2024
IgM N-glycosylation correlates with COVID-19 severity and rate of complement deposition
Ozonoff A, Ehrlich L, Melamed E, Sesma A, Simon V, Pulendran B, Nadeau K, Davis M, McCoey G, Sekaly R, Baden L, Levy O, Schaenman J, Reed E, Shaw A, Hafler D, Montgomery R, Kleinstein S, Becker P, Augustine A, Calfee C, Erle D, DeBakey M, Corry D, Kheradmand F, Atkinson M, Brakenridge S, Higuita N, Metcalf J, Hough C, Messer W, Kraft M, Bime C, Peters B, Milliren C, Syphurs C, McEnaney K, Barton B, Lentucci C, Saluvan M, Chang A, Hoch A, Albert M, Shaheen T, Kho A, Liu S, Thomas S, Chen J, Murphy M, Cooney M, Hayati A, Bryant R, Abraham J, Jayavelu N, Presnell S, Jancsyk T, Maguire C, Qi J, Lee B, Fourati S, Esserman D, Guan L, Gygi J, Pawar S, Brito A, Fragiadakis G, Patel R, Overton J, Vita R, Westendorf K, Shannon C, Tebbutt S, Thyagarajan R, Rousseau J, Wylie D, Triplett T, Kojic E, Chinthrajah S, Ahuja N, Rogers A, Artandi M, Geng L, Yendewa G, Powell D, Kim J, Simmons B, Goonewardene I, Smith C, Martens M, Sherman A, Walsh S, Issa N, Salehi-Rad R, Dela Cruz C, Farhadian S, Iwasaki A, Ko A, Anderson E, Mehta A, Sevransky J, Seyfert-Margolis V, Leligdowicz A, Matthay M, Singer J, Kangelaris K, Hendrickson C, Krummel M, Langelier C, Woodruff P, Corry D, Kheradmand F, Anderson M, Guirgis F, Drevets D, Brown B, Siegel S, Lu Z, Mosier J, Kimura H, Khor B, van Bakel H, Rahman A, Stadlbauer D, Dutta J, Xie H, Kim-Schulze S, Gonzalez-Reiche A, van de Guchte A, Carreño J, Singh G, Raskin A, Tcheou J, Bielak D, Kawabata H, Kelly G, Patel M, Nie K, Yellin T, Fried M, Sullivan L, Morris S, Sieg S, Steen H, van Zalm P, Fatou B, Mendez K, Lasky-Su J, Hutton S, Michelotti G, Wong K, Jha M, Viode A, Kanarek N, Petrova B, Zhao Y, Bosinger S, Boddapati A, Tharp G, Pellegrini K, Beagle E, Cowan D, Hamilton S, Ribeiro S, Hodder T, Rosen L, Lee S, Wilson M, Dandekar R, Alvarenga B, Rajan J, Eckalbar W, Schroeder A, Tsitsiklis A, Mick E, Guerrero Y, Love C, Maliskova L, Adkisson M, Siles N, Geltman J, Hurley K, Saksena M, Altman D, Srivastava K, Eaker L, Bermúdez-González M, Beach K, Sominsky L, Azad A, Mulder L, Kleiner G, Lee A, Do E, Fernandes A, Manohar M, Hagan T, Blish C, Din H, Roque J, Yang S, Sigal N, Chang I, Tribout H, Harris P, Consolo M, Edwards C, Lee E, Lin E, Croen B, Semenza N, Rogowski B, Melnyk N, Bell M, Furukawa S, McLin R, Schearer P, Sheidy J, Tegos G, Nagle C, Smolen K, Desjardins M, van Haren S, Mitre X, Cauley J, Li X, Tong A, Evans B, Montesano C, Licona J, Krauss J, Chang J, Izaguirre N, Rooks R, Elashoff D, Brook J, Ramires-Sanchez E, Llamas M, Rivera A, Perdomo C, Ward D, Magyar C, Fulcher J, Pickering H, Sen S, Chaudhary O, Coppi A, Fournier J, Mohanty S, Muenker C, Nelson A, Raddassi K, Rainone M, Ruff W, Salahuddin S, Schulz W, Vijayakumar P, Wang H, Wunder E, Young H, Rothman J, Konstorum A, Chen E, Cotsapas C, Grubaugh N, Wang X, Xu L, Asashima H, Bristow L, Hussaini L, Hellmeister K, Samaha H, Wimalasena S, Cheng A, Spainhour C, Scherer E, Johnson B, Bechnak A, Ciric C, Hewitt L, Carter E, Mcnair N, Panganiban B, Huerta C, Usher J, Vaysman T, Holland S, Abe-Jones Y, Asthana S, Beagle A, Bhide S, Carrillo S, Chak S, Ghale R, Gonzalez A, Jauregui A, Jones N, Lea T, Lee D, Lota R, Milush J, Nguyen V, Pierce L, Prasad P, Rao A, Samad B, Shaw C, Sigman A, Sinha P, Ward