1995
Intrasphincteric Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Achalasia
Pasricha P, Ravich W, Hendrix T, Sostre S, Jones B, Kalloo A. Intrasphincteric Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Achalasia. New England Journal Of Medicine 1995, 332: 774-778. PMID: 7862180, DOI: 10.1056/nejm199503233321203.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLower esophageal sphincterEsophageal sphincterBotulinum toxinPlacebo groupMean decreaseSymptom scoresTreatment groupsMean increaseDisorders of swallowingIntrasphincteric botulinum toxinDouble-blind trialTreatment of achalasiaMonths 14 patientsSerious adverse effectsSymptomatic improvementEsophageal retentionParalytic agentsScintigraphic studiesEsophageal scintigraphySphincterAchalasiaPatientsAdverse effectsPlaceboMonths
1993
Effects of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin on the lower esophageal sphincter in piglets
Pasricha P, Ravich W, Kalloo A. Effects of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin on the lower esophageal sphincter in piglets. Gastroenterology 1993, 105: 1045-1049. PMID: 8405847, DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90947-b.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLES pressureLower esophageal sphincter pressureIntrasphincteric botulinum toxinEsophageal sphincter pressureLower esophageal sphincterRelease of acetylcholineGastrointestinal smooth muscleNormal saline injectionEvidence of toxicityBaseline lower esophageal sphincter pressureBoTx injectionNoncholinergic pathwaysAnticholinergic effectsSphincter pressureLES toneEsophageal sphincterGastrointestinal sphinctersBotulinum toxinNormal salineSaline injectionNerve terminalsParadoxical responseSmooth muscleBoTxSkeletal muscle