2023
Conditional Astrocyte Rac1KO Attenuates Hyperreflexia after Spinal Cord Injury
Benson C, Olson K, Patwa S, Kauer S, King J, Waxman S, Tan A. Conditional Astrocyte Rac1KO Attenuates Hyperreflexia after Spinal Cord Injury. Journal Of Neuroscience 2023, 44: e1670222023. PMID: 37963762, PMCID: PMC10851682, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1670-22.2023.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryRate-dependent depressionΑ-motor neuronsGlutamate transporter 1Dendritic spine dysgenesisCord injurySpine dysgenesisDevelopment of SCIMild contusion spinal cord injuryAstrocytic glutamate transporter 1Glial-specific glutamate transporterContusion spinal cord injuryTransporter 1Development of hyperreflexiaMonosynaptic H-reflexDendritic spine densityPre-injury levelSpinal reflex circuitsVentral spinal cordReflex hyperexcitabilityHyperexcitability disordersFunctional recoveryGlutamate clearanceH-reflexVentral hornIncreased astrocytic GLT-1 expression in tripartite synapses is associated with SCI-induced hyperreflexia
Benson C, King J, Kauer S, Waxman S, Tan A. Increased astrocytic GLT-1 expression in tripartite synapses is associated with SCI-induced hyperreflexia. Journal Of Neurophysiology 2023, 130: 1358-1366. PMID: 37877184, PMCID: PMC10972632, DOI: 10.1152/jn.00234.2023.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryRate-dependent depressionTripartite synapsesGLT-1Astrocytic GLT-1 expressionChronic neurological complicationsGLT-1 expressionAstrocyte involvementChronic spasticityUninjured shamsNeurological complicationsNeuropathic painHyperexcitability disordersH-reflexPSD-95 proteinReactive astrocytesVentral hornCord injuryMuscle toneAstrocytes' roleSpinal cordSpinal circuitsSynaptic transmissionHyperreflexiaSpasticity
2003
Primary cortical motor neurons undergo apoptosis after axotomizing spinal cord injury
Hains B, Black J, Waxman S. Primary cortical motor neurons undergo apoptosis after axotomizing spinal cord injury. The Journal Of Comparative Neurology 2003, 462: 328-341. PMID: 12794736, DOI: 10.1002/cne.10733.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryCortical motor neuronsFluoro-GoldCorticospinal tractCord injuryMotor neuronsTerminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphateAdult male Sprague-Dawley ratsRetrograde tracer Fluoro-GoldMale Sprague-Dawley ratsApoptotic cell deathDorsal corticospinal tractPrimary motor cortexTracer Fluoro-GoldSprague-Dawley ratsVoluntary motor controlTUNEL-positive cellsCell deathEvidence of apoptosisSham surgeryDorsal funiculusMotor cortexPyramidal cellsLesion sitePositive cells
2002
Primary motor neurons fail to up‐regulate voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.3/brain type III following axotomy resulting from spinal cord injury
Hains B, Black J, Waxman S. Primary motor neurons fail to up‐regulate voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.3/brain type III following axotomy resulting from spinal cord injury. Journal Of Neuroscience Research 2002, 70: 546-552. PMID: 12404508, DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10402.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cord injuryUpper motor neuronsPrimary motor cortexDorsal root gangliaMotor neuronsCord injuryMotor cortexRat primary motor cortexDorsal column transectionIpsilateral DRG neuronsCortical motor neuronsSciatic nerve transectionTraumatic head injuryFacial motor neuronsSodium channel expressionPrimary motor neuronsVoltage-gated sodium channelsPeripheral axotomyDRG neuronsNerve transectionLayer VControl brainsHead injuryRoot gangliaSpinal cord
1996
Chapter 35 Clinical observations on the emotional motor system
Waxman S. Chapter 35 Clinical observations on the emotional motor system. Progress In Brain Research 1996, 107: 595-604. PMID: 8782544, DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61889-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAutomatismAutonomic Nervous SystemEmotionsEpilepsy, Temporal LobeFacial MusclesMotor NeuronsMovementParesis
1987
Chapter 8 Ionic channel organization of normal and regenerating mammalian axons
Kocsis J, Waxman S. Chapter 8 Ionic channel organization of normal and regenerating mammalian axons. Progress In Brain Research 1987, 71: 89-101. PMID: 2438722, DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61816-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAxonsIon ChannelsMotor NeuronsNerve RegenerationNeurons, AfferentPeripheral NervesPotassiumSodiumConceptsNerve fibersPeripheral nervesRegenerated nerve fibersCell remodellingNormal developmentMammalian nerve fibresSchwann cellsElectrophysiological characteristicsFine caliberMyelinated axonsImmature axonsAxonal growthMammalian axonsNerveNormal maturationRemodelling occursAxonsCell arrestRemodellingTime courseMyelinIonic channelsLong termMaturationTime of maturation
1986
Differences in intramembranous particle distribution in the paranodal axolemma are not associated with functional differences of dorsal and ventral roots
Fields R, Black J, Bowe C, Kocsis J, Waxman S. Differences in intramembranous particle distribution in the paranodal axolemma are not associated with functional differences of dorsal and ventral roots. Neuroscience Letters 1986, 67: 13-18. PMID: 2425295, DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90200-4.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
1985
Neurogenesis in Adult Vertebrate Spinal Cord in Situ and in Vitro: A New Model Systema
