2022
National survey in South Africa reveals high tuberculosis prevalence among previously treated people
Marx FM, Hesseling AC, Martinson N, Theron G, Cohen T. National survey in South Africa reveals high tuberculosis prevalence among previously treated people. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2022, 22: 1273. PMID: 36029778, DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00494-7.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2021
Development of a Treatment-decision Algorithm for Human Immunodeficiency Virus–uninfected Children Evaluated for Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Gunasekera KS, Walters E, van der Zalm MM, Palmer M, Warren JL, Hesseling AC, Cohen T, Seddon JA. Development of a Treatment-decision Algorithm for Human Immunodeficiency Virus–uninfected Children Evaluated for Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021, 73: e904-e912. PMID: 33449999, PMCID: PMC8366829, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab018.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPulmonary tuberculosisClinical evidenceXpert MTB/RIFBaseline clinical evaluationChest radiographic resultsRapid treatment initiationNational Tuberculosis ProgrammeTreatment decision algorithmsEvidence-based algorithmMTB/RIFDiagnosis of tuberculosisChest radiographicAntituberculosis treatmentProspective cohortRadiographic resultsTreatment initiationTuberculosis casesTuberculosis ProgrammeClinical evaluationCase definitionTreatment decisionsGlobal burdenChildhood mortalityChildren EvaluatedRapid clinical diagnosis
2020
Risk factors for recurrent tuberculosis after successful treatment in a high burden setting: a cohort study
Cudahy PGT, Wilson D, Cohen T. Risk factors for recurrent tuberculosis after successful treatment in a high burden setting: a cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases 2020, 20: 789. PMID: 33097000, PMCID: PMC7585300, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05515-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsM. tuberculosis infectionRecurrent tuberculosisSuccessful treatmentTuberculosis recurrenceHazard ratioSmear gradeTuberculosis infectionRisk factorsSmear-positive pulmonary tuberculosisCox proportional hazards modelSputum smear gradeRepetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typingHigh-burden settingsRisk of recurrenceProportional hazards modelSuccessful treatment completionRecurrent diseaseCohort studyPulmonary tuberculosisBurden settingsClinical presentationRecurrent episodesInitial episodeNumber tandem repeat typingTreatment completionCost-effectiveness of post-treatment follow-up examinations and secondary prevention of tuberculosis in a high-incidence setting: a model-based analysis
Marx FM, Cohen T, Menzies NA, Salomon JA, Theron G, Yaesoubi R. Cost-effectiveness of post-treatment follow-up examinations and secondary prevention of tuberculosis in a high-incidence setting: a model-based analysis. The Lancet Global Health 2020, 8: e1223-e1233. PMID: 32827484, PMCID: PMC7549318, DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30227-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAftercareCost-Benefit AnalysisHumansIncidenceModels, TheoreticalSecondary PreventionSouth AfricaTuberculosisConceptsIsoniazid preventive therapySecondary preventive therapyHigh-incidence settingsPost-treatment followPreventive therapyTuberculosis controlTuberculosis incidenceTreatment completionTuberculosis case findingOverall disease burdenHigh tuberculosis incidenceTuberculosis-endemic settingHigh-incidence communityFirst yearHealth system costsRecurrent tuberculosisSecondary preventionAnnual followTuberculosis treatmentDisease burdenHigh riskCase findingSingle followSuburban Cape TownPreventive interventionsSmoking and HIV associated with subclinical tuberculosis: analysis of a population-based prevalence survey
