2016
Evaluations of witnesses' responses to bias: Universalism–Concern and the costs of confrontation
Lavado S, Pereira C, Dovidio J, Vala J. Evaluations of witnesses' responses to bias: Universalism–Concern and the costs of confrontation. Personality And Individual Differences 2016, 96: 172-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.003.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchHigh-cost situationsWitness responsesIndividual difference factorsCosts of confrontationIndividual differencesDifference factorsCost situationStudy 1Study 2Normative processesPerson's responseIncidents of biasPresent researchObserver evaluationObserver valuesParticipantsAppropriate responsePersonsBiasWhite personsConfrontationRacist commentsSituationBiasesOutgroup
2008
The role of Blacks’ discriminatory expectations in their prosocial orientations toward whites and blacks
Johnson J, Ashburn-Nardo L, Spicer C, Dovidio J. The role of Blacks’ discriminatory expectations in their prosocial orientations toward whites and blacks. Journal Of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44: 1498-1505. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAttitudes/intentionsEmpathic concernOutgroup exposureIntergroup contactProsocial intentionsProsocial orientationNeutral commentsNeutral exposureContact outcomesPresent researchParticipantsDifferent personsExposure effectsIntentionBlack participantsPositive exposureNegative exposureRole of blacksPersonsExpectationsWhite personsBlack personsFindingsNeedConcern