Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Collaborators G, Steinmetz J, Seeher K, Schiess N, Nichols E, Cao B, Servili C, Cavallera V, Cousin E, Hagins H, Moberg M, Mehlman M, Abate Y, Abbas J, Abbasi M, Abbasian M, Abbastabar H, Abdelmasseh M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahifar M, Abd-Rabu R, Abdulah D, Abdullahi A, Abedi A, Abedi V, Zuñiga R, Abidi H, Abiodun O, Aboagye R, Abolhassani H, Aboyans V, Abrha W, Abualhasan A, Abu-Gharbieh E, Aburuz S, Adamu L, Addo I, Adebayo O, Adekanmbi V, Adekiya T, Adikusuma W, Adnani Q, Adra S, Afework T, Afolabi A, Afraz A, Afzal S, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah B, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad S, Ahmadzade A, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed J, Ahmed L, Ahmed M, Ahmed S, Ajami M, Aji B, Ajumobi O, Akade S, Akbari M, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemi R, Akonde M, Al Hasan S, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal T, Al-amer R, Albashtawy M, AlBataineh M, Aldawsari K, Alemi H, Alemi S, Algammal A, Al-Gheethi A, Alhalaiqa F, Alhassan R, Ali A, Ali E, Ali L, Ali M, Ali M, Ali R, Ali S, Ali S, Ali Z, Alif M, Alimohamadi Y, Aliyi A, Aljofan M, Aljunid S, Alladi S, Almazan J, Almustanyir S, Al-Omari B, Alqahtani J, Alqasmi I, Alqutaibi A, Salman R, Altaany Z, Al-Tawfiq J, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Al-Worafi Y, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi K, Amani R, Amindarolzarbi A, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq M, Amu H, Amugsi D, Amusa G, Amzat J, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson D, Andrei C, Androudi S, Angappan D, Angesom T, Anil A, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Anwer R, Arafat M, Aravkin A, Areda D, Ariffin H, Arifin H, Arkew M, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov A, Artanti K, Aruleba R, Asadi-Pooya A, Asena T, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ashraf M, Ashraf T, Atalell K, Athari S, Atinafu B, Atorkey, Atout M, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Avan A, Quintanilla B, Ayatollahi H, Ayinde O, Ayyoubzadeh S, Azadnajafabad S, Azizi Z, Azizian K, Azzam A, Babaei M, Badar M, Badiye A, Baghdadi S, Bagherieh S, Bai R, Baig A, Balakrishnan S, Balalla S, Baltatu O, Banach M, Bandyopadhyay S, Banerjee I, Baran M, Barboza M, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Barker-Collo S, Bärnighausen T, Barrow A, Bashash D, Bashiri H, Bashiru H, Basiru A, Basso J, Basu S, Batiha A, Batra K, Baune B, Bedi N, Begde A, Begum T, Behnam B, Behnoush A, Beiranvand M, Béjot Y, Bekele A, Belete M, Belgaumi U, Bemanalizadeh M, Bender R, Benfor B, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berice B, Bettencourt P, Beyene K, Bhadra A, Bhagat D, Bhangdia K, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhargava A, Bhaskar S, Bhat A, Bhat V, Bhatti G, Bhatti J, Bhatti R, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bilalaga M, Biswas A, Bitaraf S, Bitra V, Bjørge T, Bodolica V, Bodunrin A, Boloor A, Braithwaite D, Brayne C, Brenner H, Briko A, Vega M, Brown J, Budke C, Buonsenso D, Burkart K, Burns R, Bustanji Y, Butt M, Butt N, Butt Z, Cabral L, dos Santos F, Calina D, Campos-Nonato I, Cao C, Carabin H, Cárdenas R, Carreras G, Carvalho A, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Casulli A, Catalá-López F, Catapano A, Caye A, Cegolon L, Cenderadewi M, Cerin E, Chacón-Uscamaita P, Chan J, Chanie G, Charan J, Chattu V, Abebe E, Chen H, Chen J, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chidambaram