Gunasekera K, Cohen T, Gao W, Ayles H, Godfrey-Faussett P, Claassens M. Smoking and HIV associated with subclinical tuberculosis: analysis of a population-based prevalence survey. The International Journal Of Tuberculosis And Lung Disease 2020, 24: 340-346. PMID: 32228765, DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.19.0387.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsActive TBPrevalence surveyPopulation-based prevalence surveyCurrent tobacco smokingTypical symptomsHIV-positive statusTuberculosis prevalence surveyPrevalence survey dataSubclinical tuberculosisPositive TBCrude prevalenceTobacco smokingEpidemiological burdenPrevalent casesReduction TrialSubclinical TBMedical variablesSecondary analysisEstimate associationsSouth African communitySymptomsHIVSmokingTuberculosisDisease
2019
Notification of relapse and other previously treated tuberculosis in the 52 health districts of South Africa
Marx F, Cohen T, Lombard C, Hesseling A, Dlamini S, Beyers N, Naidoo P. Notification of relapse and other previously treated tuberculosis in the 52 health districts of South Africa. The International Journal Of Tuberculosis And Lung Disease 2019, 23: 891-899. PMID: 31533878, DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0609.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSouth African health districtTB casesCase notification ratesHealth districtTB burdenNotification ratesHigh case notification ratesHIV co-infection rateHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalenceTB case notification ratesAntenatal HIV prevalenceSecondary preventive therapyDrug-susceptible tuberculosisNew TB casesCo-infection rateTreatment history informationPreventive therapyMultivariable analysisHIV prevalenceSouth African districtPatient categoriesRelapseTuberculosisTreatment monitoringVirus prevalence
2018
Tuberculosis control interventions targeted to previously treated people in a high-incidence setting: a modelling study
Marx FM, Yaesoubi R, Menzies NA, Salomon JA, Bilinski A, Beyers N, Cohen T. Tuberculosis control interventions targeted to previously treated people in a high-incidence setting: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Health 2018, 6: e426-e435. PMID: 29472018, PMCID: PMC5849574, DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30022-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHigh-incidence settingsIsoniazid preventive therapyPreventive therapyTuberculosis treatmentActive casesHIV prevalenceTuberculosis controlControl interventionsIncident tuberculosis casesPrevious tuberculosis treatmentTuberculosis control interventionsTB case notificationHigh-risk groupTransmission dynamic modelTuberculosis deathsHigh tuberculosisRecurrent diseasePrevalent tuberculosisTuberculosis casesTuberculosis incidenceCase notificationTreatment outcomesTuberculosis morbidityTuberculosis epidemicAdditional interventions
2017
Catastrophic costs potentially averted by tuberculosis control in India and South Africa: a modelling study
Verguet S, Riumallo-Herl C, Gomez GB, Menzies NA, Houben RMGJ, Sumner T, Lalli M, White RG, Salomon JA, Cohen T, Foster N, Chatterjee S, Sweeney S, Baena IG, Lönnroth K, Weil DE, Vassall A. Catastrophic costs potentially averted by tuberculosis control in India and South Africa: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Health 2017, 5: e1123-e1132. PMID: 29025634, PMCID: PMC5640802, DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30341-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsCatastrophic IllnessHealth Care CostsHumansIndiaModels, TheoreticalSouth AfricaTuberculosisConceptsMultidrug-resistant tuberculosisEnd TB StrategyTuberculosis servicesCatastrophic costsTB StrategyDrug-sensitive tuberculosisCatastrophic financial burdenAnnual household incomeTuberculosis careTuberculosis controlEconomic burdenTuberculosisIntervention effectsMelinda Gates FoundationHousehold incomeIndirect costsFinancial burdenExpansion of accessPatientsTotal annual household incomeTreatmentCareGates FoundationBurdenIntervention scenarios
2016
