2024
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Collaborators G, Brauer M, Roth G, Aravkin A, Zheng P, Abate K, Abate Y, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasi M, Abbasian M, Abbasifard M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, ElHafeez S, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdi P, Abdollahi M, Abdoun M, Abdulah D, Abdullahi A, Abebe M, Abedi A, Abedi A, Abegaz T, Zuñiga R, Abiodun O, Abiso T, Aboagye R, Abolhassani H, Abouzid M, Aboye G, Abreu L, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abukhadijah H, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Adane M, Addo I, Addolorato G, Adedoyin R, Adekanmbi V, Aden B, Adetunji J, Adeyeoluwa T, Adha R, Adibi A, Adnani Q, Adzigbli L, Afolabi A, Afolabi R, Afshin A, Afyouni S, Afzal M, Afzal S, Agampodi S, Agbozo F, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agrawal A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah B, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad N, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed L, Ahmed M, Ahmed S, Ahmed S, Ajami M, Akalu G, Akara E, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemiju T, Akkaif M, Akkala S, Akombi-Inyang B, Al Awaidy S, Al Hasan S, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal T, Alalalmeh S, Alalwan T, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam N, Alanezi F, Alanzi T, Albakri A, AlBataineh M, Aldhaleei W, Aldridge R, Alemayohu M, Alemu Y, Al-Fatly B, Al-Gheethi A, Al-Habbal K, Alhabib K, Alhassan R, Ali A, Ali A, Ali B, Ali I, Ali L, Ali M, Ali R, Ali S, Ali W, Alicandro G, Alif M, Aljunid S, Alla F, Al-Marwani S, Al-Mekhlafi H, Almustanyir S, Alomari M, Alonso J, Alqahtani J, Alqutaibi A, Al-Raddadi R, Alrawashdeh A, Al-Rifai R, Alrousan S, Al-Sabah S, Alshahrani N, Altaany Z, Altaf A, Al-Tawfiq J, Altirkawi K, Aluh D, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk N, Alwafi H, Al-Wardat M, Al-Worafi Y, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi K, Al-Zyoud W, Amaechi U, Mohammadi M, Amani R, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq M, Ammirati E, Amu H, Amugsi D, Amusa G, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson J, Andrade P, Andrei C, Andrei T, Anenberg S, Angappan D, Angus C, Anil A, Anil S, Anjum A, Anoushiravani A, Antonazzo I, Antony C, Antriyandarti E, Anuoluwa B, Anvari D, Anvari S, Anwar S, Anwar S, Anwer R, Anyabolo E, Anyasodor A, Apostol G, Arabloo J, Bahri R, Arafat M, Areda D, Aregawi B, Aremu A, Armocida B, Arndt M, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov A, Artanti K, Aruleba I, Arumugam A, Asbeutah A, Asgary S, Asgedom A, Ashbaugh C, Ashemo M, Ashraf T, Askarinejad A, Assmus M, Astell-Burt T, Athar M, Athari S, Atorkey, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awoke A, Quintanilla B, Ayatollahi H, Portugal C, Ayuso-Mateos J, Azadnajafabad S, Azevedo R, Azhar G, Azizi H, Azzam A, Backhaus I, Badar M, Badiye A, Bagga A, Baghdadi S, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Taghanaki P, Bai R, Baig A, Baker J, Bakkannavar S, Balasubramanian M, Baltatu O, Bam K, Bandyopadhyay S, Banik B, Banik P, Banke-Thomas A, Bansal H, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Bardideh E, Barker-Collo S, Bärnighausen T, Barone-Adesi F, Barqawi H, Barrero L, Barrow A, Barteit S, Basharat Z, Basiru A, Basso J, Bastan M, Basu S, Batchu S, Batra K, Batra R, Baune B, Bayati M, Bayileyegn N, Beaney T, Behnoush A, Beiranvand M, Béjot Y, Bekele A, Belgaumi U, Bell A, Bell M, Bello M, Bello O, Belo L, Beloukas A, Bendak S, Bennett D, Bennitt F, Bensenor I, Benzian H, Beran A, Berezvai Z, Bernabe E, Bernstein R, Bettencourt P, Bhagavathula A, Bhala N, Bhandari D, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhat A, Bhat V, Bhatti G, Bhatti J, Bhatti M, Bhatti R, Bhuiyan M, Bhutta Z, Bikbov B, Bishai J, Bisignano C, Biswas A, Biswas B, Biswas R, Bjørge T, Boachie M, Boakye H, Bockarie M, Bodolica V, Bodunrin A, Bogale E, Bolla S, Boloor A, Hashemi M, Boppana S, Basara B, Borhany H, Carvajal A, Bouaoud S, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boxe C, Braithwaite D, Brant L, Brar A, Breitborde N, Breitner S, Brenner H, Briko A, Britton G, Brown C, Browne A, Brunoni A, Bryazka D, Bulamu N, Bulto L, Buonsenso D, Burkart K, Burns R, Busse R, Bustanji Y, Butt N, Butt Z, dos Santos F, Cagney J, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Calina D, Cámera L, Campos L, Campos-Nonato I, Cao C, Cao F, Cao Y, Capodici A, Cárdenas R, Carr S, Carreras G, Carrero J, Carugno A, Carvalho F, Carvalho M, Castaldelli-Maia J, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Catapano