A, Willmore A, Zhan J, Rashid S, Rodriguez N, Tang K, Altamirano L, Betancourt L, Curiel C, Sutter N, Paz M, Tietje-Ulrich G, Leroux C, Thakur N, Vasquez J, Santhosh L, Song L, Nelson E, Moldawer L, Borresen B, Roth-Manning B, Ungaro R, Oberhaus J, Booth J, Sinko L, Brunton A, Sullivan P, Strnad M, Lyski Z, Coulter F, Micheleti C, Conway M, Francisco D, Molzahn A, Erickson H, Wilson C, Schunk R, Sierra B, Hughes T. IgM N-glycosylation correlates with COVID-19 severity and rate of complement deposition. Nature Communications 2024, 15: 404. PMID: 38195739, PMCID: PMC10776791, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44211-0.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2023
Prior cycles of anti-CD20 antibodies affect antibody responses after repeated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination
Asashima H, Kim D, Wang K, Lele N, Buitrago-Pocasangre N, Lutz R, Cruz I, Raddassi K, Ruff W, Racke M, Wilson J, Givens T, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Kleinstein S, Montgomery R, Shaw A, Li F, Fan R, Hafler D, Tomayko M, Longbrake E. Prior cycles of anti-CD20 antibodies affect antibody responses after repeated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. JCI Insight 2023, 8: e168102. PMID: 37606046, PMCID: PMC10543713, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168102.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinationB-cell-depleted patientsB-cell depletionAntibody responseMRNA vaccinationThird doseCell depletionT cellsClaude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence CenterB cellsNational Multiple Sclerosis SocietyAnti-CD20 antibodySpike-specific antibodiesMultiple Sclerosis SocietyLow cumulative exposureLogistic regression modelsImportant clinical needCD20 therapyCD20 treatmentMost patientsThird vaccineSerologic responseVaccine dosesMRNA vaccinesVaccination strategies
2022
Phenotypes of disease severity in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: Results from the IMPACC study
Ozonoff A, Schaenman J, Jayavelu ND, Milliren CE, Calfee CS, Cairns CB, Kraft M, Baden LR, Shaw AC, Krammer F, van Bakel H, Esserman DA, Liu S, Sesma AF, Simon V, Hafler DA, Montgomery RR, Kleinstein SH, Levy O, Bime C, Haddad EK, Erle DJ, Pulendran B, Nadeau KC, Davis MM, Hough CL, Messer WB, Higuita NIA, Metcalf JP, Atkinson MA, Brakenridge SC, Corry D, Kheradmand F, Ehrlich LIR, Melamed E, McComsey GA, Sekaly R, Diray-Arce J, Peters B, Augustine AD, Reed EF, Altman MC, Becker PM, Rouphael N, Ozonoff A, Schaenman J, Jayavelu N, Milliren C, Calfee C, Cairns C, Kraft M, Baden L, Shaw A, Krammer F, van Bakel H, Esserman D, Liu S, Sesma A, Simon V, Hafler D, Montgomery R, Kleinstein S, Levy O, Bime C, Haddad E, Erle D, Pulendran B, Nadeau K, Davis M, Hough C, Messer W, Higuita N, Metcalf J, Atkinson M, Brakenridge S, Corry D, Kheradmand F, Ehrlich L, Melamed E, McComsey G, Sekaly R, Diray-Arce J, Peters B, Augustine A, Reed E, McEnaney K, Barton B, Lentucci C, Saluvan M, Chang A, Hoch A, Albert M, Shaheen T, Kho A, Thomas S, Chen J, Murphy M, Cooney M, Presnell S, Fragiadakis G, Patel R, Guan L, Gygi J, Pawar S, Brito A, Khalil Z, Maguire C, Fourati S, Overton J, Vita R, Westendorf K, Salehi-Rad R, Leligdowicz A, Matthay M, Singer J, Kangelaris K, Hendrickson C, Krummel M, Langelier C, Woodruff P, Powell D, Kim