Genomic diversity in autopsy samples reveals within-host dissemination of HIV-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lieberman TD, Wilson D, Misra R, Xiong LL, Moodley P, Cohen T, Kishony R. Genomic diversity in autopsy samples reveals within-host dissemination of HIV-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nature Medicine 2016, 22: 1470-1474. PMID: 27798613, PMCID: PMC5508070, DOI: 10.1038/nm.4205.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAutopsyBacteriological TechniquesCoinfectionDNA, BacterialFemaleGenetic VariationHIV InfectionsHumansLiverLungLymph NodesMaleMiddle AgedMycobacterium tuberculosisPhylogenyPolymorphism, Single NucleotideSouth AfricaSpleenTuberculosisTuberculosis, HepaticTuberculosis, Lymph NodeTuberculosis, PulmonaryTuberculosis, SplenicFeasibility of achieving the 2025 WHO global tuberculosis targets in South Africa, China, and India: a combined analysis of 11 mathematical models
Houben RMGJ, Menzies NA, Sumner T, Huynh GH, Arinaminpathy N, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Lin HH, Wu CY, Mandal S, Pandey S, Suen SC, Bendavid E, Azman AS, Dowdy DW, Bacaër N, Rhines AS, Feldman MW, Handel A, Whalen CC, Chang ST, Wagner BG, Eckhoff PA, Trauer JM, Denholm JT, McBryde ES, Cohen T, Salomon JA, Pretorius C, Lalli M, Eaton JW, Boccia D, Hosseini M, Gomez GB, Sahu S, Daniels C, Ditiu L, Chin DP, Wang L, Chadha VK, Rade K, Dewan P, Hippner P, Charalambous S, Grant AD, Churchyard G, Pillay Y, Mametja LD, Kimerling ME, Vassall A, White RG. Feasibility of achieving the 2025 WHO global tuberculosis targets in South Africa, China, and India: a combined analysis of 11 mathematical models. The Lancet Global Health 2016, 4: e806-e815. PMID: 27720688, PMCID: PMC6375908, DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(16)30199-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEnd TB Strategy targetsPreventive therapyTuberculosis incidenceContinuous isoniazid preventive therapyGlobal tuberculosis targetsIsoniazid preventive therapySymptoms of tuberculosisActive case findingNational Tuberculosis ProgrammeEnd TB StrategyHigh-burden countriesAntiretroviral therapyLatent tuberculosisStrategy targetsTuberculosis burdenTuberculosis careTuberculosis ProgrammeTB StrategyTuberculosis transmissionHealth centersAdditional interventionsTuberculosis interventionsCase findingTuberculosis epidemiologyEpidemiological impactCost-effectiveness and resource implications of aggressive action on tuberculosis in China, India, and South Africa: a combined analysis of nine models
Menzies NA, Gomez GB, Bozzani F, Chatterjee S, Foster N, Baena IG, Laurence YV, Qiang S, Siroka A, Sweeney S, Verguet S, Arinaminpathy N, Azman AS, Bendavid E, Chang ST, Cohen T, Denholm JT, Dowdy DW, Eckhoff PA, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Handel A, Huynh GH, Lalli M, Lin HH, Mandal S, McBryde ES, Pandey S, Salomon JA, Suen SC, Sumner T, Trauer JM, Wagner BG, Whalen CC, Wu CY, Boccia D, Chadha VK, Charalambous S, Chin DP, Churchyard G, Daniels C, Dewan P, Ditiu L, Eaton JW, Grant AD, Hippner P, Hosseini M, Mametja D, Pretorius C, Pillay Y, Rade K, Sahu S, Wang L, Houben RMGJ, Kimerling ME, White RG, Vassall A. Cost-effectiveness and resource implications of aggressive action on tuberculosis in China, India, and South Africa: a combined analysis of nine models. The Lancet Global Health 2016, 4: e816-e826. PMID: 27720689, PMCID: PMC5527122, DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(16)30265-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsChinaCost-Benefit AnalysisDelivery of Health CareForecastingGoalsHealth Care CostsHealth ExpendituresHealth PolicyHealth ResourcesHealth Services AccessibilityHealth Services Needs and DemandHumansIndiaModels, TheoreticalPatient Acceptance of Health CareQuality-Adjusted Life YearsSouth AfricaTuberculosisConceptsPatient-incurred costsTuberculosis servicesConventional cost-effectiveness thresholdsHigh-burden countriesEnd TB StrategySubstantial health gainsNet cost savingsResource implicationsCost-effectiveness thresholdMost intervention approachesTB StrategyTuberculosis incidenceMost interventionsSocietal perspectiveHealth gainsIntervention mixMelinda Gates FoundationSubstantial healthHealth effectsCurrent practiceExpansion of accessIntervention approachesEmpirical cost dataCost dataInterventionHigh burden of prevalent tuberculosis among previously treated people in Southern Africa suggests potential for targeted control interventions
