2024
Changes in cerebrospinal fluid proteins across the spectrum of untreated and treated chronic HIV-1 infection
Hu Z, Cinque P, Dravid A, Hagberg L, Yilmaz A, Zetterberg H, Fuchs D, Gostner J, Blennow K, Spudich S, Kincer L, Zhou S, Joseph S, Swanstrom R, Price R, Gisslén M. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid proteins across the spectrum of untreated and treated chronic HIV-1 infection. PLOS Pathogens 2024, 20: e1012470. PMID: 39316609, PMCID: PMC11469498, DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012470.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV-1 infectionHIV-associated dementiaCerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluid proteinCerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNAImpact of HIV-1 infectionTreating chronic HIV-1 infectionChronic HIV-1 infectionHIV-1 RNAHIV-1 progressionTreat chronic infectionsInflammatory cell lineagesNeurofilament light chain proteinCSF escapeChronic infectionHIV-1Light chain proteinProtein changesClinical centersCNS injuryCSF proteinClinical informationCell lineagesInfectionCerebrospinal fluid proteome
2022
HIV Disease Dynamics and Markers of Inflammation and CNS Injury During Primary HIV Infection and Their Relationship to Cognitive Performance
Longino AA, Paul R, Wang Y, Lama JR, Brandes P, Ruiz E, Correa C, Keating S, Spudich SS, Pilcher C, Vecchio A, Pasalar S, Ignacio R, Valdez R, Dasgupta S, Robertson K, Duerr A. HIV Disease Dynamics and Markers of Inflammation and CNS Injury During Primary HIV Infection and Their Relationship to Cognitive Performance. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2022, 89: 183-190. PMID: 34629415, PMCID: PMC8752485, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002832.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV infectionAntiretroviral therapyHIV infectionWeek 192CNS injuryCSF biomarkersNP scoresHigher pre-ART VLCognitive performanceChronic cognitive symptomsSustained antiretroviral therapyPrimary HIV infectionMarkers of inflammationCerebrospinal fluid biomarkersPsychosocial risk factorsART initiationCNS inflammationNeuronal injuryAcute infectionImmune activationFluid biomarkersRisk factorsHIV disease dynamicsInjury peaksCognitive symptoms
2021
Compartmentalization of cerebrospinal fluid inflammation across the spectrum of untreated HIV-1 infection, central nervous system injury and viral suppression
Gisslen M, Keating SM, Spudich S, Arechiga V, Stephenson S, Zetterberg H, Di Germanio C, Blennow K, Fuchs D, Hagberg L, Norris PJ, Peterson J, Shacklett BL, Yiannoutsos CT, Price RW. Compartmentalization of cerebrospinal fluid inflammation across the spectrum of untreated HIV-1 infection, central nervous system injury and viral suppression. PLOS ONE 2021, 16: e0250987. PMID: 33983973, PMCID: PMC8118251, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250987.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnti-Retroviral AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveBiomarkersCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCentral Nervous SystemCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansInflammationLeukocyte CountMaleMiddle AgedNeurofilament ProteinsRNA, ViralSerum AlbuminSustained Virologic ResponseConceptsHIV-1 infectionHIV-associated dementiaPrimary HIV-1 infectionBlood CD4CSF inflammationViral suppressionInflammatory biomarkersCNS injuryViral controlT lymphocytesCSF white blood cell countUntreated primary HIV-1 infectionBlood HIV-1 RNACentral nervous system inflammationCerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarkersCSF neurofilament light chainHIV-1 seronegative controlsHIV-1-infected subjectsHIV-1-uninfected controlsHIV-1 RNA concentrationsUntreated HIV-1 infectionWhite blood cell countBlood-brain barrier permeabilityCentral nervous system injuryCSF inflammatory response
2020
Acute encephalopathy with elevated CSF inflammatory markers as the initial presentation of COVID-19
Farhadian S, Glick LR, Vogels CBF, Thomas J, Chiarella J, Casanovas-Massana A, Zhou J, Odio C, Vijayakumar P, Geng B, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Fauver JR, Alpert T, Wyllie AL, Turcotte C, Steinle M, Paczkowski P, Dela Cruz C, Wilen C, Ko AI, MacKay S, Grubaugh ND, Spudich S, Barakat LA. Acute encephalopathy with elevated CSF inflammatory markers as the initial presentation of COVID-19. BMC Neurology 2020, 20: 248. PMID: 32552792, PMCID: PMC7301053, DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01812-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInitial presentationCentral nervous system inflammationSARS-CoV-2 infectionCSF inflammatory markersNervous system inflammationCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokinesSeizure-like activityCOVID-19 infectionVirus SARS-CoV-2COVID-19SARS-CoV-2BackgroundCOVID-19Inflammatory markersNeurologic complicationsSystem inflammationImmunocompromised womanNeurologic manifestationsNeurologic symptomsViral neuroinvasionCase presentationWeInfected patientsMental statusRespiratory pathogensConclusionOur findingsInflammation
2019
Potential for early antiretroviral therapy to reduce central nervous system HIV-1 persistence.
