Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Collaborators G, Kerr J, Patton G, Cini K, Abate Y, Abbas N, Al Magied A, ElHafeez S, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdollahi A, Abdoun M, Abdulah D, Abdulkader R, Abdullahi A, Abeywickrama H, Abie A, Abiodun O, Abohashem S, Abtahi D, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abukhadijah H, Abu-Rmeileh N, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Adams L, Adane M, Addo I, Adedokun K, Adegoke N, Adesola R, Adetunji J, Adeyeoluwa T, Adiga U, Adnani Q, Afify A, Afolabi A, Afzal M, Afzal S, Agampodi S, Aghamiri S, Sobrinho C, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah B, Ahlstrom A, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad M, Ahmad N, Ahmad S, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed L, Ahmed M, Ahmed M, Ahmed S, Ajami M, Akkaif M, Akrami A, Al Hamad H, Al Hasan S, Al Ta'ani Z, Al Thaher Y, Alalwan T, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Al-amer R, Alansari A, Al-Ashwal F, Albashtawy M, Alemayehu B, Algammal A, Alhabib K, Alhuwail D, Ali A, Ali E, Ali M, Ali M, Ali R, Ali W, Alif M, Alimohamadi Y, Al-Jabi S, Aljofan M, Aljunid S, Alkhatib A, Almahmeed W, Al-Marwani S, Alomari M, Alqahtani S, Alqarni A, Alrawashdeh A, Alrimawi I, Alrousan S, Alshahrani N, Altaany Z, Altaf A, Alvi F, Alvis-Guzman N, Al-Wardat M, Al-Worafi Y, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi K, Mohammadi M, Amera T, Amiri S, Amu H, Amugsi D, Amusa G, Ananda R, Ancuceanu R, Ansari M, Ansari S, Anuoluwa B, Anuoluwa I, Anvari S, Anwar S, Anyasodor A, Arab J, Arabloo J, Arafat M, Aravkin A, Areda D, Aregawi B, Arifin H, Armocida B, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Arora A, Artamonov A, Artanti K, Arumugam A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ashraf T, Asiamah-Asare B, Astell-Burt T, Athari S, Atorkey, Atreya A, Aumoldaeva Z, Awoke M, Awotidebe A, Aychiluhm S, Azimi A, Aziz S, Aziz S, Azzam A, Azzolino D, Babashahi M, Babu G, Badran A, Bagheri N, Bai R, Baig A, Bakkannavar S, Balakrishnan S, Baltatu O, Bam K, Banik R, Barati S, Bardhan M, Barqawi H, Barquera S, Barrow A, Barua L, Bastan M, Basu S, Bayat R, Bayih M, Bayleyegn N, Beeraka N, Behera P, Ramirez D, Bello U, Belo L, Bennett D, Bergami M, Berhe K, Berihun A, Bhadoria A, Bhala N, Bharadwaj R, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhat A, Bhattacharjee P, Bhatti G, Bhatti J, Bilgin C, Bisignano C, Biswas B, Peroni B, Bjertness E, Bjørge T, Boloor A, Boppana S, Bosoka S, Bouaoud S, Boyko E, Braithwaite D, Brazo-Sayavera J, Brenner H, Bryazka D, Bugiardini R, Bui L, Bustanji Y, Butt N, Butt Z, Barsbay M, Calina D, Cámera L, Campos L, Cao S, Capodici A, Carletti C, Carvalho A, Carvalho M, Cattafesta M, Cattaruzza M, Cegolon L, Cembranel F, Cerin E, Cernigliaro A, Chadwick J, Chakraborty C, Chandrasekar E, Chang J, Chattu V, Chaudhary A, Chaurasia A, Chen A, Chen H, Chew N, Chi G, Chimoriya R, Ching P, Chitheer A, Choi D, Chong B, Chong C, Chopra H, Chopra S, Chou H, Choudhari S, Chung S, Chung S, Chutiyami M, Cogen R, Columbus A, Conrad N, Criqui M, Cruz-Martins N, da Silva A, Dadras O, Dai X, Dalakoti M, D'Amico E, Dandona L, Dandona