Marx FM, Floyd S, Ayles H, Godfrey-Faussett P, Beyers N, Cohen T. High burden of prevalent tuberculosis among previously treated people in Southern Africa suggests potential for targeted control interventions. European Respiratory Journal 2016, 48: 1227-1230. PMID: 27390274, PMCID: PMC5512114, DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00716-2016.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHigh-burden settingsHigh TB prevalenceRecurrent tuberculosisExogenous reinfectionPrevalent tuberculosisTB prevalenceSuccessful treatmentHigh burdenImportant underlying mechanismHigh riskHigh incidenceControl interventionsTargeted interventionsTuberculosisUnderlying mechanismOne-thirdInterventionBurdenCape TownIndividualsReinfectionPrevalenceIncidenceDiseaseSettingAssessing Local Risk of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling
Heidebrecht CL, Podewils LJ, Pym A, Mthiyane T, Cohen T. Assessing Local Risk of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling. PLOS ONE 2016, 11: e0153143. PMID: 27050561, PMCID: PMC4822784, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153143.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIncident TB casesTB casesResistant TBDrug-resistant TB casesRifampicin-resistant tuberculosisMultidrug-resistant tuberculosisDrug susceptibility testingRIF-resistant TBLot Quality Assurance SamplingQuality assurance samplingResistant diseaseHigh burdenRIF resistanceKwaZulu-NatalSusceptibility testingHigh-risk areasTuberculosisRiskGreater proportionBurdenTBDiseaseGeographic heterogeneityCasesRifampicinAssessing the utility of Xpert® MTB/RIF as a screening tool for patients admitted to medical wards in South Africa
Heidebrecht CL, Podewils LJ, Pym AS, Cohen T, Mthiyane T, Wilson D. Assessing the utility of Xpert® MTB/RIF as a screening tool for patients admitted to medical wards in South Africa. Scientific Reports 2016, 6: 19391. PMID: 26786396, PMCID: PMC4726405, DOI: 10.1038/srep19391.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overCoinfectionDrug Resistance, BacterialFemaleHIV InfectionsHumansMaleMass ScreeningMicrobial Sensitivity TestsMiddle AgedMycobacterium tuberculosisNucleic Acid Amplification TechniquesReproducibility of ResultsRifampinSouth AfricaTuberculosis, Multidrug-ResistantYoung AdultConceptsChest X-rayMTB/RIFMedical wardsScreening toolAdditional TB casesInfection control actionsUtility of GeneXpertTB/HIVConsecutive adult patientsProportion of patientsRifampicin-resistant tuberculosisDrug-resistant tuberculosisLarge public hospitalTB diseaseAdult patientsStandard careTB casesTB screeningMedical admissionsMedical chartsHospital inpatientsSputum specimensGeneXpertPatientsRifampicin resistanceWithin-Host Heterogeneity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Associated With Poor Early Treatment Response: A Prospective Cohort Study
Cohen T, Chindelevitch L, Misra R, Kempner ME, Galea J, Moodley P, Wilson D. Within-Host Heterogeneity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Associated With Poor Early Treatment Response: A Prospective Cohort Study. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2016, 213: 1796-1799. PMID: 26768249, PMCID: PMC4857469, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw014.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMonths of treatmentMycobacterium tuberculosis infectionTuberculosis infectionTreatment responsePoor early treatment responseProspective cohort studyInitiation of treatmentM. tuberculosis infectionRepetitive units-variable numberEarly treatment responsePersistent culture positivityCohort studyClinical managementCulture positivityHigher oddsInfectionTuberculosisPrevalenceTreatmentMonthsResponsePatientsKwaZulu-NatalHost heterogeneityPositivity
2014
High Rates of Potentially Infectious Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among Hospital Inpatients in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa Indicate Risk of Nosocomial Transmission
