2022
Global, regional, and national burden of diseases and injuries for adults 70 years and older: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study
Tyrovolas S, Stergachis A, Krish V, Chang A, Skirbekk V, Dieleman J, Chatterji S, Abd-Allah F, Abdollahi M, Abedi A, Abolhassani H, Abosetugn A, Abreu L, Abrigo M, Abu Haimed A, Adabi M, Adebayo O, Adedeji I, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh O, Adham D, Advani S, Afarideh M, Agarwal G, Aghaali M, Aghamir S, Agrawal A, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmadi K, Ahmadi M, Ahmed M, Akinyemi R, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alanezi F, Alanzi T, Alcalde-Rabanal J, Alemu B, Al-Hajj S, Alhassan R, Ali S, Alicandro G, Alijanzadeh M, Alipour V, Aljunid S, Alla F, Almadi M, Almasi-Hashiani A, Almulhim A, Al-Raddadi R, Aminorroaya A, Amiri F, Amit A, Amugsi D, Anbesu E, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Andrei T, Andrei C, Androudi S, Anjomshoa M, Ansari F, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Antonio C, Antony B, Anvari D, Anwer R, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Ärnlöv J, Asaad M, Asadi-Aliabadi M, Asadi-Pooya A, Atout M, Ausloos M, Ausloos F, Quintanilla B, Ayano G, Ayanore M, Aynalem Y, Azari S, Azene Z, Babaee E, Badiye A, Balachandran A, Banach M, Banerjee S, Banik P, Barker-Collo S, Basu S, Baune B, Bayati M, Baye B, Bedi N, Beghi E, Béjot Y, Bell M, Bensenor I, Bhagavathula A, Bhardwaj P, Bhattacharyya K, Bhattarai S, Bhutta Z, Bibi S, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Biondi A, Birihane B, Biswas A, Bjørge T, Bohlouli S, Bolla S, Boloor A, Boufous S, Braithwaite D, Brenner H, Briggs A, Briko N, Britton G, Nagaraja S, Busse R, Butt Z, dos Santos F, Cámera L, Car J, Cárdenas R, Carreras G, Carrero J, Carvalho F, Castaldelli-Maia J, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Castelpietra G, Castro F, Cerin E, Cevik M, Chandan J, Chang A, Charan J, Chattu V, Chaturvedi P, Chaturvedi S, Chavan P, Chen S, Cherbuin N, Chin K, Cho D, Chowdhury M, Chu D, Chung S, Chung M, Ciobanu L, Costa V, Cousin E, Criqui M, Cross M, Dahlawi S, Damiani G, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daneshpajouhnejad P, Das J, Gupta R, Dávila-Cervantes C, Davletov K, Deeba F, De Leo D, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Dervenis N, Desai R, Dharmaratne S, Dhungana G, Dianatinasab M, da Silva D, Diaz D, Dichgans M, Djalalinia S, Dokova K, Dorostkar F, Doshmangir L, Duncan B, Duraes A, Eagan A, Kalan M, Edvardsson D, Effiong A, Ehrlich J, Elgendy I, El-Jaafary S, Sayed I, Zaki M, Tantawi M, Eshrati B, Eskandari K, Eskandarieh S, Esmaeilnejad S, Etisso A, Faris P, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fazlzadeh M, Feigin V, Fereshtehnejad S, Fernandes E, Ferrara P, Ferreira M, Filip I, Fischer F, Fisher J, Foigt N, Folayan M, Fomenkov A, Foroutan M, Franklin R, Freitas M, Gad M, Gallus S, Gamkrelidze A, Gebre A, Gebremeskel L, Ghaffarifar F, Ghafourifard M, Ghajarzadeh M, Gheshlagh R, Ghashghaee A, Ghith N, Gholamian A, Gill T, Gillum R, Giné-Vázquez I, Giussani G, Glagn M, Gnedovskaya E, Godinho M, Goharinezhad S, Gopalani S, Gorini G, Goulart A, Grivna M, Gugnani H, Guimarães R, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gutiérrez R, Hafiz A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hankey G, Haririan H, Haro J, Hasaballah A, Hashemian M, Hashi A, Hassan S, Hassan A, Hassanipour S, Hay S, Hayat K, Heidari-Soureshjani R, Hendrie D, Herteliu C, Ho H, Hoang C, Holla R, Hoogar P, Hossain N, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Hsairi M, Hu G, Humayun A, Hwang B, Iavicoli I, Ibitoye S, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Inbaraj L, Iqbal U, Irvani S, Islam, Iso H, Ivers R, Iwu C, Iwu C, Jaafari