R, D'Anna L, Danpanichkul P, Darcho S, Soltani R, Dash N, Davletov K, Dehghan A, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Molla M, Dergaa I, Desale A, Devanbu V, Devegowda D, Dhali A, Dhungel B, Diaz D, Dinu M, Chi T, do Prado C, Dodangeh M, Doegah P, Dohare S, Dokova K, Doku P, Dolatkhah N, D'Oria M, Dorostkar F, Doshi O, Doshi R, Dowou R, Du M, Dumith S, Dumuid D, Duncan B, Dutta S, Ebrahimi A, Edvardsson K, Sedeh A, Ekholuenetale M, Arab R, Bayoumy I, Eladl M, El-Ashker S, Elbarazi I, Elgendy I, Elhadi M, El-Metwally A, Elmonem M, Elnaem M, Elsheikh R, Eltaha C, Emeto T, Eslami M, Fabin N, Fadavian H, Fagbamigbe A, Fakhradiyev I, Faraji S, Farinha C, Faris M, Faris P, Kouhanjani M, Farooque U, Farrokhpour H, Fasusi S, Fazeli P, Fazylov T, Feizkhah A, Fekadu G, Feng X, Fernandez-Jimenez R, Ferreira N, Foigt N, Folayan M, Fomenkov A, Foroumadi R, Rodrigues C, Foschi M, Francis K, Franklin R, Gába A, Gadanya M, Gaidhane A, Galali Y, Gallus S, Ganesan B, Gangachannaiah S, Gebregergis M, Gebrehiwot M, Getacher L, Getie M, Ghadirian F, Ghazy R, Gil A, Gill T, Gillum R, Girmay A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Goulart A, Grada A, Grivna M, Grover A, Guan Z, Guarducci G, Gubari M, Guha A, Gulati S, Gunawardane D, Guo Z, Gupta B, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta V, Gutiérrez-Murillo R, Guzman-Esquivel J, Hadi N, Hadian Z, Hamdy N, Hamidi S, Hanif A, Hanifi N, Hankey G, Haq A, Haro J, Hasan F, Hashempour R, Hashempur M, Hasnain S, Hassan A, Hassan N, Hassanipour S, Rad A, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hebert J, Hezam K, Hiraike Y, Hoang M, Holla R, Hossain A, Hosseinzadeh H, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Htay Z, Hu M, Hu Y, Humayun A, Hundie T, Husseiny M, Hussien F, Huynh H, Hwang B, Ibrahim R, Ibrayeva A, Ikeda N, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Inbaraj L, Inok A, Iqbal K, Islam S, Islam F, Islam R, Islam M, Ismail N, Iso H, Isola G, Ituka M, Iwagami M, Iwu-Jaja C, Iyasu A, Jacob L, Jaffar S, Jahrami H, Jain A, Jain R, Jairoun A, Jakovljevic M, Javaid S, Jayapal S, Jayaram S, Jebasingh F, Jee S, Jema A, Jeswani B, Jonas J, Joseph N, Joshua C, Jozwiak J, Jürisson M, Kaambwa B, Kabir A, Kadashetti V, Kakkar A, Kalra S, Kanaan S, Kankam S, Kanmanthareddy A, Kanmodi K, Kantar R, Kar D, Karajizadeh M, Karakasis P, Behnagh A, Karimzadhagh S, Kassebaum N, Kauppila J, Kayode G, Kedir S, Kehagias D, Keshwani A, Kesse-Guyot E, Keykhaei M, Khajuria H, Khalili P, Khalilian A, Khalis M, Khan A, Khan M, Khan A, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khan N, Khanal V, Khanmohammadi S, Khatatbeh M, Kheirkhah M, Khidri F, Khokhar M, Khosla A, Khosravi S, Khosrowjerdi M, Khusun H, Kim G, Kim J, Kim J, Kim M, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kisa A, Kishore L, Shivakumar K, Kokkorakis M, Kompani F, Korzh O, Kostev K, Laxminarayana S, Kretchy I, Kua C, Defo B, Kuddus M, Kulimbet M, Kulkarni V, Kumar G, Kumar V, Kundu S, Kunutsor S, Kurmi O, Kurniasari M, Kusuma D, Kytö V, La Vecchia C, Lacey B, Lahariya C, Lai D, Landires I, Larijani B, Lassi Z, Le H, Le N, Lee H, Lee M, Lee P, Lee S, Lee W, Li A, Li M, Li W, Li Y, Lim S, Lin J, Lin