Spudich S, Peterson J, Fuchs D, Price RW, Gisslen M. Potential for early antiretroviral therapy to reduce central nervous system HIV-1 persistence. AIDS 2019, 33 Suppl 2: s135-s144. PMID: 31789814, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002326.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV-1 infectionCentral nervous systemEarly antiretroviral therapyAntiretroviral therapyHIV-1 persistenceEarly treatmentInitiation of ARTCentral nervous inflammationEarly-treatment cohortHIV-1 exposureHIV-1 reservoirCourse of infectionClinical neurological diseaseCNS infectionHIV reservoirTreatment cohortsImmune activationCNS compartmentViral controlHIV-1Cerebrospinal fluidClinical reportsNervous systemEarly infectionNeurological diseasesPersistent HIV-infected cells in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with poorer neurocognitive performance
Spudich S, Robertson KR, Bosch RJ, Gandhi RT, Cyktor JC, Mar H, Macatangay BJ, Lalama CM, Rinaldo C, Collier AC, Godfrey C, Eron JJ, McMahon D, Jacobs JL, Koontz D, Hogg E, Vecchio A, Mellors JW. Persistent HIV-infected cells in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with poorer neurocognitive performance. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2019, 129: 3339-3346. PMID: 31305262, PMCID: PMC6668666, DOI: 10.1172/jci127413.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLong-term antiretroviral therapyPeripheral blood mononuclear cellsAntiretroviral therapyHIV RNACerebrospinal fluidPoorer neurocognitive performanceInflammatory biomarkersNeurocognitive performanceCell-associated HIV DNACell-free HIV RNAHigher plasma HIV RNAYears of ARTCSF HIV RNACSF inflammatory biomarkersWorse neurocognitive outcomesNadir CD4 countPlasma HIV RNABlood mononuclear cellsQuantitative PCRGlobal deficit scoreHalf of individualsCell-free RNACSF supernatantHIV persistenceCD4 countVery Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute HIV Infection Is Associated With Normalized Levels of Immune Activation Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid but Not in Plasma
Hellmuth J, Slike BM, Sacdalan C, Best J, Kroon E, Phanuphak N, Fletcher JLK, Prueksakaew P, Jagodzinski LL, Valcour V, Robb M, Ananworanich J, Allen IE, Krebs SJ, Spudich S. Very Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute HIV Infection Is Associated With Normalized Levels of Immune Activation Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid but Not in Plasma. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2019, 220: 1885-1891. PMID: 30668739, PMCID: PMC6833977, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz030.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV infectionAntiretroviral therapyART initiationCerebrospinal fluidWeek 96Week 24HIV infectionImmune activationAHI groupHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionEarly ART initiationPlasma CCL2 levelsTrajectory of HIVChronic immune activationImmune activation markersSuppressive antiretroviral therapyImmunodeficiency virus infectionInterleukin-6 levelsMarkers of inflammationPlasma neopterin levelsWeeks of treatmentCentral nervous systemART regimenCCL2 levelsNeopterin levelsCerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of the Synaptic Marker Neurogranin in Neuro-HIV and Other Neurological Disorders
Yilmaz A, Fuchs D, Price RW, Spudich S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gisslén M. Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of the Synaptic Marker Neurogranin in Neuro-HIV and Other Neurological Disorders. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 2019, 16: 76-81. PMID: 30649659, PMCID: PMC6420419, DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00420-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCSF neurograninCerebrospinal fluidProinflammatory cytokines IL-1βGroup of HIVLewy body dementiaCerebrospinal fluid concentrationsCytokines IL-1βLevels of neurograninNeurogranin concentrationsNeuro-HIVHIV neuropathogenesisSynaptic injuryHIV infectionIL-1βNeurocognitive disordersFrontal cortexParkinson's diseaseUninfected controlsReviewThe aimAlzheimer's diseaseNeurological disordersFrontotemporal dementiaNeurodegenerative disordersFluid concentrationsHIV
2018
CSF concentrations of soluble TREM2 as a marker of microglial activation in HIV-1 infection
Gisslén M, Heslegrave A, Veleva E, Yilmaz A, Andersson LM, Hagberg L, Spudich S, Fuchs D, Price RW, Zetterberg H. CSF concentrations of soluble TREM2 as a marker of microglial activation in HIV-1 infection. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2018, 6: e512. PMID: 30568991, PMCID: PMC6278890, DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000512.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV-1 infectionHIV-negative controlsMicroglial activationNeuronal injuryCSF concentrationsUntreated HIV-1-infected patientsHIV-1 disease severityHIV-1-infected adultsMacrophage/microglial activationHIV-1-infected patientsRetrospective cross-sectional studyUntreated HIV-1 infectionCNS immune activationCSF sTREM2 levelsSuppressive antiretroviral treatmentT-cell countsMicroglial activation markersT cell lossLevels of CSFNeurofilament light proteinCross-sectional studyCSF sTREM2STREM2 levelsAntiretroviral treatmentActivation markersNormalization of Soluble CD163 Levels After Institution of Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute HIV Infection Tracks with Fewer Neurological Abnormalities
