2024
Prophylactic Transfusion Strategies in Children Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE Consensus Conference
Nellis M, Moynihan K, Sloan S, Delaney M, Kneyber M, DiGeronimo R, Alexander P, Muszynski J, Gehred A, Lyman E, Karam O, in collaboration with the Pediatric Critical Care Blood Research Network A. Prophylactic Transfusion Strategies in Children Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE Consensus Conference. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2024, 25: e25-e34. PMID: 38959357, PMCID: PMC11216389, DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003493.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsExtracorporeal membrane oxygenationProphylactic transfusion strategyTransfusion strategyMembrane oxygenationProphylactic blood product transfusionsPediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenationConsensus statementPediatric ECMO patientsBlood product transfusionExpert consensus statementPractice statementsStandardized data extraction formProphylactic transfusionECMO patientsProduct transfusionModified Delphi consensusWeak recommendationConsensus conferenceRecommendations AssessmentData extraction formDelphi processStudy assessed useModified Delphi processLiterature searchDelphi consensusExecutive Summary: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE (PEACE) Consensus Conference*
Alexander P, Bembea M, Cashen K, Cheifetz I, Dalton H, Himebauch A, Karam O, Moynihan K, Nellis M, Ozment C, Raman L, Rintoul N, Said A, Saini A, Steiner M, Thiagarajan R, Watt K, Willems A, Zantek N, Barbaro R, Steffen K, Vogel A, Almond C, Anders M, Annich G, Brandão L, Chandler W, Delaney M, DiGeronimo R, Emani S, Gadepalli S, Garcia A, Haileselassie B, Hyslop R, Kneyber M, Kreuziger L, Le J, Loftis L, McMichael A, McMullan D, Monagle P, Nicol K, Paden M, Patregnani J, Priest J, Raffini L, Ryerson L, Sloan S, Teruya J, Yates A, Gehred A, Lyman E, Muszynski J, in collaboration with the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators Network T. Executive Summary: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE (PEACE) Consensus Conference*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2024, 25: 643-675. PMID: 38959353, PMCID: PMC11216385, DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003480.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsExtracorporeal membrane oxygenationCritically ill childrenClinical managementClinical management of neonatesManaging extracorporeal membrane oxygenationConsensus statementExpert-based statementsIll childrenCochrane Library (CENTRALManagement of neonatesManagement of anticoagulationCochrane Library databasesExpert consensus statementSystematic reviewPractice statementsMembrane oxygenationNonprocedural bleedingClinical trialsLibrary databasesConsensus conferencePerioperative careRecommendations AssessmentAnticoagulationClinical careGeneral carePriorities for Clinical Research in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation From the Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE Consensus Conference
Muszynski J, Bembea M, Gehred A, Lyman E, Cashen K, Cheifetz I, Dalton H, Himebauch A, Karam O, Moynihan K, Nellis M, Ozment C, Raman L, Rintoul N, Said A, Saini A, Steiner M, Thiagarajan R, Watt K, Willems A, Zantek N, Barbaro R, Steffen K, Vogel A, Alexander P, Alexander P, Bembea M, Cashen K, Cheifetz I, Dalton H, Himebauch A, Karam O, Moynihan K, Nellis M, Ozment C, Raman L, Rintoul N, Said A, Saini A, Steiner M, Thiagarajan R, Watt K, Willems A, Zantek N, Barbaro R, Steffen K, Vogel A, Almond C, Anders M, Annich G, Brandão L, Chandler W, Delaney M, DiGeronimo R, Emani S, Gadepalli S, Garcia A, Haileselassie B, Himebauch A, Hyslop R, Kneyber M, Kreuziger L, Le J, Loftis L, McMichael A, McMullan D, Monagle P, Nicol K, Paden M, Patregnani J, Priest J, Raffini L, Ryerson L, Sloan S, Teruya J, Yates A, Gehred A, Lyman E, Muszynski J. Priorities for Clinical Research in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation From the Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE Consensus Conference. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2024, 25: e78-e89. PMID: 38959362, PMCID: PMC11216398, DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003488.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsExtracorporeal membrane oxygenationCritically ill neonatesIll neonatesExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation anticoagulationManagement of extracorporeal membrane oxygenationConsensus conferenceSystematic reviewSystematic review of MEDLINECochrane Library databasesReview of MEDLINECare of neonatesMembrane oxygenationChild Health and Nutrition Research Initiative methodologyHemostasis managementLibrary databasesNeonatesConsensus statementClinical recommendationsAnticoagulationClinical careClinical researchEmbaseCochraneExpert panelPediatric