J, Jahani M, Jakovljevic M, Jalilian F, Janjani H, Janodia M, Javaheri T, Jenabi E, Jha R, Ji J, John O, Jonas J, Jozwiak J, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kalani R, Kalhor R, Kanchan T, Kapoor N, Matin B, Karch A, Kasa A, Kayode G, Karyani A, Khader Y, Khalid N, Khammarnia M, Khan M, Khan E, Khatab K, Khatib M, Khayamzadeh M, Khazaie H, Khoja A, Kim Y, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kisa S, Kisa A, Kivimäki M, Kneib C, Kochhar S, Koolivand A, Kopec J, Kotlo A, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Defo B, Kumar G, Kumar N, Kumar M, Kurmi O, Kusuma D, Lacey B, Lal D, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lam J, Lami F, Landires I, Lansingh V, Larsson A, Lasrado S, Lauriola P, La Vecchia C, Leasher J, Lebedev G, Lee P, Lee S, Leigh J, Leonardi M, Levey A, Levi M, Li S, Linn S, Liu X, Lopez A, Lopukhov P, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Lozano R, Lugo A, Lunevicius R, Madadin M, Maddison R, Mahasha P, Mahmoudi M, Majeed A, Maleki S, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Malta D, Mamun A, Manafi N, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mansouri B, Mansournia M, Martini S, Martins-Melo F, Masoumi S, Massano J, Maulik P, Mazidi M, McGrath J, McKee M, Mehndiratta M, Mehri F, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Mendoza W, Menezes R, Mensah G, Mereke A, Meretoja T, Meretoja A, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski T, Michalek I, Miller T, Mills E, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov E, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei M, Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Mitchell P, Moazen B, Moghadaszadeh M, Mohamadi E, Mohammad Y, Mohammad D, Mohammadi S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed S, Mokdad A, Molassiotis A, Momen N, Mondello S, Moradi M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradpour F, Moradzadeh R, Moraga P, Morawska L, Mori R, Mousavi S, Khaneghah A, Mueller U, Mukhopadhyay S, Muriithi M, Naderi M, Nagarajan A, Naghshtabrizi B, Naimzada M, Najafi F, Nansseu J, Ndejjo R, Negoi I, Negoi R, Neupane S, Nguefack-Tsague G, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen C, Nguyen H, Nikbakhsh R, Nnaji C, Nojomi M, Nomura S, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Nowak C, Nuñez-Samudio V, Ogbo F, Oh I, Oladnabi M, Olagunju A, Olusanya J, Olusanya B, Omer M, Onwujekwe O, Ostojic S, Oțoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov S, Owolabi M, Mahesh P, Padubidri J, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Panelo C, Pasupula D, Toroudi H, Pearson-Stuttard J, Peden A, Pepito V, Peprah E, Pereira J, Pesudovs K, Pham H, Phillips M, Pilgrim T, Pinheiro M, Piradov M, Pirsaheb M, Polibin R, Polinder S, Postma M, Pourjafar H, Pourshams A, Prada S, Prakash S, Pribadi D, Pupillo E, Syed Z, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafiee A, Raggi A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman M, Ramezanzadeh K, Ranabhat C, Ranta A, Rao S, Rashedi V, Rastogi P, Rathi P, Rawaf S, Rawaf D, Rawal L, Rawassizadeh R, Renzaho A, Reshmi B, Resnikoff S, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezapour A, Riahi S, Ribeiro D, Ribeiro A, Rickard J, Roever L, Romoli M, Rothenbacher D, Rubagotti E, Rumisha S, Saadatagah S, Sabour S, Sachdev P, Sadeghi M, Sadeghi E, Moghaddam S, Sagar R, Sahraian M, Sajadi S, Salam N, Salem M, Salimzadeh H, Salman O, Samy A, Sanabria J, Riera L, Santos I, Santric-Milicevic M, Saraswathy S, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sathish T, Sattin D, Schiavolin S, Schmidt M, Schutte A, Schwebel D, Schwendicke F, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou S, Sha F, Shafaat O, Shahabi S, Shaheen A, Shaikh M, Shakhnazarova M, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharafi K, Shetty B, Shibuya K, Shiferaw W, Shigematsu M, Shin J, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shuval K, Sigfusdottir I, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silva J, Simonetti B, Singh J, Singh P, Singh A, Sinha D, Skou S, Skryabin V, Smith E, Sobhiyeh M, Soheili A, Soltani S, Soriano J, Soyiri I, Spurlock E, Sreeramareddy C, Stein D, Stockfelt L, Stokes M, Stranges S, Stubbs J, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan M, Suleria H, Abdulkader R, Sulo G, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Taddele B, Taherkhani A, Tajdini M, Tareque I, Tefera Y, Temsah M, Tessema Z, Thankappan K, Thapar R, Thrift A, Titova M, Tohidinik H, Tonelli M, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone M, Tran B, Travillian R, Tsai A, Tsatsakis A, Uddin R, Ullah S, Umeokonkwo C, Unnikrishnan B, Vacante M, Valdez P, van Donkelaar A, Varughese S, Vasankari T, Vasseghian Y, Veisani Y, Venketasubramanian N, Violante F, Vlassov V, Waheed Y, Wang Y, Wang F, Wang Y, Wei J, Weintraub R, Weiss J, Westerman R, Wiangkham T, Wolfe C, Wu A, Jabbari S, Yamagishi K, Yano Y, Yaya S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yeshitila Y, Yimmer M, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon S, Younis M, Yousefi Z, Yousefinezhadi T, Yu C, Yu Y, Yusefzadeh H, Zaidi S, Bin Zaman S, Zamanian M, Zarafshan H, Zastrozhin M, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhu C, Kotsakis G, Kassebaum N. Global, regional, and national burden of diseases and injuries for adults 70 years and older: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study. The BMJ 2022, 376: e068208. PMID: 35273014, PMCID: PMC9316948, DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068208.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHealthy life expectancyBurden of diseaseHealthcare accessDisability burdenLife expectancyOlder adultsRisk factorsGlobal burdenPopulation of older adultsGlobal Burden of DiseaseNational burden of diseaseNon-communicable diseasesDisability adjusted life yearsRisk Factors StudyYears of lifeHigh-income countriesAdjusted life yearsProportion of yearsHigher life expectancyExposure risk factorsEnhance public healthSymptoms of painAge 70Hearing lossDisability trends
2020
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019 Update From the GBD 2019 Study
Roth G, Mensah G, Johnson C, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour L, Barengo N, Beaton A, Benjamin E, Benziger C, Bonny A, Brauer M, Brodmann M, Cahill T, Carapetis J, Catapano A, Chugh S, Cooper L, Coresh J, Criqui M, DeCleene N, Eagle K, Emmons-Bell S, Feigin V, Fernández-Solà J, Fowkes G, Gakidou E, Grundy S, He F, Howard G, Hu F, Inker L, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Koroshetz W, Lavie C, Lloyd-Jones D, Lu H, Mirijello A, Temesgen A, Mokdad A, Moran A, Muntner P, Narula J, Neal B, Ntsekhe M, de Oliveira G, Otto C, Owolabi M, Pratt M, Rajagopalan S, Reitsma M, Ribeiro A, Rigotti N, Rodgers A, Sable C, Shakil S, Sliwa-Hahnle K, Stark B, Sundström J, Timpel P, Tleyjeh I, Valgimigli M, Vos T, Whelton P, Yacoub M, Zuhlke L, Murray C, Fuster V, Group G, Roth G, Mensah G, Johnson C, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour L, Barengo N, Beaton A, Benjamin E, Benziger C, Bonny A, Brauer M, Brodmann M, Cahill T, Carapetis J, Catapano A, Chugh S, Cooper L, Coresh J, Criqui M, DeCleene N, Eagle K, Emmons-Bell S, Feigin V, Fernández-Sola J, Fowkes F, Gakidou E, Grundy S, He F, Howard G, Hu F, Inker L, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Koroshetz W, Lavie C, Lloyd-Jones D, Lu H, Mirijello A, Misganaw A, Mokdad A, Moran A, Muntner P, Narula J, Neal B, Ntsekhe M, Oliveira G, Otto C, Owolabi M, Pratt