Q, Lindholm D, Lindstedt P, Liu J, Lo J, López-Gil J, Lorkowski S, Lucchetti G, Lugo A, Lutambi A, Feei Z, Gómez J, Maghbouli N, Mahalleh M, Mahmood N, Majeed A, Makris K, Rad E, Malekzadeh R, Malhotra K, Malik A, Malik I, Malta D, Mamun A, Manu E, Marateb H, Marino M, Marjani A, Martinez-Piedra R, Martorell M, März W, Marzouk S, Masrouri S, Mathangasinghe Y, Matozinhos F, Matthias T, Mattiello R, Maugeri A, Mazidi M, McPhail S, Mechili E, Salas M, Mehmood A, Mehrabani-Zeinabad K, Meto T, Meles H, Mendoza W, Menezes R, Mengistie E, Meo A, Mestrovic T, Mettananda C, Mettananda S, Miao H, Miller T, Ming W, Mirrakhimov E, Misganaw A, Mitiku H, Mittal M, Mohamed J, Mohamed M, Mohamed N, Mohammad T, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadzadeh I, Mohammed S, Mokdad A, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moni M, Namin S, Ghalibaf A, Moradi Y, Morrison S, Motappa R, Mubarik S, Mulita F, Mullany E, Munkhsaikhan Y, Murillo-Zamora E, Murray C, Musa S, Mustafa G, Muthu S, Mwita J, Myung W, Nafiu A, Nagel G, Naik G, Naik H, Nambi G, Nangia V, Nargus S, Nascimento G, Nassar M, Nauman J, Naureen Z, Navaratna S, Nawsherwan, Nayak B, Nazri-Panjaki A, Negahdary M, Negoi I, Negoi R, Nematollahi S, Nepal S, Netsere H, Ng M, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen D, Nguyen P, Phuong The Nguyen, Niazi R, Nieddu L, Niknam M, Nikolouzakis T, Nikoobar A, Nkeck J, Nomura S, Noor S, Noreen M, Noubiap J, Nouri M, Nri-Ezedi C, Nugen F, Nuñez-Samudio V, Nur A, Nyande F, Nzoputam C, Oancea B, O'Connell E, Odetokun I, Ofakunrin A, Oguta J, Oh I, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke S, Okekunle A, Okonji O, Olagunju A, Olalusi O, Olasehinde T, Oliveira A, Oliveira G, Oluwafemi Y, Omar H, Bali A, Omer N, Ong S, Ordak M, Ortiz A, Osborne A, Osman W, Otoiu A, Oumer A, Ouyahia A, Owolabi M, Owusu I, Oyebola K, Oyelade T, A M, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri J, Palicz T, Panda S, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandi-Perumal S, Pant S, Pardhan S, Parekh U, Parija P, Parikh R, Park E, Passera R, Patel J, Patoulias D, Paudel S, Peprah, Pereira M, Perico N, Perna S, Petcu I, Petermann-Rocha F, Pham H, Pham T, Pirouzpanah S, Polibin R, Popovic D, Potani I, Pourghazi F, Pourshams A, Pradhan J, Pradhan P, Prasad M, Prashant A, Prates E, Puvvula J, Qattea I, Qiao Y, Radhakrishnan V, Radojˇić M, Raggi C, Rahman F, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahmanian M, Rahmanian V, Rahmati M, Kumar R, Raimondo I, Raj J, Rajput P, Ramadan M, Ramasamy C, Ramasamy S, Ramazanu S, Rana K, Ranabhat C, Rao M, Rao S, Rashedi S, Rashidi M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Rathish D, Rauniyar S, Rautalin I, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Redwan E, Rege S, Rehman A, Reis-Mendes A, Remuzzi G, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee T, Rocha-Gomes J, da Silva T, Rodriguez J, Roever L, Rohloff P, Romadlon D, Rony M, Roshandel G, Rout H, Roy N, Rwegerera G, Saad A, Saber-Ayad M, Sabzmakan L, Sadarangani K, Saddik B, Sadeghi M, Saeed U, Sagoe D, Sharif-Askari F, Sahebkar A, Sahoo S, Sajadi S, Sajid M, Salami A, Salaroli L, Saleem S, Saleh M, Salem