2023
Bleeding in Critically Ill Children With Malignancy or Hematopoietic Cell Transplant: A Single-Center Prospective Cohort Study
Levasseur J, Fikse L, Mauguen A, Killinger J, Karam O, Nellis M. Bleeding in Critically Ill Children With Malignancy or Hematopoietic Cell Transplant: A Single-Center Prospective Cohort Study. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2023, 24: e602-e610. PMID: 37678406, PMCID: PMC10843653, DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003374.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsProspective cohort studyBleeding episodesSevere bleedingIll childrenCohort studyCell transplantIncidence rateLaboratory valuesMinimal bleedingRadiation therapySingle-center prospective cohort studyAssociated Patient CharacteristicsHigher PICU mortalityNew bleeding episodesOnly laboratory valueHematopoietic cell transplantCritically Ill ChildrenLow platelet countSevere bleeding episodesStem cell transplantPatient demographic dataSpecialized cancer hospitalModerate bleeding episodesYears of ageLonger PICUThe Effects of Expectation Setting and Bundle Consent on Acute Caregiver Stress in the PICU: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Goldstein G, Karam O, Miller Ferguson N. The Effects of Expectation Setting and Bundle Consent on Acute Caregiver Stress in the PICU: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2023, 24: 692-700. PMID: 37125809, DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003265.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBundled consentSeverity of illnessParents' perceptionsParents/guardians of patientsParents' perceived severityNegative mental health consequencesMental health consequencesPercentage of parentsCaregiver stressPersonal vulnerabilityChild's illnessChild's admissionControl groupChild's conditionExperimental groupPatients admitted to PICUDemographic surveyHealth consequencesLife-threatening natureStress burdenExpectation settingDemographic variablesControl weekIllnessAdmitted to PICUAnticoagulation and hemostasis on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Carmona C, Nellis M, Karam O. Anticoagulation and hemostasis on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Current Opinion In Pediatrics 2023, 35: 297-302. PMID: 36974451, DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001247.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHemostatic transfusionsMembrane oxygenationPlatelet transfusionsProspective randomized trialsOptimal anticoagulation strategyExtracorporeal membrane oxygenationPlatelet transfusion strategyRecent systematic reviewHemostatic changesAnticoagulation strategiesFrequent complicationMost patientsThrombotic complicationsTransfusion strategyRandomized trialsCareful titrationObservational studyTransfusionSystematic reviewAnticoagulationECMOComplicationsBleedingTwo-fold decreaseRiskFirst nosocomial infections in children supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO)
Cousin V, Rodriguez-Vigouroux R, Karam O, Rimensberger P, Posfay-Barbe K. First nosocomial infections in children supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). BMC Pediatrics 2023, 23: 89. PMID: 36823601, PMCID: PMC9948414, DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03908-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVA-ECMO supportPediatric intensive care unitMedian timeClinical signsMedian PICU LOSNosocomial infection occurrenceUrinary tract infectionVentilator-associated pneumoniaExtracorporeal membrane oxygenationIntensive care unitPaucity of dataPICU lengthPICU LOSRefractory shockVA-ECMOTract infectionsMedian ageMembrane oxygenationSternotomy infectionsCare unitRetrospective studySevere infectionsFirst infectionMortality rateInfection occurrenceCardiac manifestations of multisystem inflammatory syndrome of children after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Carmona C, Kuziez M, Freitas C, Cyrus J, Bain J, Karam O. Cardiac manifestations of multisystem inflammatory syndrome of children after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiology In The Young 2023, 33: 2319-2327. PMID: 36762563, DOI: 10.1017/s104795112300015x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMultisystem inflammatory syndromeInflammatory syndromeCardiac manifestationsSystematic reviewSARS-CoV-2 infectionCommon cardiac manifestationVentricular systolic dysfunctionSARS-CoV-2 pandemicCoronary abnormalitiesSystolic dysfunctionHospital periodMembrane oxygenationOvid EmbasePatient outcomesOvid MEDLINEChild patientsLarge cohortAccurate prevalenceElectronic searchMortality rateLiterature databasesPrevalenceSyndromeFull textManifestations