M, Rajagopalan S, Reitsma M, Ribeiro A, Rigotti N, Rodgers A, Sable C, Shakil S, Sliwa K, Stark B, Sundström J, Timpel P, Tleyjeh I, Valgimigli M, Vos T, Whelton P, Yacoub M, Zuhlke L, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abdi A, Abedi A, Aboyans V, Abrha W, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abushouk A, Acharya D, Adair T, Adebayo O, Ademi Z, Advani S, Afshari K, Afshin A, Agarwal G, Agasthi P, Ahmad S, Ahmadi S, Ahmed M, Aji B, Akalu Y, Akande-Sholabi W, Aklilu A, Akunna C, Alahdab F, Al-Eyadhy A, Alhabib K, Alif M, Alipour V, Aljunid S, Alla F, Almasi-Hashiani A, Almustanyir S, Al-Raddadi R, Amegah A, Amini S, Aminorroaya A, Amu H, Amugsi D, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Andrei T, Andrei C, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Anteneh Z, Antonazzo I, Antony B, Anwer R, Appiah L, Arabloo J, Ärnlöv J, Artanti K, Ataro Z, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awan A, Awoke M, Ayele H, Ayza M, Azari S, Darshan B, Baheiraei N, Baig A, Bakhtiari A, Banach M, Banik P, Baptista E, Barboza M, Barua L, Basu S, Bedi N, Béjot Y, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berman A, Bezabih Y, Bhagavathula A, Bhaskar S, Bhattacharyya K, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Birhanu M, Boloor A, Brant L, Brenner H, Briko N, Butt Z, dos Santos F, Cahill L, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Cámera L, Campos-Nonato I, Cantu-Brito C, Car J, Carrero J, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Charan J, Chattu V, Chen S, Chin K, Choi J, Chu D, Chung S, Cirillo M, Coffey S, Conti S, Costa V, Cundiff D, Dadras O, Dagnew B, Dai X, Damasceno A, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davletov K, De la Cruz-Góngora V, De la Hoz F, De Neve J, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Molla M, Derseh B, Desai R, Deuschl G, Dharmaratne S, Dhimal M, Dhungana R, Dianatinasab M, Diaz D, Djalalinia S, Dokova K, Douiri A, Duncan B, Duraes A, Eagan A, Ebtehaj S, Eftekhari A, Eftekharzadeh S, Ekholuenetale M, Nahas N, Elgendy I, Elhadi M, El-Jaafary S, Esteghamati S, Etisso A, Eyawo O, Fadhil I, Faraon E, Faris P, Farwati M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes E, Prendes C, Ferrara P, Filip I, Fischer F, Flood D, Fukumoto T, Gad M, Gaidhane S, Ganji M, Garg J, Gebre A, Gebregiorgis B, Gebregzabiher K, Gebremeskel G, Getacher L, Obsa A, Ghajar A, Ghashghaee A, Ghith N, Giampaoli S, Gilani S, Gill P, Gillum R, Glushkova E, Gnedovskaya E, Golechha M, Gonfa K, Goudarzian A, Goulart A, Guadamuz J, Guha A, Guo Y, Gupta R, Hachinski V, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haile T, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hankey G, Hargono A, Hartono R, Hashemian M, Hashi A, Hassan S, Hassen H, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hayat K, Heidari G, Herteliu C, Holla R, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Huang J, Humayun A, Iavicoli I, Ibeneme C, Ibitoye S, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Iqbal U, Irvani S, Islam M, Islam R, Iso H, Iwagami M, Jain V, Javaheri T, Jayapal S, Jayaram S, Jayawardena R, Jeemon P, Jha R, Jonas J, Jonnagaddala J, Joukar F, Jozwiak J, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kahlon T, Kalani R, Kalhor R, Kamath A, Kamel I, Kandel H, Kandel A, Karch A, Kasa A, Katoto P, Kayode G, Khader Y, Khammarnia M, Khan M, Khan N, Khan M, Khan E, Khatab K, Kibria G, Kim Y, Kim G, Kimokoti R, Kisa S, Kisa A, Kivimäki M, Kolte D, Koolivand A, Korshunov V, Laxminarayana S, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Defo B, Bicer B, Kulkarni V, Kumar G, Kumar N, Kurmi O, Kusuma D, Kwan G, La Vecchia C, Lacey B, Lallukka T, Lan Q, Lasrado S, Lassi Z, Lauriola P, Lawrence W, Laxmaiah A, LeGrand K, Li M, Li B, Li