A, Cattaruzza M, Caye A, Cederroth C, Cegolon L, Cenderadewi M, Cercy K, Cerin E, Chadwick J, Chakraborty C, Chakraborty P, Chakraborty S, Chan J, Chan R, Chandan J, Chandika R, Chaturvedi P, Chen A, Chen C, Chen H, Chen M, Chen M, Chen S, Cheng C, Cheng E, Cherbuin N, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chimed-Ochir O, Chimoriya R, Ching P, Chirinos-Caceres J, Chitheer A, Cho W, Chong B, Chopra H, Chowdhury R, Christopher D, Chu D, Chukwu I, Chung E, Chung S, Chutiyami M, Cioffi I, Cogen R, Cohen A, Columbus A, Conde J, Corlateanu A, Cortese S, Cortesi P, Costa V, Costanzo S, Criqui M, Cruz J, Cruz-Martins N, Culbreth G, da Silva A, Dadras O, Dai X, Dai Z, Daikwo P, Dalli L, Damiani G, D'Amico E, D'Anna L, Darwesh A, Das J, Das S, Dash N, Dashti M, Dávila-Cervantes C, Weaver N, Davitoiu D, De la Hoz F, de la Torre-Luque A, De Leo D, Debopadhaya S, Degenhardt L, Del Bo' C, Delgado-Enciso I, Delgado-Saborit J, Demoze C, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Dervenis N, Dervišević E, Desai H, Desai R, Devanbu V, Dewan S, Dhali A, Dhama K, Dhane A, Dhimal M, Dhimal M, Dhingra S, Dhulipala V, Dhungana R, da Silva D, Diaz D, Diaz L, Diaz M, Dima A, Ding D, Dinu M, Djalalinia S, Chi T, Phuong T, do Prado C, Dodangeh M, Dohare S, Dokova K, Dong W, Dongarwar D, D'Oria M, Dorostkar F, Dorsey E, Doshi R, Doshmangir L, Dowou R, Driscoll T, Dsouza A, Dsouza H, Dumith S, Duncan B, Duraes A, Duraisamy S, Dushpanova A, Dzianach P, Dziedzic A, Ebrahimi A, Echieh C, Ed-Dra A, Edinur H, Edvardsson D, Edvardsson K, Efendi F, Eftekharimehrabad A, Eini E, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo T, Arab R, Zaki M, El-Dahiyat F, Elemam N, Elgar F, ElGohary G, Elhabashy H, Elhadi M, Elmehrath A, Elmeligy O, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emeto T, Esfandiari N, Eshrati B, Eslami M, Esmaeili S, Estep K, Etaee F, Fabin N, Fagbamigbe A, Fagbule O, Fahimi S, Falzone L, Fareed M, Farinha C, Faris M, Faris P, Faro A, Fasina F, Fatehizadeh A, Fauk N, Fazylov T, Feigin V, Feng X, Fereshtehnejad S, Feroze A, Ferrara P, Ferrari A, Ferreira N, Fetensa G, Feyisa B, Filip I, Fischer F, Fitriana I, Flavel J, Flohr C, Flood D, Flor L, Foigt N, Folayan M, Force L, Fortuna D, Foschi M, Franklin R, Freitas A, Friedman S, Fux B, Sridevi G, Gaal P, Gaihre S, Gajdács M, Galali Y, Gallus S, Gandhi A, Ganesan B, Ganiyani M, Garcia V, Gardner W, Garg R, Gautam R, Gebi T, Gebregergis M, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremariam T, Gebremeskel T, Gerema U, Getacher L, Getahun G, Getie M, Ghadirian F, Ghafarian S, Jolfayi A, Ghailan K, Ghajar A, Ghasemi M, Dabaghi G, Ghasemzadeh A, Ghassemi F, Ghazy R, Gholami A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Gholizadeh N, Ghorbani M, Gil A, Gil G, Gilbertson N, Gill P, Gill T, Gindaba E, Girmay A, Glasbey J, Gnedovskaya E, Göbölös L, Godinho M, Goel A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gomes N, Gopalani S, Gorini G, Goudarzi H, Goulart A, Gouravani, Goyal A, Graham S, Grivna M, Grosso G, Guan S, Guarducci G, Gubari M, Guha A, Guicciardi S, Gulati S, Gulisashvili D, Gunawardane D, Guo C, Gupta A, Gupta B, Gupta M, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta V, Gupta V, Gupta V, Habibzadeh F, Habibzadeh P, Hadaro T, Hadian Z, Haep N, Haghi-Aminjan H, Haghmorad D, Hagins H, Haile D, Hailu A, Ali A, Halboub E, Halimi A, Hall B, Haller S, Halwani R, Hamadeh R, Hamdy N, Hameed S, Hamidi S, Hammoud A, Hanif A, Hanifi N, Haq Z, Haque R, Harapan H, Hargono A, Haro J, Hasaballah A, Hasan I, Hasan M, Hasan S, Hasani H, Hasanian M, Hashmeh N, Hasnain S, Hassan A, Hassan I, Tabatabaei M, Hassani S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Haubold J, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hebert J, Hegazi O, Hegena T, Heidari G, Heidari M, Helfer B, Hemmati M, Henson C, Herbert M, Herteliu C, Heuer A, Hezam K, Hinneh T, Hiraike Y, Hoan N, Holla R, Hon J, Hoque M, Horita N, Hossain S, Hosseini S, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hoven H, Hsairi M, Hsu J, Hu C, Huang J, Huda N, Hulland E, Hultström M, Hushmandi K, Hussain J, Hussein N, Huynh C, Huynh H, Ibitoye S, Idowu O, Ihler A, Ikeda N, Ikuta K, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Imam M, Immurana M, Inbaraj L, Irham L, Isa M, Islam R, Ismail F, Ismail N, Iso H, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iwu C, Iwu-Jaja C, Vinothini J, Jaafari J, Jacob L, Jacobsen K, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jahankhani K, Jahanmehr N, Jahrami H, Jain A, Jain N, Jairoun A, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Yengejeh