Bantubani N, Kabera G, Connolly C, Rustomjee R, Reddy T, Cohen T, Pym AS. High Rates of Potentially Infectious Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among Hospital Inpatients in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa Indicate Risk of Nosocomial Transmission. PLOS ONE 2014, 9: e90868. PMID: 24625669, PMCID: PMC3953209, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090868.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMultidrug-resistant tuberculosisCurrent coughXDR-TBNosocomial transmissionInfectious tuberculosisInfectious TBHospital inpatientsClinical dataAnti-tuberculosis drug susceptibility testingMDR/XDR-TBPrevious TB treatmentDrug susceptibility testingTB treatmentHospital admissionMale sexTB inpatientsScotland hospitalsInpatient settingHigh burdenSputum samplesInfection controlInpatientsKwaZulu-NatalCoughDrug resistanceThe potential effects of changing HIV treatment policy on tuberculosis outcomes in South Africa
Pretorius C, Menzies NA, Chindelevitch L, Cohen T, Cori A, Eaton JW, Fraser C, Gopalappa C, Hallett TB, Salomon JA, Stover J, White RG, Dodd PJ. The potential effects of changing HIV treatment policy on tuberculosis outcomes in South Africa. AIDS 2014, 28: s25-s34. PMID: 24468944, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000085.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAntiretroviral therapyTB incidenceART expansionHIV treatment policyHIV-positive individualsART eligibility criteriaTuberculosis outcomesART eligibilitySurvival benefitTB burdenTB casesHIV transmissionART coverageHIV treatmentHIV epidemicMortality reductionPositive individualsEligibility criteriaTreatment policyART servicesTuberculosisIncidenceCurrent eligibilityIndependent mathematical modelsRecent findings
2013
Health benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of earlier eligibility for adult antiretroviral therapy and expanded treatment coverage: a combined analysis of 12 mathematical models.
Eaton JW, Menzies NA, Stover J, Cambiano V, Chindelevitch L, Cori A, Hontelez JA, Humair S, Kerr CC, Klein DJ, Mishra S, Mitchell KM, Nichols BE, Vickerman P, Bakker R, Bärnighausen T, Bershteyn A, Bloom DE, Boily MC, Chang ST, Cohen T, Dodd PJ, Fraser C, Gopalappa C, Lundgren J, Martin NK, Mikkelsen E, Mountain E, Pham QD, Pickles M, Phillips A, Platt L, Pretorius C, Prudden HJ, Salomon JA, van de Vijver DA, de Vlas SJ, Wagner BG, White RG, Wilson DP, Zhang L, Blandford J, Meyer-Rath G, Remme M, Revill P, Sangrujee N, Terris-Prestholt F, Doherty M, Shaffer N, Easterbrook PJ, Hirnschall G, Hallett TB. Health benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of earlier eligibility for adult antiretroviral therapy and expanded treatment coverage: a combined analysis of 12 mathematical models. The Lancet Global Health 2013, 2: e23-34. PMID: 25104632, DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70172-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV-positive adultsAdult antiretroviral therapyAntiretroviral therapyCD4 countTreatment coveragePotential health benefitsConcentrated epidemicsDALY avertedHealth benefitsEligibility criteriaExpansion of eligibilityEarlier eligibilityCD4 count thresholdHealth system perspectiveHead gross domestic productMiddle-income settingsGeneral populationHealth outcomesKey populationsTherapyHealth interventionsHealth budgetIncremental costMelinda Gates FoundationEligibility
2010
Mixed-Strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections among Patients Dying in a Hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Cohen T, Wilson D, Wallengren K, Samuel EY, Murray M. Mixed-Strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections among Patients Dying in a Hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology 2010, 49: 385-388. PMID: 20980576, PMCID: PMC3020455, DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01378-10.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchProlonged deferral of antiretroviral therapy in the SAPIT trial: Did we need a clinical trial to tell us that this would increase mortality?
Boulle A, Clayden P, Cohen K, Cohen T, Conradie F, Dong K, Geffen N, Grimwood A, Hurtado R, Kenyon C, Lawn S, Maartens G, Meintjes G, Mendelson M, Murray M, Rangaka M, Sanne I, Spencer D, Taljaard J, Variava E, Venter WD, Wilson D. Prolonged deferral of antiretroviral therapy in the SAPIT trial: Did we need a clinical trial to tell us that this would increase mortality? South African Medical Journal 2010, 100: 566,568,570-571. PMID: 20822639, DOI: 10.7196/samj.4434.Peer-Reviewed Original Research