S, Lim S, Lim L, Lin H, Lin Z, Lin R, Liu X, Lopez A, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Lugo A, Nirmal K, Madotto F, Mahmoudi M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malik A, Mamun A, Manafi N, Mansournia M, Mantovani L, Martini S, Mathur M, Mazzaglia G, Mehata S, Mehndiratta M, Meier T, Menezes R, Meretoja A, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Michalek I, Miller T, Mirrakhimov E, Mirzaei H, Moazen B, Moghadaszadeh M, Mohammad Y, Mohammad D, Mohammed S, Mohammed M, Mokhayeri Y, Molokhia M, Montasir A, Moradi G, Moradzadeh R, Moraga P, Morawska L, Velásquez I, Morze J, Mubarik S, Muruet W, Musa K, Nagarajan A, Nalini, Nangia V, Naqvi A, Swamy S, Nascimento B, Nayak V, Nazari J, Nazarzadeh M, Negoi R, Kandel S, Nguyen H, Nixon M, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Nouthe B, Nowak C, Odukoya O, Ogbo F, Olagunju A, Orru H, Ortiz A, Ostroff S, Padubidri J, Palladino R, Pana A, Panda-Jonas S, Parekh U, Park E, Parvizi M, Kan F, Patel U, Pathak M, Paudel R, Pepito V, Perianayagam A, Perico N, Pham H, Pilgrim T, Piradov M, Pishgar F, Podder V, Polibin R, Pourshams A, Pribadi D, Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahmani A, Rakovac I, Ram P, Ramalingam S, Rana J, Ranasinghe P, Rao S, Rathi P, Rawal L, Rawasia W, Rawassizadeh R, Remuzzi G, Renzaho A, Rezapour A, Riahi S, Roberts-Thomson R, Roever L, Rohloff P, Romoli M, Roshandel G, Rwegerera G, Saadatagah S, Saber-Ayad M, Sabour S, Sacco S, Sadeghi M, Moghaddam S, Safari S, Sahebkar A, Salehi S, Salimzadeh H, Samaei M, Samy A, Santos I, Santric-Milicevic M, Sarrafzadegan N, Sarveazad A, Sathish T, Sawhney M, Saylan M, Schmidt M, Schutte A, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou S, Sha F, Shahabi S, Shahid I, Shaikh M, Shamali, Shamsizadeh M, Shawon S, Sheikh A, Shigematsu M, Shin M, Shin J, Shiri R, Shiue I, Shuval K, Siabani S, Siddiqi T, Silva D, Singh J, Mtech A, Skryabin V, Skryabina A, Soheili A, Spurlock E, Stockfelt L, Stortecky S, Stranges S, Abdulkader R, Tadbiri H, Tadesse E, Tadesse D, Tajdini M, Tariqujjaman, Teklehaimanot B, Temsah M, Tesema A, Thakur B, Thankappan K, Thapar R, Thrift A, Timalsina B, Tonelli M, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone M, Tripathi A, Tripathy J, Truelsen T, Tsegay G, Tsegaye G, Tsilimparis N, Tusa B, Tyrovolas S, Umapathi K, Unim B, Unnikrishnan B, Usman M, Vaduganathan M, Valdez P, Vasankari T, Velazquez D, Venketasubramanian N, Vu G, Vujcic I, Waheed Y, Wang Y, Wang F, Wei J, Weintraub R, Weldemariam A, Westerman R, Winkler A, Wiysonge C, Wolfe C, Wubishet B, Xu G, Yadollahpour A, Yamagishi K, Yan L, Yandrapalli S, Yano Y, Yatsuya H, Yeheyis T, Yeshaw Y, Yilgwan C, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Yusefzadeh H, Zachariah G, Bin Zaman S, Zaman M, Zamanian M, Zand R, Zandifar A, Zarghi A, Zastrozhin M, Zastrozhina A, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhong C, Zou Z, Zuniga Y, Murray C, Fuster V. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019 Update From the GBD 2019 Study. Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology 2020, 76: 2982-3021. PMID: 33309175, PMCID: PMC7755038, DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGlobal Burden of DiseaseDisability-adjusted life yearsIschemic heart diseaseCardiovascular disease burdenHigh-income countriesCardiovascular diseaseGlobal burdenPrevalent casesEstimates of population healthBurden of cardiovascular diseaseAge-standardized ratesCardiovascular disease deathsRates of cardiovascular diseaseCVD burdenRisk factorsGlobal burden of cardiovascular diseaseCases of ischemic heart diseaseBurden of diseaseSustainable Development Goal 3Cases of strokeGBD 2019 studyTotal cardiovascular diseaseTotal CVD burdenPopulation healthNoncommunicable diseases