R, Jamora R, Jatau A, Javadov S, Javaheri T, Jayaram S, Jeganathan J, Jeswani B, Jiang H, Johnson C, Jokar M, Jomehzadeh N, Jonas J, Joo T, Joseph A, Joseph N, Joshi V, Joshua C, Jozwiak J, Jürisson M, Kaambwa B, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kadashetti V, Kahn E, Kalani R, Kaliyadan F, Kalra S, Kamath R, Kanagasabai T, Kanchan T, Kandel H, Kanmiki E, Kanmodi K, Kansal S, Kapner D, Kapoor N, Karagiannidis E, Karajizadeh M, Karakasis P, Karanth S, Karaye I, Karch A, Karim A, Karimi H, Karmakar S, Kashoo F, Kasraei H, Kassahun W, Kassebaum N, Kassel M, Katikireddi S, Kauppila J, Kawakami N, Kaydi N, Kayode G, Kazemi F, Keiyoro P, Kemmer L, Kempen J, Kerr J, Kesse-Guyot E, Khader Y, Khafaie M, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khalil M, Khalilian A, Khamesipour F, Khan A, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khanmohammadi S, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh M, Khatib M, Khavandegar A, Kashani H, Khidri F, Khodadoust E, Khormali M, Khorrami Z, Khosla A, Khosrowjerdi M, Khreis H, Khusun H, Kifle Z, Kim K, Kim M, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kisa A, Kisa S, Knibbs L, Knudsen A, Koh D, Kolahi A, Kompani F, Kong J, Koren G, Korja M, Korshunov V, Korzh O, Kosen S, Kothari N, Koul P, Laxminarayana S, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Krishnamoorthy Y, Krishnan B, Krohn K, Defo B, Bicer B, Kuddus A, Kuddus M, Kugbey N, Kuitunen I, Kulimbet M, Kulkarni V, Kumar A, Kumar N, Kumar V, Kundu S, Kurmi O, Kusnali A, Kusuma D, Kutluk T, La Vecchia C, Ladan M, Laflamme L, Lahariya C, Lai D, Lal D, Lallukka T, Lám J, Lan Q, Lan T, Landires I, Lanfranchi F, Langguth B, Lansingh V, Laplante-Lévesque A, Larijani B, Larsson A, Lasrado S, Lauriola P, Le H, Le L, Le N, Le T, Leasher J, Ledda C, Lee M, Lee P, Lee S, Lee S, Lee Y, LeGrand K, Leigh J, Leong E, Lerango T, Lescinsky H, Leung J, Li M, Li W, Li W, Li Y, Li Z, Ligade V, Lim L, Lim S, Lin R, Lin S, Liu C, Liu G, Liu J, Liu J, Liu R, Liu S, Liu W, Liu X, Liu X, Livingstone K, Llanaj E, Lohiya A, López-Bueno R, Lopukhov P, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Lozano R, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Luo L, lv H, Amin H, Feei Z, Maass K, Mabrok M, Machairas N, Machoy M, Mafhoumi A, Razek M, Maghazachi A, Prasad D, Maharaj S, Mahmoud M, Mahmoudi E, Majeed A, Makram O, Makris K, Malasala S, Maled V, Malhotra K, Malik A, Malik I, Malinga L, Malta D, Mamun A, Manda A, Manla Y, Mansour A, Mansouri B, Mansouri P, Mansourian M, Mansournia M, Mantovani L, Manu E, Marateb H, Maravilla J, Marsh E, Martinez G, Martinez-Piedra R, Martini S, Martins-Melo F, Martorell M, Marx W, Maryam S, Mathangasinghe Y, Mathioudakis A, Matozinhos F, Mattumpuram J, Maugeri A, Maulik P, Mayeli M, Mazidi M, Mazzotti A, McGrath J, McKee M, McKowen A, McLaughlin S, McPhail M, McPhail S, Mechili E, Mehmood A, Mehmood K, Mehrabani-Zeinabad K, Nasab E, Meier T, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Meto T, Mekonnen B, Menezes R, Mengist B, Mensah G, Mensah L, Mentis A, Meo A, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mersha A, Mesfin B, Mestrovic T, Mettananda K, Mettananda S, Miazgowski T, Micha G, Michalek I, de Sá A, Miller T, Mirarefin M, Mirghafourvand M, Mirica A, Mirijello A, Mirrakhimov E, Mirshahi A, Mirzaei M, Mishra A, Mishra V, Mitchell P, Mithra P, Mittal C, Moazen B, Moberg M, Mocciaro G, Mohamadkhani A, Mohamed A, Mohamed A, Mohamed J, Mohamed M, Mohamed N, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadifard N, Mohammed H, Mohammed M, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mokdad A, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moni M, Ghalibaf A, Moore C, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moraga P, Morawska L, Moreira R, Morovatdar N, Morrison S, Morze J, Heris R, Mossialos E, Motappa R, Mougin V, Mousavi P, Msherghi A, Mubarik S, Muccioli L, Mueller U, Mulita F, Mullany E, Munjal K, Murillo-Zamora E, Murlimanju B, Musina A, Mustafa G, Muthu S, Muthupandian S, Muthusamy R, Muzaffar M, Myung W, Nafei A, Nagarajan A, Nagaraju S, Nagel G, Naghavi M, Naghavi P, Naik G, Naik G, Nainu F, Nair T, Najdaghi S, Ansari N, Nanavaty D, Nangia V, Swamy S, Davani D, Nascimento B, Nascimento G, Nashwan A, Natto Z, Nauman J, Navaratna S, Naveed M, Nayak B, Nayak V, Ndejjo R, Nduaguba S, Negash H, Negoi I, Negoi R, Nejadghaderi S, Nejjari C, Nematollahi M, Nepal S, Neupane S, Ng M, Nguefack-Tsague G, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen D, Nguyen N, Nguyen P, Phuong The Nguyen, Nguyen V, Minh D, Niazi R, Nicholson S, Nie J, Nikoobar