J, Simmons B, Goonewardene I, Smith C, Martens M, Mosier J, Kimura H, Sherman A, Walsh S, Issa N, Dela Cruz C, Farhadian S, Iwasaki A, Ko A, Chinthrajah S, Ahuja N, Rogers A, Artandi M, Siegel S, Lu Z, Drevets D, Brown B, Anderson M, Guirgis F, Thyagarajan R, Rousseau J, Wylie D, Busch J, Gandhi S, Triplett T, Yendewa G, Giddings O, Anderson E, Mehta A, Sevransky J, Khor B, Rahman A, Stadlbauer D, Dutta J, Xie H, Kim-Schulze S, Gonzalez-Reiche A, van de Guchte A, Farrugia K, Khan Z, Maecker H, Elashoff D, Brook J, Ramires-Sanchez E, Llamas M, Rivera A, Perdomo C, Ward D, Magyar C, Fulcher J, Abe-Jones Y, Asthana S, Beagle A, Bhide S, Carrillo S, Chak S, Fragiadakis G, Ghale R, Gonzalez A, Jauregui A, Jones N, Lea T, Lee D, Lota R, Milush J, Nguyen V, Pierce L, Prasad P, Rao A, Samad B, Shaw C, Sigman A, Sinha P, Ward A, Willmore A, Zhan J, Rashid S, Rodriguez N, Tang K, Altamirano L, Betancourt L, Curiel C, Sutter N, Paz M, Tietje-Ulrich G, Leroux C, Connors J, Bernui M, Kutzler M, Edwards C, Lee E, Lin E, Croen B, Semenza N, Rogowski B, Melnyk N, Woloszczuk K, Cusimano G, Bell M, Furukawa S, McLin R, Marrero P, Sheidy J, Tegos G, Nagle C, Mege N, Ulring K, Seyfert-Margolis V, Conway M, Francisco D, Molzahn A, Erickson H, Wilson C, Schunk R, Sierra B, Hughes T, Smolen K, Desjardins M, van Haren S, Mitre X, Cauley J, Li X, Tong A, Evans B, Montesano C, Licona J, Krauss J, Chang J, Izaguirre N, Chaudhary O, Coppi A, Fournier J, Mohanty S, Muenker M, Nelson A, Raddassi K, Rainone M, Ruff W, Salahuddin S, Schulz W, Vijayakumar P, Wang H, Wunder E, Young H, Zhao Y, Saksena M, Altman D, Kojic E, Srivastava K, Eaker L, Bermúdez-González M, Beach K, Sominsky L, Azad A, Carreño J, Singh G, Raskin A, Tcheou J, Bielak D, Kawabata H, Mulder L, Kleiner G, Lee A, Do Do E, Fernandes A, Manohar M, Hagan T, Blish C, Din H, Roque J, Yang S, Brunton A, Sullivan P, Strnad M, Lyski Z, Coulter F, Booth J, Sinko L, Moldawer L, Borresen B, Roth-Manning B, Song L, Nelson E, Lewis-Smith M, Smith J, Tipan P, Siles N, Bazzi S, Geltman J, Hurley K, Gabriele G, Sieg S, Vaysman T, Bristow L, Hussaini L, Hellmeister K, Samaha H, Cheng A, Spainhour C, Scherer E, Johnson B, Bechnak A, Ciric C, Hewitt L, Carter E, Mcnair N, Panganiban B, Huerta C, Usher J, Ribeiro S, Altman M, Becker P, Rouphael N. Phenotypes of disease severity in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: Results from the IMPACC study. EBioMedicine 2022, 83: 104208. PMID: 35952496, PMCID: PMC9359694, DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104208.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk factorsRadiographic findingsFemale sexDisease severityHospitalized COVID-19 patientsSARS-CoV-2 antibodiesSARS-CoV-2 PCRLong COVID-19Presence of infiltratesInvasive mechanical ventilationCharacteristics of patientsOnly female sexViral load levelsClinical laboratory valuesCOVID-19 cohortMultivariable logistic regressionCOVID-19 patientsCoronavirus disease 2019PCR cycle thresholdCOVID-19Baseline creatinineBaseline lymphopeniaMedian ageOverall mortalityProlonged hospitalizationNo evidence of fetal defects or anti-syncytin-1 antibody induction following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination
Lu-Culligan A, Tabachnikova A, Pérez-Then E, Tokuyama M, Lee HJ, Lucas C, Monteiro V, Miric M, Brache V, Cochon L, Muenker MC, Mohanty S, Huang J, Kang I, Dela Cruz C, Farhadian S, Campbell M, Yildirim I, Shaw AC, Ma S, Vermund SH, Ko AI, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. No evidence of fetal defects or anti-syncytin-1 antibody induction following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. PLOS Biology 2022, 20: e3001506. PMID: 35609110, PMCID: PMC9129011, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001506.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCOVID-19 mRNA vaccinationMRNA vaccinationEarly pregnancyFetal sizeCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccinationSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Maternal antibody statusAdverse neonatal outcomesSyndrome coronavirus 2Birth defectsPolyinosinic-polycytidylic acidCrown-rump lengthGross birth defectsUnvaccinated adultsMaternal illnessNeonatal outcomesVaccinated adultsAntibody statusTLR3 agonistEarly immunizationMurine pregnancyAntibody inductionCoronavirus 2Single-cell multi-omics reveals dyssynchrony of the innate and adaptive immune system in progressive COVID-19
Unterman A, Sumida TS, Nouri N, Yan X, Zhao AY, Gasque V, Schupp JC, Asashima H, Liu Y, Cosme C, Deng W, Chen M, Raredon MSB, Hoehn KB, Wang G, Wang Z, DeIuliis G, Ravindra NG, Li N, Castaldi C, Wong P, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Sharma L, Casanovas-Massana A, Vogels CBF, Wyllie AL, Grubaugh ND, Melillo A, Meng H, Stein Y, Minasyan M, Mohanty S, Ruff WE, Cohen I, Raddassi K, Niklason L, Ko A, Montgomery R, Farhadian S, Iwasaki A, Shaw A, van Dijk D, Zhao H, Kleinstein S, Hafler D, Kaminski N, Dela Cruz C. Single-cell multi-omics reveals dyssynchrony of the innate and adaptive immune system in progressive COVID-19. Nature Communications 2022, 13: 440. PMID: 35064122, PMCID: PMC8782894, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27716-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdaptive ImmunityAgedAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCells, CulturedCOVID-19COVID-19 Drug TreatmentFemaleGene Expression ProfilingGene Expression RegulationHumansImmunity, InnateMaleReceptors, Antigen, B-CellReceptors, Antigen, T-CellRNA-SeqSARS-CoV-2Single-Cell AnalysisConceptsProgressive COVID-19B cell clonesSingle-cell analysisT cellsImmune responseMulti-omics single-cell analysisCOVID-19Cell clonesAdaptive immune interactionsSevere COVID-19Dynamic immune responsesGene expressionSARS-CoV-2 virusAdaptive immune systemSomatic hypermutation frequenciesCellular effectsProtein markersEffector CD8Immune signaturesProgressive diseaseHypermutation frequencyProgressive courseClassical monocytesClonesImmune interactions
2021
Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity
Lucas C, Vogels CBF, Yildirim I, Rothman JE, Lu P, Monteiro V, Gehlhausen JR, Campbell M, Silva J, Tabachnikova A, Peña-Hernandez MA, Muenker MC, Breban MI, Fauver JR, Mohanty S, Huang J, Shaw A, Ko A, Omer S, Grubaugh N, Iwasaki A. Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity. Nature 2021, 600: 523-529. PMID: 34634791, PMCID: PMC9348899, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04085-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSARS-CoV-2 variantsMRNA vaccine-induced immunityT-cell activation markersSARS-CoV-2 antibodiesSecond vaccine doseVaccine-induced immunityCell activation markersT cell responsesHigh antibody titresSARS-CoV-2Vaccine boosterVaccine doseActivation markersVaccine dosesHumoral immunityAntibody titresMRNA vaccinesVitro stimulationNeutralization capacityNeutralization responseCell responsesE484KNucleocapsid peptideAntibody-binding sitesGreater reductionReply to: A finding of sex similarities rather than differences in COVID-19 outcomes
