung pathologyCF miceImmune responseWT miceChronic inflammationCystic fibrosisAbnormal immune responseChronic pulmonary infectionPersistent immune responseWild-type littermatesCF mouse modelsPseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharideCF lung pathologyPulmonary infectionChronic administrationLPS exposurePersistent inflammationLung remodelingWT littermatesLung tissueOverall pathologyMouse modelInflammationChronic exposureBacterial products
2015
Conditional overexpression of TGFβ1 promotes pulmonary inflammation, apoptosis and mortality via TGFβR2 in the developing mouse lung
Sureshbabu A, Syed MA, Boddupalli CS, Dhodapkar MV, Homer RJ, Minoo P, Bhandari V. Conditional overexpression of TGFβ1 promotes pulmonary inflammation, apoptosis and mortality via TGFβR2 in the developing mouse lung. Respiratory Research 2015, 16: 4. PMID: 25591994, PMCID: PMC4307226, DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0162-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAcute Lung InjuryAlveolar Epithelial CellsAnimalsAnimals, NewbornApoptosisDisease Models, AnimalGenotypeHumansHyperoxiaLungMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMice, TransgenicPhenotypePneumoniaProtein Serine-Threonine KinasesReceptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type IIReceptors, Transforming Growth Factor betaSignal TransductionTime FactorsTransforming Growth Factor beta1Up-RegulationConceptsImpaired alveolarizationBronchopulmonary dysplasiaAlveolar epithelial cellsPulmonary inflammationPulmonary phenotypeMouse lungAcute lung injuryType II alveolar epithelial cellsApoptotic cell deathCell deathNewborn mouse lungPotential therapeutic strategyGrowth factor betaNull mutant miceLung injuryImproved survivalNeonatal mortalityMonocyte infiltrationAbnormal alveolarizationAngiogenic mediatorsInflammatory signalsTGFβ1 expressionTherapeutic strategiesInflammatory macrophagesLung morphometry
2014
Cathepsin E Promotes Pulmonary Emphysema via Mitochondrial Fission
Zhang X, Shan P, Homer R, Zhang Y, Petrache I, Mannam P, Lee PJ. Cathepsin E Promotes Pulmonary Emphysema via Mitochondrial Fission. American Journal Of Pathology 2014, 184: 2730-2741. PMID: 25239563, PMCID: PMC4188869, DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.017.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsActivation/apoptosisPulmonary emphysemaChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lungsCigarette smoke-induced lung diseaseSmoke-induced lung diseaseChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseDynamin-related protein 1Obstructive pulmonary diseaseProtein 1Mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1Lung tissue sectionsCathepsin ENew therapeutic targetsAir space enlargementFission protein dynamin-related protein 1Pulmonary diseaseEmphysematous changesClinical entityLung diseaseMolecular mechanismsEmphysema developmentMitochondrial fissionLung parenchymaE miceLung elasticityAn ENU-induced splicing mutation reveals a role for Unc93b1 in early immune cell activation following influenza A H1N1 infection
Lafferty EI, Flaczyk A, Angers I, Homer R, d'Hennezel E, Malo D, Piccirillo CA, Vidal SM, Qureshi ST. An ENU-induced splicing mutation reveals a role for Unc93b1 in early immune cell activation following influenza A H1N1 infection. Genes & Immunity 2014, 15: 320-332. PMID: 24848930, PMCID: PMC4978536, DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.22.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAlternative SplicingAnimalsCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesChemokine CXCL10EndosomesEthylnitrosoureaImmunity, InnateInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeInterferon Type IInterferon-gammaL-SelectinLungLymphocyte ActivationMacrophage ActivationMembrane Transport ProteinsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMutationOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsToll-Like ReceptorsConceptsEndosomal TLRsImmune responseEndosomal Toll-like receptorsInfluenza A/PR/8/34Expression of CXCL10Toll-like receptorsImmune cell activationCD69 activation markerInnate immune responseHuman infectious diseasesViral clearanceActivation markersInfected lungsRespiratory pathogensTLR responsesT cellsLymphoid cellsCell activationTissue pathologyInfectious diseasesMouse strainsInfectionExudate macrophagesReduced expressionUNC93B1
2013