A, Nikpoor A, Ningrum D, Nnaji C, Noman E, Nomura S, Noroozi N, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Nri-Ezedi C, Ntaios G, Ntsekhe M, Nunemo M, Nurrika D, Nutor J, Oancea B, O'Connell E, Odetokun I, O'Donnell M, Oduro M, Ogunfowokan A, Ogunkoya A, Oh I, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke S, Okekunle A, Okonji O, Olagunju A, Olasupo O, Olatubi M, Oliveira A, Oliveira G, Olorukooba A, Olufadewa I, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Oluwafemi Y, Omar H, Bali A, Omer G, Ong K, Ong S, Onwujekwe O, Onyedibe K, Oppong A, Ordak M, Orish V, Ornello R, Orpana H, Ortiz A, Ortiz-Prado E, Osman W, Ostroff S, Osuagwu U, Otoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov S, Ouyahia A, Owolabi M, Oyeyemi I, Oyeyemi O, A M, Pacheco-Barrios K, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri J, Pal P, Palicz T, Pan F, Pan H, Pana A, Panda S, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandi-Perumal S, Pangaribuan H, Pantazopoulos I, Stoian A, Papadopoulou P, Parent M, Parija P, Parikh R, Park S, Park S, Parsons N, Pashaei A, Pasovic M, Passera R, Patil S, Patoulias D, Patthipati V, Paudel U, Pawar S, Toroudi H, Peden A, Pedersini P, Peng M, Pensato U, Pepito V, Peprah E, Peprah, Peres M, Perianayagam A, Perico N, Perna S, Pesudovs K, Petcu I, Petermann-Rocha F, Pham H, Philip A, Phillips M, Pickering B, Pierannunzio D, Pigeolet M, Pigott D, Piracha Z, Piradov M, Pisoni E, Piyasena M, Plass D, Plotnikov E, Poddighe D, Polkinghorne K, Poluru R, Pond C, Popovic D, Porru F, Postma M, Poudel G, Pour-Rashidi A, Pourshams A, Pourtaheri N, Prabhu D, Prada S, Pradhan J, Pradhan P, Prasad M, Prates E, Purnobasuki H, Purohit B, Puvvula J, Qasim N, Qattea I, Qazi A, Qian G, Qiu S, Rad M, Radfar A, Radhakrishnan R, Radhakrishnan V, Shahraki H, Rafferty Q, Rafiei A, Raggi A, Raghav P, Raheem N, Rahim F, Rahim J, Rahimifard M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman O, Rahman M, Rahmani A, Rahmani B, Rahmanian M, Rahmanian N, Rahmanian V, Rahmati M, Rahmawaty S, Raimondo D, Rajaa S, Rajendran V, Rajput P, Ramadan M, Ramasamy S, Ramasubramani P, Ramazanu S, Ramteke P, Rana J, Rana K, Ranabhat C, Rane A, Rani U, Ranta A, Rao C, Rao M, Rao P, Rao S, Rasella D, Rashedi S, Rashedi V, Rashidi M, Rashidi M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Ratan Z, Babu G, Rauniyar S, Rautalin I, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Rawassizadeh R, Razo C, Reda Z, Reddy M, Redwan E, Reifels L, Reitsma M, Remuzzi G, Reshmi B, Resnikoff S, Restaino S, Reyes L, Rezaei M, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee T, Riaz M, Ribeiro A, Rickard J, Robinson-Oden H, Rodrigues C, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez J, Roever L, Romadlon D, Ronfani L, Rosauer J, Roshandel G, Rostamian M, Rotimi K, Rout H, Roy B, Roy N, Rubagotti E, de Andrade Ruela G, Rumisha S, Runghien T, Russo M, Ruzzante S, Chandan S, Saad A, Saber K, Saber-Ayad M, Sabour S, Sacco S, Sachdev P, Sachdeva R, Saddik B, Saddler A, Sadee B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghi M, Majd E, Saeb M, Saeed U, Safari M, Safi S, Safi S, Sagar R, Sagoe D, Sharif-Askari F, Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo S, Sahu M, Saif Z, Sajid M, Sakshaug J, Salam N, Salamati P, Salami A, Salaroli L, Salehi L, Salehi S, Salem M, Salem M, Salihu D, Salimi S, Salum G, Kafil H, Samadzadeh S, Samodra Y, Samuel V, Samy A, Sanabria J, Sanjeev R, Sanna F, Santomauro D, Santric-Milicevic M, Sarasmita M, Saraswathy S, Saravanan A, Saravi B, Sarikhani Y, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sarode G, Sarode S, Sartorius B, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sattin D, Sawhney M, Saya G, Sayeed A, Abu Sayeed, Sayyah M, Schinckus C, Schmidt M, Schuermans 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Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2024, 403: 2162-2203. PMID: 38762324, PMCID: PMC11120204, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDisability-adjusted life yearsHigh body-mass indexTheoretical minimum risk exposure levelSocio-demographic indexBody-mass indexRisk-outcome pairsParticulate matter air pollutionChild growth failureBurden of diseaseGlobal disease burdenGlobal burdenHealth outcomesRisk factorsDisease burdenMetabolic riskAmbient particulate matter air pollutionSocio-demographic Index locationsGlobal Burden of Disease StudyBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseComparative risk assessment frameworkAge-standardised ratesExposure to risk factorsPopulation attributable fractionSpecific health outcomesGlobal burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Waqas M, Ward P, Wassie E, Watson S, Watson S, Weerakoon K, Wei M, Weintraub R, Weiss D, Westerman R, Whisnant J, Wiangkham T, Wickramasinghe D, Wickramasinghe N, Wilandika A, Wilkerson C, Willeit P, Wilson S, Wojewodzic M, Woldegebreal D, Wolf A, Wolfe C, Wondimagegene Y, Wong Y, Wongsin U, Wu A, Wu C, Wu F, Wu X, Wu Z, Xia J, Xiao H, Xie Y, Xu S, Xu W, Xu X, Xu Y, Yadollahpour A, Yamagishi K, Yang D, Yang L, Yano Y, Yao Y, Yaribeygi H, Ye P, Yehualashet S, Yesiltepe M, Yesuf S, Yezli S, Yi S, Yigezu A, Yiğit A, Yiğit V, Yip P, Yismaw M, Yismaw Y, Yon D, Yonemoto N, Yoon S, You Y, Younis M, Yousefi Z, Yu C, Yu Y, Yuh F, Zadey S, Zadnik V, Zafari N, Zakham F, Zaki N, Bin Zaman S, Zamora N, Zand R, Zangiabadian M, Zar H, Zare I, Zarrintan A, Zeariya M, Zeinali Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhao H, Zhong C, Zhou J, Zhu B, Zhu L, Ziafati M, Zielińska M, Zitoun O, Zoladl M, Zou Z, Zuhlke L, Zumla A, Zweck E, Zyoud S, Wool E, Murray C. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2024, 403: 2100-2132. PMID: 38582094, PMCID: PMC11126520, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00367-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAge-standardised death ratesChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseGlobal burdenLife expectancyObstructive pulmonary diseaseGlobal life expectancyHighest age-standardised death ratesLower respiratory infectionsDeath rateCause-specific death ratesGlobal Burden of Disease StudyCause-of-death dataDecompose life expectancyLatin AmericaBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseHigh-income super-regionAge-standardised deathAge-standardised ratesSubnational locationsStudy periodOut-of-sample predictive validityCause-of-death estimatesCause-specific estimatesGBD super-regions
2021
Clinical spectrum of endemic leptospirosis in relation to cytokine response
Dahanayaka NJ, Agampodi SB, Seneviratna I, Warnasekara J, Rajapakse R, Ranathunga K, Matthias M, Vinetz JM. Clinical spectrum of endemic leptospirosis in relation to cytokine response. PLOS ONE 2021, 16: e0261025. PMID: 34879100, PMCID: PMC8654203, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261025.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCytokine responsesLeptospirosis patientsClinical spectrumHigher IL-13 levelsHigher IL-5Acute kidney injuryHigher serum creatinineIL-13 levelsSerum cytokine levelsIL-6 levelsUniversity Teaching HospitalMultiplex cytokine kitKidney injuryLung involvementCytokine levelsSerum creatinineAcute phaseCytokine kitIL-1βAcute samplesConvalescence periodIL-8IL-5Prognostic informationEndemic settingsOptimizing the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) panel for the diagnosis of Leptospirosis in a low resource, hyper-endemic setting with varied microgeographic variation in reactivity
Jayasundara D, Gamage C, Senavirathna I, Warnasekara J, Matthias MA, Vinetz J, Agampodi S. Optimizing the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) panel for the diagnosis of Leptospirosis in a low resource, hyper-endemic setting with varied microgeographic variation in reactivity. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021, 15: e0009565. PMID: 34197457, PMCID: PMC8279374, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009565.Peer-Reviewed Original Research12 Novel clonal groups of Leptospira infecting humans in multiple contrasting epidemiological contexts in Sri Lanka
Jayasundara D, Senavirathna I, Warnasekara J, Gamage C, Siribaddana S, Kularatne SAM, Matthias M, Mariet JF, Picardeau M, Agampodi S, Vinetz J. 12 Novel clonal groups of Leptospira infecting humans in multiple contrasting epidemiological contexts in Sri Lanka. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021, 15: e0009272. PMID: 33735202, PMCID: PMC8009393, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009272.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsClonal groupsAcute kidney injuryL. interrogansMajor clinical challengeGlobal disease threatsLeptospira speciesL. interrogans infectionKidney injuryLiver impairmentCardiovascular involvementL. borgpeterseniiClinical presentationProspective studyClinical severityClinical challengePathogenic Leptospira speciesAnnual epidemicsUbiquitous zoonotic diseaseNew serogroupEpidemiological contextZoonotic diseaseCulture isolationLeptospiral culturesL. weiliiLeptospira diversity
2020
Factors associated with purchasing pesticide from shops for intentional self‐poisoning in Sri Lanka