S, Chimoriya R, Ching P, Chitheer A, Chong Y, Chopra H, Choudhari S, Chowdhury E, Chowdhury R, Christensen H, Chu D, Chukwu I, Chung E, Coberly K, Columbus A, Comachio J, Conde J, Cortesi P, Costa V, Couto R, Criqui M, Cruz-Martins N, Ohadi M, Dadana S, Dadras O, Dai X, Dai Z, D'Amico E, Danawi H, Dandona L, Dandona R, Darwish A, Das S, Das S, Dascalu A, Dash N, Dashti M, De la Hoz F, de la Torre-Luque A, De Leo D, Dean F, Dehghan A, Dehghan A, Dejene H, Demant D, Demetriades A, Demissie S, Deng X, Desai H, Devanbu V, Dhama K, Dharmaratne S, Dhimal M, da Silva D, Diaz D, Dibas M, Ding D, Dinu M, Dirac M, Diress M, Chi T, Phuong T, Doan K, Dodangeh M, Doheim M, Dokova K, Dongarwar D, Dsouza H, Dube J, Duraisamy S, Durojaiye O, Dutta S, Dziedzic A, Edinur H, Eissazade N, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo T, Nahas N, Sayed I, Najafi M, Elbarazi I, Elemam N, Elgar F, Elgendy I, Elhabashy H, Elhadi M, Elilo L, Ellenbogen R, Elmeligy O, Elmonem M, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emamverdi M, Emeto T, Endres M, Esezobor C, Eskandarieh S, Fadaei A, Fagbamigbe A, Fahim A, Faramarzi A, Fares J, Kouhanjani M, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fatehizadeh A, Fathi M, Fathi S, Fatima S, Feizkhah A, Fereshtehnejad S, Ferrari A, Ferreira N, Fetensa G, Firouraghi N, Fischer F, Fonseca A, Force L, Fornari A, Foroutan B, Fukumoto T, Gadanya M, Gaidhane A, Galali Y, Galehdar N, Gan Q, Gandhi A, Ganesan B, Gardner W, Garg N, Gau S, Gautam R, Gebre T, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremeskel G, Gebreslassie H, Getacher L, Yazdi B, Ghadirian F, Ghaffarpasand F, Ghanbari R, Ghasemi M, Ghazy R, Ghimire S, Gholami A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Ghotbi E, Ghozy S, Gialluisi A, Gill P, Glasstetter L, Gnedovskaya E, Golchin A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gomes-Neto M, Goulart A, Goyal A, Gray R, Grivna M, Guadie H, Guan B, Guarducci G, Guicciardi S, Gunawardane D, Guo H, Gupta B, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta V, Gupta V, Gutiérrez R, Habibzadeh F, Hachinski V, Haddadi R, Hadei M, Hadi N, Haep N, Haile T, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall B, Halwani R, Hameed S, Hamiduzzaman M, Hammoud A, Han H, Hanifi N, Hankey G, Hannan A, Hao J, Harapan H, Hareru H, Hargono A, Harlianto N, Haro J, Hartman N, Hasaballah A, Hasan F, Hasani H, Hasanian M, Hassan A, Hassan S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hassen M, Haubold J, Hay S, Hayat K, Hegazy M, Heidari G, Heidari M, Heidari-Soureshjani R, Hesami H, Hezam K, Hiraike Y, Hoffman H, Holla R, Hopf K, Horita N, Hossain M, Hossain B, Hossain S, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Hu C, Huang J, Huda N, Hussain J, Hussein N, Huynh H, Hwang B, Ibitoye S, Ilaghi M, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Immurana M, Iravanpour F, Islam M, Ismail F, Iso H, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iwu C, Iyer M, Jaan A, Jacob L, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jafari M, Jafarinia M, Jafarzadeh A, Jahankhani K, Jahanmehr N, Jahrami H, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Jamora R, Jana S, Javadi N, Javed S, Javeed S, Jayapal S, Jayaram S, Jiang H, Johnson C, Johnson W, Jokar M, Jonas J, Joseph A, Joseph N, Joshua C, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kabito G, Kadashetti V, Kafi F, Kalani R, Kalantar F, Kaliyadan F, Kamath A, Kamath S, Kanchan T, Kandel A, Kandel H, Kanmodi K, Karajizadeh M, Karami J, Karanth S, Karaye I, Karch A, Karimi A, Karimi H, Behnagh A, Kasraei