Takahashi T, Ellingson MK, Wong P, Israelow B, Lucas C, Klein J, Silva J, Mao T, Oh JE, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Liu F, Meir A, Sun J, Wang EY, Casanovas-Massana A, Wyllie AL, Vogels CBF, Earnest R, Lapidus S, Ott IM, Moore AJ, Shaw A, Fournier JB, Odio CD, Farhadian S, Dela Cruz C, Grubaugh ND, Schulz WL, Ring AM, Ko AI, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. Reply to: A finding of sex similarities rather than differences in COVID-19 outcomes. Nature 2021, 597: e10-e11. PMID: 34552250, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03645-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchImmunophenotyping assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC): A prospective longitudinal study
, , Rouphael N, Maecker H, Montgomery R, Diray-Arce J, Kleinstein S, Altman M, Bosinger S, Eckalbar W, Guan L, Hough C, Krammer F, Langelier C, Levy O, McEnaney K, Peters B, Rahman A, Rajan J, Sigelman S, Steen H, van Bakel H, Ward A, Wilson M, Woodruff P, Zamecnik C, Augustine A, Ozonoff A, Reed E, Becker P, Higuita N, Altman M, Atkinson M, Baden L, Becker P, Bime C, Brakenridge S, Calfee C, Cairns C, Corry D, Davis M, Augustine A, Ehrlich L, Haddad E, Erle D, Fernandez-Sesma A, Hafler D, Hough C, Kheradmand F, Kleinstein S, Kraft M, Levy O, McComsey G, Melamed E, Messer W, Metcalf J, Montgomery R, Nadeau K, Ozonoff A, Peters B, Pulendran B, Reed E, Rouphael N, Sarwal M, Schaenman J, Sekaly R, Shaw A, Simon V. Immunophenotyping assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC): A prospective longitudinal study. Science Immunology 2021, 6: eabf3733. PMID: 34376480, PMCID: PMC8713959, DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf3733.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCOVID-19 cohortProspective longitudinal studyHost immune responseLongitudinal studyCOVID-19Identification of biomarkersHospitalized patientsRespiratory secretionsClinical criteriaDisease progressionImmune responseRadiographic dataImmunologic assaysEffective therapeuticsOptimal timingStudy designBiologic samplingSuch interventionsCohortSeveritySample collectionAssay protocolsPatientsDelayed production of neutralizing antibodies correlates with fatal COVID-19
Lucas C, Klein J, Sundaram ME, Liu F, Wong P, Silva J, Mao T, Oh JE, Mohanty S, Huang J, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Israelow B, Vogels CBF, Muenker MC, Chang CH, Casanovas-Massana A, Moore AJ, Zell J, Fournier JB, Wyllie A, Campbell M, Lee A, Chun H, Grubaugh N, Schulz W, Farhadian S, Dela Cruz C, Ring A, Shaw A, Wisnewski A, Yildirim I, Ko A, Omer S, Iwasaki A. Delayed production of neutralizing antibodies correlates with fatal COVID-19. Nature Medicine 2021, 27: 1178-1186. PMID: 33953384, PMCID: PMC8785364, DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01355-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDeceased patientsAntibody levelsAntibody responseDisease severityAnti-S IgG levelsCOVID-19 disease outcomesFatal COVID-19Impaired viral controlWorse clinical progressionWorse disease severitySevere COVID-19Length of hospitalizationImmunoglobulin G levelsHumoral immune responseCoronavirus disease 2019COVID-19 mortalityCOVID-19Domain (RBD) IgGSeroconversion kineticsDisease courseIgG levelsClinical parametersClinical progressionHumoral responseDisease onset