Weerasinghe M, Konradsen F, Eddleston M, Pearson M, Jayamanne S, Knipe D, Hawton K, Gunnell D, Agampodi S. Factors associated with purchasing pesticide from shops for intentional self‐poisoning in Sri Lanka. Tropical Medicine And International Health 2020, 25: 1198-1204. PMID: 33463883, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13469.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchIs leishmaniasis adequately notified in Sri Lanka? A survey among doctors from an endemic district, Sri Lanka
Hewawasam C, Weerakoon HS, Thilakan V, Lelwala T, Prasanka K, Rathnayaka AS, Gamage S, Agampodi S. Is leishmaniasis adequately notified in Sri Lanka? A survey among doctors from an endemic district, Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health 2020, 20: 913. PMID: 32532244, PMCID: PMC7290071, DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09066-w.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMedical officersMethodsA cross-sectional studyFirst clinical suspicionHigh disease burdenCross-sectional studyHigh case loadSelf-administered questionnaireHealth Care InstituteAnuradhapura districtCurrent notification systemClinical suspicionResultsOne hundredDisease burdenCare instituteCausative organismEarly diagnosisEndemic districtsCutaneous leishmaniasisParasitic infectionsLeishmaniasisNotifiable diseaseCase loadLeishmania donovaniDiseaseSupportive staffCytokine response in human leptospirosis with different clinical outcomes: a systematic review
Senavirathna I, Rathish D, Agampodi S. Cytokine response in human leptospirosis with different clinical outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases 2020, 20: 268. PMID: 32264832, PMCID: PMC7137275, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-04986-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDifferent clinical outcomesCross-sectional studyCytokine responsesIL-10Clinical outcomesSystematic reviewDisease severityHealth Quality Assessment ToolComparative cross-sectional studyTNF-α levelsMethodsA systematic reviewMeasurement of cytokinesEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assayMicroscopic agglutination testPublic health professionalsQuality assessment toolMild leptospirosisCytokine stormElevated cytokinesObservational cohortLeptospirosis patientsProspective studyIL-1βIL-6IL-8Qualitative and quantitative dermatoglyphics of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu) in Sri Lanka
Wijerathne BTB, Meier RJ, Salgado SS, Agampodi SB. Qualitative and quantitative dermatoglyphics of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Journal Of Physiological Anthropology 2020, 39: 1. PMID: 31952553, PMCID: PMC6967092, DOI: 10.1186/s40101-019-0207-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDevelopment of CKDuChronic kidney diseaseControl groupCKDu casesKidney diseaseCKDu patientsFetal developmentUnknown origin (PUO) patientsCase-control studyCertain medical conditionsCKDu endemic regionsNon-endemic regionsNon-invasive diagnostic toolHuman fetal developmentDiagnostic toolCKDu endemic areasRidge countTotal ridge countWeek 14Medical conditionsEndemic areasHealthy peopleEndemic regionsB ridge countControl study
2019
Study protocol: characterising the clinical, epidemiological and aetiological aspects of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka: a hospital based clinico-epidemiological study
Agampodi S, Warnasekara J, Jayasundara D, Senawirathna I, Gamage C, Kularatne S, Siribaddana S, Maththias M, Vinetz J. Study protocol: characterising the clinical, epidemiological and aetiological aspects of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka: a hospital based clinico-epidemiological study. BMJ Open 2019, 9: e027850. PMID: 31511281, PMCID: PMC6738675, DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027850.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEthics Review CommitteeMultilocus sequence typingOutpatient departmentClinico-epidemiological studyMulticentre prospective studyDay of admissionMicroscopic agglutination testPresence of diseaseHospital stayFebrile patientsMedical wardsProspective studySri Lankan isolatesRisk factorsVenous bloodDisease progressionEthical clearanceHigh incidenceAetiological aspectsPatientsAgglutination testMolecular epidemiologyPatient contextBedside inoculationLeptospirosisA Case–Control Study of Environmental and Occupational Risks of Leptospirosis in Sri Lanka