Hyperoxia and Interferon-γ–Induced Injury in Developing Lungs Occur via Cyclooxygenase-2 and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Dependent Pathway
Choo-Wing R, Syed MA, Harijith A, Bowen B, Pryhuber G, Janér C, Andersson S, Homer RJ, Bhandari V. Hyperoxia and Interferon-γ–Induced Injury in Developing Lungs Occur via Cyclooxygenase-2 and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Dependent Pathway. American Journal Of Respiratory Cell And Molecular Biology 2013, 48: 749-757. PMID: 23470621, PMCID: PMC3727872, DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0381oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAnimals, NewbornBronchopulmonary DysplasiaCelecoxibCell DeathCyclooxygenase 2Cyclooxygenase 2 InhibitorsEndoplasmic Reticulum StressHumansHyperoxiaImmunohistochemistryInfant, NewbornInterferon-gammaLungMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, TransgenicPyrazolesRNA, Small InterferingSulfonamidesTranscription Factor CHOPConceptsBronchopulmonary dysplasiaCyclooxygenase-2Endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent pathwaysER stress pathway activationPathway mediatorsHuman bronchopulmonary dysplasiaFinal common pathwayAlveolar epithelial cellsImpaired alveolarizationStress pathway activationCOX2 inhibitionMurine modelMurine lungClinical relevanceIFNVivo modelHyperoxiaLungHuman lungPathway activationCHOP siRNAStress-dependent pathwaysInjuryEpithelial cellsCommon pathwayRole of Tissue Protection in Lethal Respiratory Viral-Bacterial Coinfection
Jamieson AM, Pasman L, Yu S, Gamradt P, Homer RJ, Decker T, Medzhitov R. Role of Tissue Protection in Lethal Respiratory Viral-Bacterial Coinfection. Science 2013, 340: 1230-1234. PMID: 23618765, PMCID: PMC3933032, DOI: 10.1126/science.1233632.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCaspase 1CoinfectionDisease Models, AnimalHost-Pathogen InteractionsInterleukin-1betaLegionella pneumophilaLegionnaires' DiseaseLungMiceMice, Inbred C57BLOrthomyxoviridaeOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsPneumonia, BacterialToll-Like Receptor 2Toll-Like Receptor 3Toll-Like Receptor 4Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaConceptsHost defenseInfluenza virusImmune resistance mechanismsSecondary bacterial pneumoniaInfluenza virus infectionViral-bacterial coinfectionsBacterial coinfectionBacterial pneumoniaVirus infectionMouse modelTissue protectionImmune systemTissue damagePathogen burdenDisease severityBacterial infectionsImpaired abilityInfectionCoinfectionResistance mechanismsVirusLegionella pneumophilaMorbidityPneumoniaFailure
2012
Semaphorin 7a+ Regulatory T Cells Are Associated with Progressive Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Are Implicated in Transforming Growth Factor-β1–induced Pulmonary Fibrosis
Reilkoff RA, Peng H, Murray LA, Peng X, Russell T, Montgomery R, Feghali-Bostwick C, Shaw A, Homer RJ, Gulati M, Mathur A, Elias JA, Herzog EL. Semaphorin 7a+ Regulatory T Cells Are Associated with Progressive Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Are Implicated in Transforming Growth Factor-β1–induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2012, 187: 180-188. PMID: 23220917, PMCID: PMC3570653, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201206-1109oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisRegulatory T cellsProgressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisSEMA 7ATGF-β1Pulmonary fibrosisLung fibrosisT cellsMurine lungIL-10Bone marrow-derived cellsAdoptive transfer approachT-cell mediatorsMarrow-derived cellsTransforming Growth Factor-β1Murine lung fibrosisGrowth factor-β1Lung CD4Adoptive transferIL-17AIL-4Disease progressionSemaphorin 7ACD4Mouse model
2011
IFN-γ Acts on the Airway Epithelium To Inhibit Local and Systemic Pathology in Allergic Airway Disease
Mitchell C, Provost K, Niu N, Homer R, Cohn L. IFN-γ Acts on the Airway Epithelium To Inhibit Local and Systemic Pathology in Allergic Airway Disease. The Journal Of Immunology 2011, 187: 3815-3820. PMID: 21873527, PMCID: PMC3178669, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100436.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAirway epitheliumAllergic airway inflammationAllergic airway diseaseTh2 cell activationGoal of therapyProduction of IFNAdministration of medicationsSystemic side effectsAirway mucosal surfaceAirway epithelial cellsSites of inflammationIFN-γ actionAirway inflammationAirway obstructionPersistent asthmaRefractory asthmaAirway diseaseIFN-γRTh1 cellsPathological responseSystemic pathologyEffector functionsSide effectsBone marrowAsthmaA Role for Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in IFNγ-Mediated Injury in Developing Lungs