H, Kassebaum N, Kauppila J, Kaur H, Kaur N, Kayode G, Kazemi F, Keikavoosi-Arani L, Keller C, Keykhaei M, Khadembashiri M, Khader Y, Khafaie M, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khamesipour F, Khammarnia M, Khan M, Khan M, Khan Y, Suheb M, Khanmohammadi S, Khanna T, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh M, Khateri S, Khatib M, Kashani H, Khonji M, khorashadizadeh F, Khormali M, Khubchandani J, Kian S, Kim G, Kim J, Kim M, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kivimäki M, Kochhar S, Kolahi A, Koly K, Kompani F, Koroshetz W, Kosen S, Arami M, Koyanagi A, Kravchenko M, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Defo B, Kuddus A, Kumar A, Kumar G, Kumar M, Kumar N, Kumsa N, Kundu S, Kurniasari M, Kusuma D, Kuttikkattu A, Kyu H, La Vecchia C, Ladan M, Lahariya C, Laksono T, Lal D, Lallukka T, Lám J, Lami F, Landires I, Langguth B, Lasrado S, Latief K, Latifinaibin K, Lau K, Laurens M, Lawal B, Le L, Le T, Ledda C, Lee M, Lee S, Lee S, Lee W, Lee Y, Leonardi M, Lerango T, Li M, Li W, Ligade V, Lim S, Linehan C, Liu C, Liu J, Liu W, Lo C, Lo W, Lobo S, Logroscino G, Lopes G, Lopukhov P, Lorenzovici L, Lorkowski S, Loureiro J, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Saute R, Feei Z, Mabrok M, Machoy M, Madadizadeh F, Razek M, Maghazachi A, Maghbouli N, Mahjoub S, Mahmoudi M, Majeed A, Malagón-Rojas J, Rad E, Malhotra K, Malik A, Malik I, Mallhi T, Malta D, Manilal A, Mansouri V, Mansournia M, Marasini B, Marateb H, Maroufi S, Martinez-Raga J, Martini S, Martins-Melo F, Martorell M, März W, Marzo R, Massano J, Mathangasinghe Y, Mathews E, Maude R, Maugeri A, Maulik P, Mayeli M, Mazaheri M, McAlinden C, McGrath J, Meena J, Mehndiratta M, Mendez-Lopez M, Mendoza W, Mendoza-Cano O, Menezes R, Merati M, Meretoja A, Merkin A, Mersha A, Mestrovic T, Mi T, Miazgowski T, Michalek I, Mihretie E, Minh L, Mirfakhraie R, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov E, Mirzaei M, Misganaw A, Misra S, Mithra P, Mizana B, Mohamadkhani A, Mohamed N, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi H, Mohammadi S, Mohammadi S, Mohammadshahi M, Mohammed M, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mohan S, Mojiri-forushani H, Moka N, Mokdad A, Molinaro S, Möller H, Monasta L, Moniruzzaman, Montazeri F, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Morovatdar N, Morrison S, Mosapour A, Mosser J, Mossialos E, Motaghinejad M, Mousavi P, Mousavi S, Mubarik S, Muccioli L, Mughal F, Mukoro G, Mulita A, Mulita F, Musaigwa F, Mustafa A, Mustafa G, Muthu S, Nagarajan A, Naghavi P, Naik G, Nainu F, Nair T, Najmuldeen H, Ansari N, Nambi G, Areshtanab H, Nargus S, Nascimento B, Naser A, Nashwan A, Nasoori H, Nasreldein A, Natto Z, Nauman J, Nayak B, Nazri-Panjaki A, Negaresh M, Negash H, Negoi I, Negoi R, Negru S, Nejadghaderi S, Nematollahi M, Nesbit O, Newton C, Nguyen D, Nguyen H, Nguyen H, Nguyen N, Nguyen P, Nguyen V, Niazi R, Nikolouzakis T, Niranjan V, Nnyanzi L, Noman E, Noroozi N, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Nri-Ezedi C, Ntaios G, Nuñez-Samudio V, Nurrika D, Oancea B, Odetokun I, O'Donnell M, Ogunsakin R, Oguta J, Oh I, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke S, Okekunle A, Okonji O, Okwute P, Olagunju A, Olaiya M, Olana M, Olatubi M, Oliveira G, Olufadewa I, Olusanya B, Bali A, Ong S, Onwujekwe O, Ordak M, Orji A, Ortega-Altamirano D, Osuagwu U, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov S, Ouyahia A, Owolabi M, A M, Pacheco-Barrios K, Padubidri J, Pal P, Palange P, Palladino C, Palladino R, Palma-Alvarez R, Pan F, Panagiotakos D, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pandian J, Pangaribuan H, Pantazopoulos I, Pardhan S, Parija P, Parikh R, Park S, Parthasarathi A, Pashaei A, Patel J, Patil S, Patoulias D, Pawar S, Pedersini P, Pensato U, Pereira D, Pereira J, Pereira M, Peres M, Perico N, Perna S, Petcu I, Petermann-Rocha F, Pham H, Phillips M, Pinilla-Monsalve G, Piradov M, Plotnikov E, Poddighe D, Polat B, Poluru R, Pond C, Poudel G, Pouramini A, Pourbagher-Shahri A, Pourfridoni M, Pourtaheri N, Prakash P, Prakash S, Prakash V, Prates E, Pritchett N, Purnobasuki H, Qasim N, Qattea I, Qian G, Radhakrishnan V, Raee P, Shahraki H, Rafique I, Raggi A, Raghav P, Rahati M, Rahim F, Rahimi Z, Rahimifard M, Rahman O, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahmani A, Rahmani S, Youshanlouei H, Rahmati M, Moolambally S, Rajabpour-Sanati A, Ramadan H, Ramasamy S, Ramasubramani P, Ramazanu S, Rancic N, Rao I, Rao S, Rapaka D, Rashedi V, Rashid A, Rashidi M, Alavijeh M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Rawaf S, Razo C, Redwan E, Bana A, Remuzzi G, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee T, Riad A, Robinson S, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez J, Roever L, Rogowski E, Romoli M, Ronfani L, Roy P, Pramanik K, Rubagotti E, Ruiz M, Russ T, Sunnerhagen K, Saad A, Saadatian Z, Saber K, SaberiKamarposhti M, Sacco S, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghian S, Saeed U, Saeed U, Safdarian, Safi S, Sagar R, Sagoe D, Sharif-Askari F, Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo S, Sahraian M, 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Mamun Sohag A, Solanki R, Soleimani H, Solikhah S, Solomon Y, Solomon Y, Song S, Song Y, Sotoudeh H, Spartalis M, Stark B, Starnes J, Starodubova A, Stein D, Steiner T, Stovner L, Suleman M, Abdulkader R, Sultana A, Sun J, Sunkersing D, Sunny A, Susianti H, Swain C, Szeto M, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei S, Tabatabai S, Tabish M, Taheri M, Tahvildari A, Tajbakhsh A, Tampa M, Tamuzi J, Tan K, Tang H, Tareke M, Tarigan I, Tat N, Tat V, Oliaee R, Tavangar S, Tavasol A, Tefera Y, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temesgen W, Temsah M, Teramoto M, Tesfaye A, Tesfaye E, Tesler R, Thakali O, Thangaraju P, Thapa R, Thapar R, Thomas N, Thrift A, Ticoalu J, Tillawi T, Toghroli R, Tonelli M, Tovani-Palone M, Traini E, Tran N, Tran N, Van Tran P, Tromans S, Truelsen T, Truyen T, Tsatsakis A, Tsegay G, Tsermpini E, Tualeka A, Tufa D, Ubah C, Udoakang A, Ulhaq I, Umair M, Umakanthan S, Umapathi K, Unim B, Unnikrishnan B, Vaithinathan A, Vakilian A, Tahbaz S, Valizadeh R, Van den Eynde J, Vart P, Varthya S, 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Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Neurology 2024, 23: 344-381. PMID: 38493795, PMCID: PMC10949203, DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00038-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDisability-adjusted life yearsAge-standardised ratesNervous systemHealth lossDiabetic neuropathyAge-standardised rates of deathGlobal burdenGlobal Burden of Disease StudyAge-standardised DALYsAge-standardised rate of DALYsRates of disability-adjusted life yearsNervous system morbidityBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseCause of disability-adjusted life yearsAge-standardised prevalenceBurden of disordersRisk Factors StudyNeurodevelopmental disordersNeurological conditionsBurden of diseasePeripheral nervous systemRate of deathYears of lifeNervous system damage
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