2009
Relationship of nicotine dependence, subsyndromal and pathological gambling, and other psychiatric disorders: data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
Grant JE, Desai RA, Potenza MN. Relationship of nicotine dependence, subsyndromal and pathological gambling, and other psychiatric disorders: data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The Journal Of Clinical Psychiatry 2009, 70: 334-43. PMID: 19254518, PMCID: PMC3691098, DOI: 10.4088/jcp.08m04211.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAlcoholismAnxiety DisordersBipolar DisorderComorbidityCross-Sectional StudiesDepressive Disorder, MajorFemaleGamblingHealth SurveysHumansMaleMental DisordersMiddle AgedPersonality DisordersPhobic DisordersRisk AssessmentSocioeconomic FactorsTobacco Use DisorderUnited StatesYoung AdultConceptsNicotine dependenceNational Epidemiologic SurveyPsychiatric disordersAxis IEpidemiologic SurveyRelated conditionsPathological gamblingPathological levelsCurrent nicotine dependenceMultiple Axis IMain outcome measuresDSM-IV nicotine dependenceNicotine-dependent subjectsMultiple psychiatric disordersProblem/pathological gamblingOutcome measuresElevated riskDependent respondentsDiagnostic criteriaSubsyndromal levelsSpecific preventionSignificant psychopathologySignificant nicotinePathological gambling severityDisorders
1999
Naloxone Challenge in Smokers: Preliminary Evidence of an Opioid Component in Nicotine Dependence
Krishnan-Sarin S, Rosen M, O'Malley S. Naloxone Challenge in Smokers: Preliminary Evidence of an Opioid Component in Nicotine Dependence. JAMA Psychiatry 1999, 56: 663-668. PMID: 10401515, DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.663.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEndogenous opioid systemOpioid systemNicotine dependenceOpiate-like withdrawalNicotine-dependent individualsDose-dependent increaseNicotine-dependent subjectsPreliminary evidenceOpioid componentAdrenal axisNaloxone challengeWithdrawal signsCortisol releaseNeuroendocrine parametersNicotine cravingCigarette smokeLong-term exposureCortisol levelsBaseline levelsLow dosesSubjective signsNaloxoneSmokersChallenge proceduresSymptoms
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