M, Salihu D, Salimi S, Samy A, Santric-Milicevic M, Sarkar T, Sarmadi M, Sarode G, Sarode S, Sassano M, Saulam J, Sawhney M, Saxena S, Saya G, Schinckus C, Schmidt M, Schuermans A, Selvaraj S, Sendekie A, Sengupta P, Senol Y, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou S, Sethi Y, Seylani A, Shafie M, Shah S, Shahid S, Shahwan M, Shamim M, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsutdinova A, Shanawaz M, Shannawaz M, Sharath M, Sharifan A, Sharma M, Sharma U, Sharma V, Sheida F, Shenoy R, Shetty P, Shiferaw D, Shin M, Lapari M, Shiri R, Shittu A, Shool S, Shorofi S, Shrestha G, Shrestha R, Shuval K, Si Y, Sibuyi N, Siddig E, Siervo M, Silva D, Silva L, Singh A, Singh B, Singh H, Singh J, Singh K, Singh L, Singh M, Singh P, Singh S, Skryabina A, Smith A, Smith G, Soliman S, Soraneh S, Spartalis M, Srichawla B, Stanikzai M, Starodubova A, Straif K, Stubbs P, Subramaniyan V, Odidi M, Sulkowski A, Meo A, Sun Z, Sunny S, Sunuwar D, Swain C, Szarpak L, Y S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei S, Malazy O, Tabatabaeizadeh S, Tabatabai S, Tabche C, Tabish M, Taiba J, Tampa M, Tamuzi J, Tan K, Tanwar M, Tariq S, Tat N, Temsah M, Temsah R, Teramoto M, Terefa D, Tewari J, Thangaraju P, Thapar R, Thavamani A, Thirunavukkarasu S, Thomas J, Tiruneh S, Tiruye T, Titova M, Tiwari K, Tomo S, Tonelli M, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone M, Trabelsi K, Tran N, Tran T, Duc N, Trico D, Truyen T, Tsegay G, Tumurkhuu M, Tye S, Udoakang A, Ullah A, Ullah S, Ullah S, Umair M, Umar L, Umar U, Unim B, Upadhya D, Upadhyay E, Usman J, Ustunsoz D, Vaezghasemi M, Vaithinathan A, Van den Eynde J, Varghese J, Vasankari T, Vaziri S, Vellingiri B, Venketasubramanian N, Verma M, Verras G, Villalobos-Daniel V, Vladimirov S, Vlassov V, Vollset S, Vukovic R, Wahiduzzaman M, Wang C, Wang S, Wang X, Wang Y, Weerakoon K, Wei F, Wicaksana A, Wickramasinghe D, Wickramasinghe N, Willeit P, Wojewodzic M, Xia Q, Xiao G, Xie W, Xu S, Xu X, Yahya G, Yamagishi K, Yano Y, Yao H, Yarahmadi A, Yaribeygi H, Ye P, Yesuf S, Yin D, Yon D, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Yuan C, Yuce D, Yunusa I, Zamagni G, Zastrozhin M, Zeariya M, Zhang C, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zhao H, Zheng D, Zhong A, Zhong C, Zhou J, Zhu B, Zhumagaliuly A, Zielińska M, Zitoun O, Zoghi G, Zou Z, Zyoud S, Gakidou E, Sawyer S, Azzopardi P. Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2025, 405: 785-812. PMID: 40049185, PMCID: PMC11920006, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00397-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHigh-income North AmericaSouthern Sub-Saharan AfricaExcess body massObesity prevalenceAged 5Non-communicable diseases in adulthoodGlobal burdenGlobal Burden of Disease StudyBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseSub-Saharan AfricaCentral Latin AmericaNational prevalence of childrenRisk Factors StudySpatiotemporal Gaussian process regression modelingBurden of diseaseMales aged 5Prevalence of childrenConsequences of obesityOverweight prevalenceAdolescent overweightAge-standardisedBody massIndividuals aged 5Females aged 5
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