Schønning MH, Phelps MD, Warnasekara J, Agampodi SB, Furu P. A Case–Control Study of Environmental and Occupational Risks of Leptospirosis in Sri Lanka. EcoHealth 2019, 16: 534-543. PMID: 31664587, DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01448-w.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPaddy workersOdds ratioSignificant higher riskCase-control studyHigher odds ratioPublic health interventionsTransmission of leptospirosisRisk factorsOccupational exposureProtective effectHigh riskHigh incidenceRat exposureHuman leptospirosisViral infectionHealth interventionsZoonotic infectionOccupational riskLeptospirosisLeptospirosis transmissionStudy sampleOccupational groupsInfectionStructured interviewsHousehold animalsNormality data of eGFR and validity of commonly used screening tests for CKD in an area with endemic CKD of unknown etiology; need for age and sex based precise cutoff values
Herath N, Dassanayake R, Dissanayake M, Janitha C, Weerakoon K, Kumarasinghe C, de Silva TG, Agampodi S. Normality data of eGFR and validity of commonly used screening tests for CKD in an area with endemic CKD of unknown etiology; need for age and sex based precise cutoff values. BMC Nephrology 2019, 20: 298. PMID: 31382902, PMCID: PMC6683421, DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1477-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsScreening testMean eGFRRenal functionCreatinine ratioGlobal public health problemBackgroundChronic kidney diseaseBurden of CKDPrevalence of eGFRReduction of eGFRSex-specific cutUrine dipstick testHigh disease burdenPublic health problemResultsThe study sampleSulfosalicylic acid testProportion of peopleCause of majorityLower eGFRUrine albuminKidney diseaseMean agePrecise cutoff valuesUnknown etiologyUrine proteinDisease burdenSequel and therapeutic modalities of leptospirosis associated severe pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome (SPHS); a Sri Lankan experience
Herath N, Uluwattage W, Weliwitiya T, Karunanayake L, Lekamwasam S, Ratnatunga N, Karunanayake P, Wickramasinghe S, Patabendi S, Senaviratne S, Agampodi S. Sequel and therapeutic modalities of leptospirosis associated severe pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome (SPHS); a Sri Lankan experience. BMC Infectious Diseases 2019, 19: 451. PMID: 31113404, PMCID: PMC6530063, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4094-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTeaching Hospital KarapitiyaTherapeutic plasma exchangeAcute kidney injuryMain tertiary care centerSevere pulmonary hemorrhagic syndromeTertiary care centerDay of admissionGroup of patientsHigh case fatalityCase fatality rateCases of leptospirosisDifferent therapeutic approachesAlveolar shadowsHospital KarapitiyaHemoglobin dropKidney injuryArterial hypoxemiaCase fatalityPlasma exchangePatient presentingTreatment modalitiesCare centerHemorrhagic syndromeChest radiographsClinical diseaseAn outbreak of leptospirosis with predominant cardiac involvement: a case series
Jayathilaka PGNS, Mendis ASV, Perera MHMTS, Damsiri HMT, Gunaratne AVC, Agampodi SB. An outbreak of leptospirosis with predominant cardiac involvement: a case series. BMC Infectious Diseases 2019, 19: 265. PMID: 30885170, PMCID: PMC6423826, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3905-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsColombo North Teaching HospitalCardiac involvementMulti-organ dysfunctionCase seriesSevere leptospirosisTeaching hospitalDynamic T-wave changesInotropic/vasopressor supportNon-specific clinical findingsEvidence of myocarditisPredominant cardiac involvementRapid atrial fibrillationSingle medical wardAcute kidney injuryMean arterial pressureStudy of patientsCourse of illnessT-wave changesCase presentationWe reportOutbreak of leptospirosisPossible leptospirosisResidual complicationsVasopressor supportKidney injuryCommon complicationComparison of biochemical parameters among DPP4 inhibitor users and other oral hypoglycaemic drug users: a cross-sectional study from Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Rathish D, Jayasumana C, Agampodi S. Comparison of biochemical parameters among DPP4 inhibitor users and other oral hypoglycaemic drug users: a cross-sectional study from Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Journal Of Health, Population And Nutrition 2019, 38: 3. PMID: 30674350, PMCID: PMC6343272, DOI: 10.1186/s41043-019-0160-x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDPP4 inhibitor usersCross-sectional studyDrug usersInhibitor usersDipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor treatmentType 2 diabetes mellitusComparative cross-sectional studyBiochemical parametersIncretin-based therapiesMann-Whitney U testSignificant differencesHigh lipase levelsPrevious Asian studiesDPP4i groupDPP4i usersOral hypoglycaemicsALT levelsDiabetes mellitusLipase levelsDPP4 inhibitorsSerum lipaseInhibitor treatmentU testPancreatic amylaseHbA1c
2018