Harijith A, Choo-Wing R, Cataltepe S, Yasumatsu R, Aghai ZH, Janér J, Andersson S, Homer RJ, Bhandari V. A Role for Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in IFNγ-Mediated Injury in Developing Lungs. American Journal Of Respiratory Cell And Molecular Biology 2011, 44: 621-630. PMID: 21216975, PMCID: PMC3095982, DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0058oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBronchopulmonary dysplasiaHuman bronchopulmonary dysplasiaLung architectureRole of IFNγMatrix metalloproteinase-9Caspase-3Final common pathwayMatrix metalloproteinases 2Downstream targetsImpaired alveolarizationLung injuryChemokine ligandMetalloproteinase-9IFNγ mRNAAngiopoietin-2Murine modelLittermate controlsPulmonary phenotypeMurine lungClinical relevanceLung phenotypeAngiopoietin-1IFNγMetalloproteinases 2Lung
2010
Epithelial reticulon 4B (Nogo-B) is an endogenous regulator of Th2-driven lung inflammation
Wright PL, Yu J, Di YP, Homer RJ, Chupp G, Elias JA, Cohn L, Sessa WC. Epithelial reticulon 4B (Nogo-B) is an endogenous regulator of Th2-driven lung inflammation. Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2010, 207: 2595-2607. PMID: 20975041, PMCID: PMC2989775, DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100786.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLung inflammationTh2-mediated lung inflammationSevere human asthmaAsthma-like phenotypeNonallergic miceHuman asthmaInflammation resultsKO miceLung tissueNogo expressionAirway epitheliumSmooth muscleReticulon 4BTransgenic miceLung epitheliumEpithelial reconstitutionMiceMarked reductionProtective genesEndogenous regulatorNogoInflammationLungPLUNCTransgenic expressionRole of Breast Regression Protein–39 in the Pathogenesis of Cigarette Smoke–Induced Inflammation and Emphysema
Matsuura H, Hartl D, Kang MJ, Dela Cruz CS, Koller B, Chupp GL, Homer RJ, Zhou Y, Cho WK, Elias JA, Lee CG. Role of Breast Regression Protein–39 in the Pathogenesis of Cigarette Smoke–Induced Inflammation and Emphysema. American Journal Of Respiratory Cell And Molecular Biology 2010, 44: 777-786. PMID: 20656949, PMCID: PMC3135840, DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0081oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseBRP-39/YKLBreast regression protein 39YKL-40BRP-39Alveolar destructionCigarette smokeChitinase-like protein YKL-40Emphysematous alveolar destructionLungs of CSObstructive pulmonary diseaseProtein YKL-40Excessive inflammatory responseAirway epithelial cellsAlveolar type II cellsNull mutant miceProtein 39Epithelial cell apoptosisType II cellsCurrent smokersPulmonary diseaseBronchoalveolar lavageTissue inflammationEmphysematous destructionSerum concentrationsInhibition of pulmonary fibrosis in mice by CXCL10 requires glycosaminoglycan binding and syndecan-4
Jiang D, Liang J, Campanella GS, Guo R, Yu S, Xie T, Liu N, Jung Y, Homer R, Meltzer EB, Li Y, Tager AM, Goetinck PF, Luster AD, Noble PW. Inhibition of pulmonary fibrosis in mice by CXCL10 requires glycosaminoglycan binding and syndecan-4. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2010, 120: 2049-2057. PMID: 20484822, PMCID: PMC2877927, DOI: 10.1172/jci38644.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPulmonary fibrosisCXCL10 proteinAcute lung injuryExcess extracellular matrix productionLung fibroblast migrationSyndecan-4Myofibroblast recruitmentLung injuryLung functionSubsequent fibrosisNeutrophil recruitmentInterstitial fibrosisWT miceIntratracheal instillationSyndecan-4 expressionNovel therapiesMigration of fibroblastsFibrosisBleomycin treatmentCXCL10Fibroblast recruitmentExtracellular matrix productionHeparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-4Interstitial compartmentMice
2008
A Critical Role of SHP-1 in Regulation of Type 2 Inflammation in the Lung