2022
Transfusion Strategies in the 21st Century A Case-Based Narrative Report
Shenker J, Abuelhija H, Karam O, Nellis M. Transfusion Strategies in the 21st Century A Case-Based Narrative Report. Critical Care Clinics 2022, 39: 287-298. PMID: 36898774, DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2022.09.005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchProphylactic Use of Antifibrinolytics During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Postoperative Bleeding and Transfusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Schertz K, Karam O, Demetres M, Mayadunna S, Faraoni D, Nellis ME. Prophylactic Use of Antifibrinolytics During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Postoperative Bleeding and Transfusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2022, 23: e517-e529. PMID: 35997516, DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003049.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsChest tube outputQuality of evidenceCardiopulmonary bypassTranexamic acidCardiac surgeryMean decreaseTube outputPlatelet requirementsPlatelet transfusionsML/P-valueMeta-AnalysisSystematic reviewStandardized data extraction toolBlood product requirementsPediatric cardiac surgeryPlasma requirementsPreferred Reporting ItemsData extraction toolWeb of SciencePostoperative bleedingCyanotic patientsPlasma transfusionBlood lossRBC transfusionAnticoagulation strategies and recurrence of venous thromboembolic events in patients with sickle cell disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
El-Amin N, Iness A, Cyrus JW, Sisler I, Karam O. Anticoagulation strategies and recurrence of venous thromboembolic events in patients with sickle cell disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals Of Hematology 2022, 101: 1931-1940. PMID: 35895101, DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04901-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVenous thromboembolic eventsSickle cell diseaseCell diseaseThromboembolic eventsPulmonary embolismSystematic reviewDevelopment of bleedingOverall bleeding rateVenous thrombotic eventsRisk of mortalityProgression of thrombusAnticoagulant classDifferent anticoagulationAnticoagulation strategiesOverall recurrenceOverall mortalityThrombotic eventsAdverse outcomesPatient populationBleeding rateObservational studyOutcome measuresAppropriate managementPatientsRecurrenceWhat Laboratory Tests and Physiologic Triggers Should Guide the Decision to Administer a Platelet or Plasma Transfusion in Critically Ill Children and What Product Attributes Are Optimal to Guide Specific Product Selection? From the Transfusion and Anemia EXpertise Initiative–Control/Avoidance of Bleeding
Delaney M, Karam O, Lieberman L, Steffen K, Muszynski JA, Goel R, Bateman ST, Parker RI, Nellis ME, Remy KE, Network A. What Laboratory Tests and Physiologic Triggers Should Guide the Decision to Administer a Platelet or Plasma Transfusion in Critically Ill Children and What Product Attributes Are Optimal to Guide Specific Product Selection? From the Transfusion and Anemia EXpertise Initiative–Control/Avoidance of Bleeding. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2022, 23: e1-e13. PMID: 34989701, PMCID: PMC8769352, DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002854.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAnemia EXpertise Initiative-Control/AvoidanceIll pediatric patientsIll childrenPlasma transfusionPediatric patientsPlatelet transfusionsConsensus statementSystematic reviewLos Angeles Appropriateness MethodPhysiologic triggerExpert-based statementsCritically Ill ChildrenDevelopment/UniversityExpert consensus statementCochrane Library databasesBleeding expertsRecommendations AssessmentTransfusion managementAppropriateness MethodBlood productsLaboratory testingTransfusionLibrary databasesConsensus conferenceExpert consensusPlasma and Platelet Transfusion Strategies in Critically Ill Children With Malignancy, Acute Liver Failure and/or Liver Transplantation, or Sepsis: From the Transfusion and Anemia EXpertise Initiative–Control/Avoidance of Bleeding