A low GLP-1 response among patients treated for acute organophosphate and carbamate poisoning: a comparative cross-sectional study from an agrarian region of Sri Lanka
Rathish D, Senavirathna I, Jayasumana C, Agampodi S, Siribaddana S. A low GLP-1 response among patients treated for acute organophosphate and carbamate poisoning: a comparative cross-sectional study from an agrarian region of Sri Lanka. Environmental Science And Pollution Research 2018, 26: 2864-2872. PMID: 30499084, DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3818-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAcetylcholinesteraseAcute DiseaseAdultAtropineCarbamatesChronic DiseaseCross-Sectional StudiesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Dose-Response Relationship, DrugErythrocytesFemaleGlucagon-Like Peptide 1HumansIncidenceIncretinsInsecticidesMaleMiddle AgedOccupational ExposureOrganophosphate PoisoningSri LankaConceptsGLP-1 responseComparative cross-sectional studyRBC-AChE activityCross-sectional studyAcute organophosphateControl groupAcute groupLower GLP-1 responseRed blood cell acetylcholinesterase activityGLP-1 pathwayAcetylcholinesterase inhibitor insecticidesAtropine therapyChronic groupCarbamate poisoningGLP-1High incidenceType 2PatientsAcetylcholinesterase activityInhibitor insecticidesPoisoningGroupResponseMin valuesDiabetesRed blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity among healthy dwellers of an agrarian region in Sri Lanka: a descriptive cross-sectional study
Rathish D, Senavirathna I, Jayasumana C, Agampodi S. Red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity among healthy dwellers of an agrarian region in Sri Lanka: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Environmental Health And Preventive Medicine 2018, 23: 25. PMID: 29929492, PMCID: PMC6013882, DOI: 10.1186/s12199-018-0717-0.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2016
Severe leptospirosis and pancreatitis; A case series from a leptospirosis outbreak in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka
Herath NJ, Kamburapola CJ, Agampodi SB. Severe leptospirosis and pancreatitis; A case series from a leptospirosis outbreak in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka. BMC Infectious Diseases 2016, 16: 644. PMID: 27821124, PMCID: PMC5100107, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2010-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntensive care unitSevere leptospirosisCase seriesConclusionThis case seriesResidual organ damageAcute kidney injuryLow serum calciumAnuradhapura districtBackgroundAcute pancreatitisAbdominal painKidney injurySix patientsCommon complicationCare unitClinical presentationElevated amylaseOrgan damageRare presentationSerum calciumAcute pancreatitisCase presentationWeNeutrophilic leukocytosisMain complicationsSerum amylaseTeaching hospital
2015
The 2013 measles outbreak in Sri Lanka: experience from a rural district and implications for measles elimination goals
Dahanayaka NJ, Pahalagamage S, Ganegama RM, Weerawansa P, Agampodi SB. The 2013 measles outbreak in Sri Lanka: experience from a rural district and implications for measles elimination goals. Infectious Diseases Of Poverty 2015, 4: 51. PMID: 26627462, PMCID: PMC4667465, DOI: 10.1186/s40249-015-0084-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMeasles elimination goalElimination goalsMeasles immunization schedulePosterior cervical lymphadenopathyCommon clinical featuresIntensive care unitUniversity Medical UnitMonths of ageBasic demographic detailsCervical lymphadenopathyKoplik's spotsMaculopapular rashImmunization statusPrior immunizationVaccine scheduleCare unitClinical featuresImmunization scheduleMeasles vaccineSevere pneumoniaMeasles immunizationProspective studyRespiratory difficultyRubella vaccineEpidemiological profileDermatoglyphics in hypertension: a review
Wijerathne B, Meier RJ, Agampodi TC, Agampodi SB. Dermatoglyphics in hypertension: a review. Journal Of Physiological Anthropology 2015, 34: 29. PMID: 26265377, PMCID: PMC4534102, DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0065-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAgedBiomarkersDermatoglyphicsFemaleHumansHypertensionMaleMiddle AgedYoung AdultConceptsDermatoglyphic markersMeta-Analyses (PRISMA) statementPreferred Reporting ItemsSystematic literature searchMean total ridge countTotal ridge countGlobal burdenHypertensionHigh riskElevated riskReporting ItemsClinical standpointFetal developmentSystematic reviewHypertensive samplesLiterature searchWhorl patternGoogle ScholarConsistent findingMedical advancementsAvailable studiesGrey literatureRelevant publicationsNumber of studiesRisk