2005
Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: overview and practical guide to diagnosis and treatment.
Swain JE, Leckman JF. Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: overview and practical guide to diagnosis and treatment. Innov Clin Neurosci 2005, 2: 26-36. PMID: 21152158, PMCID: PMC3000195.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchTourette syndromeObsessive-compulsive disorderNatural historyFirst-line optionCourse of illnessAlpha-adrenergic agentsComputerized literature searchAtypical neurolepticsTic disordersAccurate prognosticationAdrenergic agentsPathophysiological modelProper diagnosisHabit reversalSyndromeLiterature searchAnxiety disordersBehavioral interventionsImproved treatmentDisordersPatientsPractical reviewTreatmentDiagnosisAttention problems
2001
Tic disorders: when habit forming neural systems form habits of their own?
Leckman JF, Yeh CB, Cohen DJ. Tic disorders: when habit forming neural systems form habits of their own? Journal Of The Chinese Medical Association 2001, 64: 669-92. PMID: 11922487.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsObsessive-compulsive disorderTourette syndromeAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderBasal gangliaIntolerable side effectsSubgroup of patientsLong-term outcomesAlpha-adrenergic agentsMajor affective disordersSpecific brain circuitsNew therapeutic directionDeficit/hyperactivity disorderAutoimmune mechanismsEarly brain developmentComorbid conditionsAtypical neurolepticsClinical neuroscience researchClinical trialsPrevalent disorderChildhood onsetClinical careMarked impairmentSide effectsPharmacological techniquesAffective disorders