2020
SalivaDirect: A simplified and flexible platform to enhance SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity
Vogels CBF, Watkins AE, Harden CA, Brackney DE, Shafer J, Wang J, Caraballo C, Kalinich CC, Ott IM, Fauver JR, Kudo E, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Tokuyama M, Moore AJ, Muenker MC, Casanovas-Massana A, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Campbell M, Datta R, Nelson A, Team Y, Anastasio K, Askenase M, Batsu M, Bickerton S, Brower K, Bucklin M, Cahill S, Cao Y, Courchaine E, DeIuliis G, Earnest R, Geng B, Goldman-Israelow B, Handoko R, Khoury-Hanold W, Kim D, Knaggs L, Kuang M, Lapidus S, Lim J, Linehan M, Lu-Culligan A, Martin A, Matos I, McDonald D, Minasyan M, Nakahata M, Naushad N, Nouws J, Obaid A, Odio C, Oh J, Omer S, Park A, Park H, Peng X, Petrone M, Prophet S, Rice T, Rose K, Sewanan L, Sharma L, Shaw A, Shepard D, Smolgovsky M, Sonnert N, Strong Y, Todeasa C, Valdez J, Velazquez S, Vijayakumar P, White E, Yang Y, Dela Cruz C, Ko A, Iwasaki A, Krumholz H, Matheus J, Hui P, Liu C, Farhadian S, Sikka R, Wyllie A, Grubaugh N. SalivaDirect: A simplified and flexible platform to enhance SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity. Med 2020, 2: 263-280.e6. PMID: 33521748, PMCID: PMC7836249, DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.12.010.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEmergency use authorizationSARS-CoV-2 testingSARS-CoV-2 screeningSARS-CoV-2 testing capacitySupply chain shortagesHospital cohortNasopharyngeal swabsHealthy individualsDrug AdministrationHigh positive agreementQRT-PCR assaysDiagnostic testsU.S. FoodSafe reopeningTesting capacityGlobal healthPositive agreementFast GrantLower ratesSalivaNucleic acid extractionSwabsValid alternativeAssay costsCollection tubesSex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes
Takahashi T, Ellingson MK, Wong P, Israelow B, Lucas C, Klein J, Silva J, Mao T, Oh JE, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Liu F, Meir A, Sun J, Wang EY, Casanovas-Massana A, Wyllie AL, Vogels CBF, Earnest R, Lapidus S, Ott IM, Moore AJ, Shaw A, Fournier J, Odio C, Farhadian S, Dela Cruz C, Grubaugh N, Schulz W, Ring A, Ko A, Omer S, Iwasaki A. Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes. Nature 2020, 588: 315-320. PMID: 32846427, PMCID: PMC7725931, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInnate immune cytokinesFemale patientsMale patientsImmune cytokinesDisease outcomeImmune responseCOVID-19COVID-19 disease outcomesPoor T cell responsesSARS-CoV-2 infectionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirusAcute respiratory syndrome coronavirusSex-based approachModerate COVID-19Sex differencesRobust T cell activationT cell responsesWorse disease progressionWorse disease outcomesHigher plasma levelsNon-classical monocytesCoronavirus disease 2019T cell activationImmunomodulatory medicationsPlasma cytokines