Aplidin® induces JNK-dependent apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via alteration of glutathione homeostasis, Rac1 GTPase activation, and MKP-1 phosphatase downregulation
González-Santiago L, Suárez Y, Zarich N, Muñoz-Alonso M, Cuadrado A, Martínez T, Goya L, Iradi A, Sáez-Tormo G, Maier J, Moorthy A, Cato A, Rojas J, Muñoz A. Aplidin® induces JNK-dependent apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via alteration of glutathione homeostasis, Rac1 GTPase activation, and MKP-1 phosphatase downregulation. Cell Death & Differentiation 2006, 13: 1968-1981. PMID: 16543941, DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401898.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntineoplastic AgentsApoptosisBreast NeoplasmsCalciumCell Cycle ProteinsCopperDepsipeptidesDown-RegulationDual Specificity Phosphatase 1Enzyme ActivationGlutathione DisulfideGlutathione PeroxidaseGlutathione ReductaseHeLa CellsHomeostasisHumansImmediate-Early ProteinsJNK Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesMembrane PotentialsMiceMitochondrial MembranesOxidative StressPeptides, CyclicPhosphoprotein PhosphatasesProtein Phosphatase 1Protein Tyrosine PhosphatasesRac1 GTP-Binding ProteinReactive Oxygen SpeciesConceptsJun N-terminal kinaseJNK activationRac1 activationGlutathione homeostasisRac1 small GTPaseJNK-dependent apoptosisRac1 GTPase activationMitochondrial membrane potentialN-terminal kinaseMKP-1 phosphataseSmall GTPaseGTPase activationReactive oxygen speciesHuman breast cancer cellsGSSG/GSH ratioCell deathBreast cancer cellsRapid activationExogenous GSHRNA duplexesSustained activationGSH synthesisSpecific Rac1 inhibitorAplidinDownregulation of Rac1