Lieberman L, Karam O, Stanworth SJ, Goobie SM, Crighton G, Goel R, Lacroix J, Nellis ME, Parker RI, Steffen K, Stricker P, Valentine SL, Steiner ME, Network A. Plasma and Platelet Transfusion Strategies in Critically Ill Children With Malignancy, Acute Liver Failure and/or Liver Transplantation, or Sepsis: From the Transfusion and Anemia EXpertise Initiative–Control/Avoidance of Bleeding. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2022, 23: e37-e49. PMID: 34989704, PMCID: PMC8769367, DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002857.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAnemia EXpertise Initiative-Control/AvoidanceAcute liver diseaseLiver transplantationExpert consensus statementLiver diseaseIntravascular coagulationIll neonatesPlatelet transfusionsIll childrenConsensus statementSystematic reviewLos Angeles Appropriateness MethodExpert-based statementsAcute liver failurePlatelet transfusion strategyDevelopment/UniversityCochrane Library databasesBleeding expertsRecommendations AssessmentTransfusion strategyLiver failureTransfusion managementAppropriateness MethodTransfusionSepsisExecutive Summary of Recommendations and Expert Consensus for Plasma and Platelet Transfusion Practice in Critically Ill Children: From the Transfusion and Anemia EXpertise Initiative—Control/Avoidance of Bleeding (TAXI-CAB)
Nellis ME, Karam O, Valentine SL, Bateman ST, Remy KE, Lacroix J, Cholette JM, Bembea MM, Russell RT, Steiner ME, Goobie SM, Tucci M, Stricker PA, Stanworth SJ, Delaney M, Lieberman L, Muszynski JA, Bauer DF, Steffen K, Nishijima D, Ibla J, Emani S, Vogel AM, Haas T, Goel R, Crighton G, Delgado D, Demetres M, Parker RI, Network A. Executive Summary of Recommendations and Expert Consensus for Plasma and Platelet Transfusion Practice in Critically Ill Children: From the Transfusion and Anemia EXpertise Initiative—Control/Avoidance of Bleeding (TAXI-CAB). Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2022, 23: 34-51. PMID: 34989711, PMCID: PMC8820267, DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002851.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIll pediatric patientsPlatelet transfusionsPediatric patientsIll childrenAnemia EXpertise Initiative-Control/AvoidanceSystematic reviewExpert-based consensusMultidisciplinary international expertsPlatelet transfusion practicesGrading of RecommendationsRisk of bleedingAdministration of plasmaConsensus-based statementsCochrane Library databasesEvidence-based recommendationsBest practice statementsClinical decision treeSubject Headings termsCritical illnessIll infantsTransfusion practicePediatric intensivistsConsensus statementTransfusionLibrary databasesCoagulation Dysfunction Criteria in Critically Ill Children: The PODIUM Consensus Conference.
Faustino EVS, Karam O, Parker RI, Hanson SJ, Brandão LR, Monagle P. Coagulation Dysfunction Criteria in Critically Ill Children: The PODIUM Consensus Conference. Pediatrics 2022, 149: s79-s83. PMID: 34970670, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-052888l.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCoagulation dysfunctionIll childrenCritical illnessStandard data extraction formOrgan-specific outcomesPediatric critical illnessPODIUM Consensus ConferenceD-dimer valuesInternational normalized ratioPatient-centered outcomesData extraction formOutcomes of interestLiver dysfunctionPlatelet countAdverse outcomesNormalized ratioFunctional statusEligible studiesFibrinogen levelsBias assessmentCoagulation testsCurrent evidenceConsensus conferenceElectronic searchTask force membersPediatric Organ Dysfunction Information Update Mandate (PODIUM) Contemporary Organ Dysfunction Criteria: Executive Summary.
Bembea MM, Agus M, Akcan-Arikan A, Alexander P, Basu R, Bennett TD, Bohn D, Brandão LR, Brown AM, Carcillo JA, Checchia P, Cholette J, Cheifetz IM, Cornell T, Doctor A, Eckerle M, Erickson S, Farris RWD, Faustino EVS, Fitzgerald JC, Fuhrman DY, Giuliano JS, Guilliams K, Gaies M, Gorga SM, Hall M, Hanson SJ, Hartman M, Hassinger AB, Irving SY, Jeffries H, Jouvet P, Kannan S, Karam O, Khemani RG, Kissoon N, Lacroix J, Laussen P, Leclerc F, Lee JH, Leteurtre S, Lobner K, McKiernan PJ, Menon K, Monagle P, Muszynski JA, Odetola F, Parker R, Pathan N, Pierce RW, Pineda J, Prince JM, Robinson KA, Rowan CM, Ryerson LM, Sanchez-Pinto LN, Schlapbach LJ, Selewski DT, Shekerdemian LS, Simon D, Smith LS, Squires JE, Squires RH, Sutherland SM, Ouellette Y, Spaeder MC, Srinivasan V, Steiner ME, Tasker RC, Thiagarajan R, Thomas N, Tissieres P, Traube C, Tucci M, Typpo KV, Wainwright MS, Ward SL, Watson RS, Weiss S, Whitney J, Willson D, Wynn JL, Yehya N, Zimmerman JJ. Pediatric Organ Dysfunction Information Update Mandate (PODIUM) Contemporary Organ Dysfunction Criteria: Executive Summary. Pediatrics 2022, 149: s1-s12. PMID: 34970673, PMCID: PMC9599725, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-052888b.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMultiple organ dysfunctionOrgan dysfunctionIll childrenElectronic data extraction formSingle organ dysfunctionPrognosis Studies toolRisk of biasImmune system dysfunctionMedical Subject Headings termsEvidence-based criteriaData extraction formSubject Headings termsAcute liverSystem dysfunctionClinical assessmentElectronic searchDysfunctionExtraction formSystematic reviewAvailable evidenceExpert panelMeaningful outcomesStudy identificationChildrenStudy tool
