1994
Allelic Variation in the D4 Dopamine Receptor (DRD4) Gene Does Not Predict Response to Clozapine
Rao PA, Pickar D, Gejman PV, Ram A, Gershon ES, Gelernter J. Allelic Variation in the D4 Dopamine Receptor (DRD4) Gene Does Not Predict Response to Clozapine. JAMA Psychiatry 1994, 51: 912-917. PMID: 7944879, DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950110072009.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsClinical responseTherapeutic effectAtypical antipsychotic drug clozapineClozapine's therapeutic effectsTreatment-refractory schizophreniaPathophysiology of schizophreniaAntipsychotic drug clozapineD4 dopamine receptorsDRD4 allelesPutative third cytoplasmic loopSchizoaffective patientsTherapeutic responseTherapy variesDopamine receptorsSchizoaffective subjectsTreatment responseThird cytoplasmic loopDrug clozapineClozapineDopamine receptor geneSchizoaffective disorderD4 receptorsPolymerase chain reaction amplificationReceptor allelesChain reaction amplification
1988
Schizophrenia: Instability in Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Systems
Gelernter J, van Kammen D. Schizophrenia: Instability in Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Systems. International Review Of Neurobiology 1988, 29: 309-347. PMID: 3042667, DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60091-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGABA systemΓ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systemPathophysiology of schizophreniaClinical instabilitySymptomatic periodClinical syndromeDA dysregulationNeurotransmitter systemsSystem disordersState-dependent changesClinical pathologyConflicting dataSchizophrenia researchSchizophreniaDopamineGenetic vulnerabilitySchizophrenic individualsMost evidenceNorepinephrineSerotoninNE systemDisordersEvidenceRelapsePathophysiology