Oh SY, Zheng T, Kim YK, Cohn L, Homer RJ, McKenzie AN, Zhu Z. A Critical Role of SHP-1 in Regulation of Type 2 Inflammation in the Lung. American Journal Of Respiratory Cell And Molecular Biology 2008, 40: 568-574. PMID: 18952567, PMCID: PMC2677436, DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0225oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBronchial HyperreactivityBronchoalveolar Lavage FluidCytokinesEpitheliumHypertrophyLungLymphocyte ActivationMetaplasiaMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMucin 5ACMucusPneumoniaProtein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6Pulmonary FibrosisSignal TransductionSTAT6 Transcription FactorTh2 CellsConceptsSHP-1Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphataseProtein tyrosine phosphataseGene deletion approachIL-4/ILViable motheaten miceMev miceCritical roleTyrosine phosphataseKey genesNegative regulatorSignal transducerMolecular mechanismsCytokine receptorsMotheaten miceTranscription 6Critical moleculesDirect roleType 2 inflammationChronic inflammatory disordersHallmark of asthmaLung homeostasisPathwayGrowth factorAirway hyperresponsivenessEndogenous IL-11 Signaling Is Essential in Th2- and IL-13–Induced Inflammation and Mucus Production
Lee CG, Hartl D, Matsuura H, Dunlop FM, Scotney PD, Fabri LJ, Nash AD, Chen NY, Tang CY, Chen Q, Homer RJ, Baca M, Elias JA. Endogenous IL-11 Signaling Is Essential in Th2- and IL-13–Induced Inflammation and Mucus Production. American Journal Of Respiratory Cell And Molecular Biology 2008, 39: 739-746. PMID: 18617680, PMCID: PMC2586049, DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0053oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIL-13 productionMucus productionIL-11Th2 inflammationIL-11RalphaAerosol antigen challengeAirway mucus productionBronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) inflammationPulmonary Th2 responsesLevels of IgEIL-13 responsesEndogenous IL-11Null mutant miceBAL inflammationMucus metaplasiaEosinophilic inflammationTh2 responsesAntigen challengeIL-11 receptorWT miceTh2 cytokinesIntraperitoneal administrationInflammationMucus responseMurine lungCutting Edge: Engagement of NKG2A on CD8+ Effector T Cells Limits Immunopathology in Influenza Pneumonia
Zhou J, Matsuoka M, Cantor H, Homer R, Enelow RI. Cutting Edge: Engagement of NKG2A on CD8+ Effector T Cells Limits Immunopathology in Influenza Pneumonia. The Journal Of Immunology 2008, 180: 25-29. PMID: 18096998, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.25.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntigensCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesHistocompatibility Antigens Class IInfluenza A virusMiceMice, Inbred BALB CMice, Inbred C57BLNK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily CNK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily DOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsPneumonia, ViralReceptors, ImmunologicReceptors, Natural Killer CellConceptsInfluenza pneumoniaT cellsLung injuryTNF productionT cell-mediated clearanceQa-1bAg-specific CD8Considerable lung injurySevere influenza infectionCD94/NKG2AT cell Ag recognitionEffector cell recognitionLimit immunopathologyNKG2A blockadeAntiviral CD8Distal airwaysInfluenza infectionPulmonary pathologyTNF-alphaCD8Infectious virusAg recognitionImmunopathologyPneumoniaCell recognition
2007
P21 Regulates TGF-β1–Induced Pulmonary Responses via a TNF-α–Signaling Pathway
Yamasaki M, Kang HR, Homer RJ, Chapoval SP, Cho SJ, Lee BJ, Elias JA, Lee CG. P21 Regulates TGF-β1–Induced Pulmonary Responses via a TNF-α–Signaling Pathway. American Journal Of Respiratory Cell And Molecular Biology 2007, 38: 346-353. PMID: 17932374, PMCID: PMC2258454, DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0276oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsApoptosisCrosses, GeneticCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21DoxycyclineFibrosisImmunohistochemistryInflammationLungMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, TransgenicRandom AllocationRNA, MessengerSignal TransductionStatistics as TopicTransforming Growth Factor beta1Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaConceptsMurine lungCyclin-dependent kinase inhibitorAbsence of p21Caspase-3 activationP21 locusKey regulatorTNF-alpha expressionEffects of TGFExpression of p21Negative modulatorAlveolar destructionLung inflammationTransgenic overexpressionParenchymal destructionPulmonary responseApoptosisRepair responseP21 expressionRegulatory cytokinesMyofibroblast accumulationP21TGF-β1Epithelial cellsEpithelial apoptosisKinase inhibitors