2021
Airway microbiome dynamics and relationship to ventilator‐associated infection in intubated pediatric patients
Tarquinio KM, Karsies T, Shein SL, Beardsley A, Khemani R, Schwarz A, Smith L, Flori H, Karam O, Cao Q, Haider Z, Smirnova E, Serrano MG, Buck GA, Willson DF. Airway microbiome dynamics and relationship to ventilator‐associated infection in intubated pediatric patients. Pediatric Pulmonology 2021, 57: 508-518. PMID: 34811963, PMCID: PMC8809006, DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25769.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVentilator-associated infectionDays of intubationAirway microbiomeSerial tracheal aspirate samplesPediatric intensive care unitIntensive care unitIntubated pediatric patientsTracheal aspirate samplesTracheal microbiomePediatric patientsCare unitClinical parametersIntubation periodClinical variablesAntibiotic treatmentVentilated subjectsAspirate samplesInfection scoreMedian numberSubject demographicsPorphyromonadaceae familyMicrobiome patternsIntubationVeillonella atypicaPatientsTransfusion practices for pediatric oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients: Data from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III)
Goel R, Nellis ME, Karam O, Hanson SJ, Tormey CA, Patel RM, Birch R, Sachais BS, Sola‐Visner M, Hauser RG, Luban NLC, Gottschall J, Josephson CD, Hendrickson JE, Karafin MS, Study‐IV‐Pediatric F. Transfusion practices for pediatric oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients: Data from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III). Transfusion 2021, 61: 2589-2600. PMID: 34455598, DOI: 10.1111/trf.16626.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInternational normalized ratioBlood Institute Recipient EpidemiologyDonor Evaluation Study-IIINational Heart LungTransfusion practicePediatric oncologyRecipient EpidemiologyHSCT patientsPlasma transfusionRed blood cellsPlatelet countHeart LungHematopoietic stem cell transplantation patientsHematopoietic stem cell transplant patientsMedian international normalized ratioStem cell transplant patientsStem cell transplantation patientsLower INR valuesPre-transfusion HbMedian platelet countMulticenter retrospective studyCell transplant patientsCell transplantation patientsStudy IIIAcute myeloid leukemiaTransfusion Practices in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Secondary Analysis of a Clinical Database
Hanson SJ, Karam O, Birch R, Goel R, Patel RM, Sola-Visner M, Sachais BS, Hauser RG, Luban NLC, Gottschall J, Josephson CD, Hendrickson JE, Karafin MS, Nellis ME, Lung A. Transfusion Practices in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Secondary Analysis of a Clinical Database. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2021, 22: 978-987. PMID: 34261944, PMCID: PMC8570986, DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002805.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCongenital heart diseaseBiventricular surgeryCardiopulmonary bypass surgeryHeart diseaseMedian internationalBypass surgeryMembrane oxygenationPlatelet countBlood componentsVentricular surgeryHemoglobin valuesBlood Institute Recipient EpidemiologyDonor Evaluation Study-IIIHigher median platelet countNormal international normalized ratioIntraoperative platelet transfusionLimited physiologic reserveMultiple blood productsPretransfusion platelet countU.S. hospitalsMedian platelet countBlood component transfusionBlood component usageExtracorporeal membrane oxygenationInternational normalized ratioFactors Associated With Initiation of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Pediatric Population: An International Survey
Nguyen DA, De Mul A, Hoskote AU, Cogo P, da Cruz EM, Erickson S, Lasa JJ, Thiagarajan RR, Bembea MM, Karam O, ESPNIC A. Factors Associated With Initiation of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Pediatric Population: An International Survey. ASAIO Journal 2021, 68: 413-418. PMID: 34074851, DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001495.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsExtracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitationCPR durationCardiac arrestCardiopulmonary resuscitationIntensive care unit locationPediatric critical care physiciansCPR qualityPostoperative cardiac surgeryChronic respiratory failureMultiple organ failurePediatric extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitationDuration of CPRPediatric critical care environmentCritical care physiciansDoses of adrenalineFormer preterm childrenLocation of arrestUnwitnessed cardiac arrestExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation teamBetter CPR qualityCritical care environmentECPR initiationECMO initiationRespiratory failureClinical determinants