ANDERSON M, WAXMAN S. Neurogenesis in Adult Vertebrate Spinal Cord in Situ and in Vitro: A New Model Systema. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences 1985, 457: 213-233. PMID: 3913365, DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb20807.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cordEpendymal cellsNeuron-specific monoclonal antibodiesSpinal cord tissueSternarchus albifronsStudy of neurogenesisFunctional recoveryNew neuronsCord tissuePositive stainingRecent studiesCultured neuronsCordInjuryNeurogenesisMonoclonal antibodiesNeuronal differentiationNormal morphologic structureCNSExplant culturesNeuronsVertebrate spinal cordSternarchusNew spinal cordNeuronal identityGeneration of electromotor neurons in Sternarchus albifrons: Differences between normally growing and regenerating spinal cord
Waxman S, Anderson M. Generation of electromotor neurons in Sternarchus albifrons: Differences between normally growing and regenerating spinal cord. Developmental Biology 1985, 112: 338-344. PMID: 4076546, DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90404-x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCell CountCell SurvivalFishesMotor NeuronsNerve Fibers, MyelinatedNerve RegenerationSpinal CordRetrograde labeling of regenerated electromotor neurons with HRP in a teleost fish, Sternarchus albifrons: Relation to cell death
Anderson M, Fong H, Waxman S. Retrograde labeling of regenerated electromotor neurons with HRP in a teleost fish, Sternarchus albifrons: Relation to cell death. Cell And Tissue Research 1985, 241: 237-240. PMID: 2411410, DOI: 10.1007/bf00217166.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCorrect target areaElectromotor neuronsRetrograde labelingCell deathSelective neuronal deathSternarchus albifronsSubsequent cell deathNeuronal deathSpinal cordAxonal projectionsEctopic neuronsSelective cell deathTeleost fishImplantation sitesEctopic cellsNeuronsAxonsDeathCordAlbifronsTarget areaHorseradish peroxidaseDifferences between mammalian ventral and dorsal spinal roots in response to blockade of potassium channels during maturation
Bowe C, Kocsis J, Waxman S. Differences between mammalian ventral and dorsal spinal roots in response to blockade of potassium channels during maturation. Proceedings Of The Royal Society B 1985, 224: 355-366. PMID: 2410932, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1985.0037.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDorsal spinal rootsSensory fibersMammalian motorPotassium channelsSpinal rootsAction potentialsRoot fibersCompound action potentialSingle sensory fibresDorsal root fibersVentral root fibersClasses of axonsIndividual action potentialsPharmacological blockadeVentral rootsYoung rootsSensory axonsWhole nervePotassium conductanceAxon responsesCourse of maturationBlockadeAxonsRoots resultsDifferential sensitivity
1984
Cell death of asynaptic neurons in regenerating spinal cord
Anderson M, Waxman S, Tadlock C. Cell death of asynaptic neurons in regenerating spinal cord. Developmental Biology 1984, 103: 443-455. PMID: 6724138, DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(84)90332-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSpinal cordElectromotor neuronsRegenerated cordNormal numbersNumber of perikaryaCell deathCaudal endRostro-caudal axisSpinal neuronsCordCell bodiesNeuronsSynaptic competitionAxonsNumerous cellsDeathPerikaryaAmputationMore yearsEvidence of migrationSternarchus albifronsExcess numberElectric organEpendymaTransverse sections
1980
Ionic channel distribution and heterogeneity of the axon membrane in myelinated fibers.
Waxman S, Foster R. Ionic channel distribution and heterogeneity of the axon membrane in myelinated fibers. Brain Research 1980, 203: 205-34. PMID: 6253027, DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(80)90008-9.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
1979
Electron microscopy of synapses in reptile spinal cord
Waxman S. Electron microscopy of synapses in reptile spinal cord. Neuroscience Letters 1979, 13: 237-242. PMID: 530475, DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(79)91500-3.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
1972
Regional differentiation of the axon: A review with special reference to the concept of the multiplex neuron
Waxman S. Regional differentiation of the axon: A review with special reference to the concept of the multiplex neuron. Brain Research 1972, 47: 269-288. PMID: 4345196, DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90639-7.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
1971
An electron microscopic study of synaptic morphology in the oculomotor nuclei of three inframammalian species
Waxman S, Pappas G. An electron microscopic study of synaptic morphology in the oculomotor nuclei of three inframammalian species. The Journal Of Comparative Neurology 1971, 143: 41-71. PMID: 4329004, DOI: 10.1002/cne.901430105.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOculomotor nucleusOculomotor neuronsLarge neuronsElectrotonic couplingSubjunctional dense bodiesDistribution of synapsesMajority of synapsesSmall-diameter dendritesClose appositionContralateral oculomotor nucleusPrevious electrophysiological studiesDense-core vesiclesMultipolar interneuronsNodes of RanvierAxodendritic synapsesAxosomatic synapsesProximal dendritesClose membrane appositionSynaptic contactsPresynaptic fibersSynaptic profilesGlial elementsSmall interneuronsNeuronal typesGlial lamellae