D’Antoni M, Byron MM, Chan P, Sailasuta N, Sacdalan C, Sithinamsuwan P, Tipsuk S, Pinyakorn S, Kroon E, Slike BM, Krebs SJ, Khadka VS, Chalermchai T, Kallianpur KJ, Robb M, Spudich S, Valcour V, Ananworanich J, Ndhlovu LC, Teeratakulpisarn N, Fletcher J, Sacdalan C, Chomchey N, Sutthichom D, Rattanamanee S, Prueksakaew P, Ubolyam S, Eamyoung P, Puttamaswin S, Karnsomlap P, Luekasemsuk T, Intasan J, Benjapornpong K, Ratnaratorn N, O’Connell R, Trichavaroj R, Akapirat S, Phuang-Ngern Y, Sukhumvittaya S, Sajjaweerawan C, Jongrakthaitae S, Saetun P, Tragonlugsana N, Nuntapinit B, Tantibul N, Savadsuk H, Michael N, Trautmann L, Tovanabutra S, Ouellette M, Butterworth O, Crowell T, Turk E, Eller L, Milazzo M, Bandar I, Shiramizu B, Shikuma C. Normalization of Soluble CD163 Levels After Institution of Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute HIV Infection Tracks with Fewer Neurological Abnormalities. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2018, 218: 1453-1463. PMID: 29868826, PMCID: PMC6151077, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy337.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV infectionFiebig stage IIIStage I/IISoluble CD163 levelsHIV infectionCentral nervous systemStage IIICD163 levelsCerebrospinal fluidUninfected controlsChronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionCombination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiationHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionInitiation of cARTAntiretroviral therapy initiationImmunodeficiency virus infectionEnzyme-linked immunosorbentCART initiationMyeloid activationAntiretroviral therapyChronic HIVCNS involvementSCD163 levelsTherapy initiationActivation markersLongitudinal Trajectories of Brain Volume and Cortical Thickness in Treated and Untreated Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Sanford R, Ances BM, Meyerhoff DJ, Price RW, Fuchs D, Zetterberg H, Spudich S, Collins DL. Longitudinal Trajectories of Brain Volume and Cortical Thickness in Treated and Untreated Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2018, 67: 1697-1704. PMID: 29697762, PMCID: PMC6233681, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy362.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCombination antiretroviral therapyHuman immunodeficiency virusPrimary HIV infectionChronic HIV infectionCortical thicknessHIV infectionCortical thinningUntreated infectionTemporal lobeBrain volumeImpact of HIVPrimary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionEarly combination antiretroviral therapyUntreated human immunodeficiency virusHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionLongitudinal magnetic resonance imagingImmunodeficiency virus infectionCerebrospinal fluid biomarkersStructural brain changesCortical gray matterMagnetic resonance imagingBrain morphometric measuresCART durationAntiretroviral therapySubcortical atrophy
2017
Acute Retroviral Syndrome Is Associated With High Viral Burden, CD4 Depletion, and Immune Activation in Systemic and Tissue Compartments
Crowell TA, Colby DJ, Pinyakorn S, Fletcher JLK, Kroon E, Schuetz A, Krebs SJ, Slike BM, Leyre L, Chomont N, Jagodzinski LL, Sereti I, Utay NS, Dewar R, Rerknimitr R, Chomchey N, Trichavaroj R, Valcour VG, Spudich S, Michael NL, Robb ML, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Teeratakulpisarn N, Sacdalan C, Sutthichom D, Rattanamanee S, Prueksakaew P, Ubolyam S, Eamyoung P, Puttamaswin S, Tipsuk S, Karnsomlap P, Ridtitid W, Connell R, Akapirat S, Phuang-Ngern Y, Sukhumvittaya S, Sajjaweerawan C, Jongrakthaitae S, Saetun P, Tragonlugsana N, Nuntapinit B, Tantibul N, Savadsuk H, Tovanabutr S. Acute Retroviral Syndrome Is Associated With High Viral Burden, CD4 Depletion, and Immune Activation in Systemic and Tissue Compartments. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017, 66: 1540-1549. PMID: 29228130, PMCID: PMC5930255, DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1063.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHigh viral burdenAcute retroviral syndromeAntiretroviral therapyCD4 depletionViral burdenImmune activationAdverse long-term clinical outcomesVoluntary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testingPlasma tumor necrosis factor alphaWeeks of ARTHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testingLong-term clinical outcomesTumor necrosis factor alphaHigher HIV RNATotal HIV DNASuppressive antiretroviral therapyC-reactive proteinSigns/symptomsNecrosis factor alphaUnderwent lumbar punctureMultiple body compartmentsARS diagnosisFiebig stagesSigmoid biopsiesHIV RNANeurofilament light chain protein as a marker of neuronal injury: review of its use in HIV-1 infection and reference values for HIV-negative controls
Yilmaz A, Blennow K, Hagberg L, Nilsson S, Price RW, Schouten J, Spudich S, Underwood J, Zetterberg H, Gisslén M. Neurofilament light chain protein as a marker of neuronal injury: review of its use in HIV-1 infection and reference values for HIV-negative controls. Expert Review Of Molecular Diagnostics 2017, 17: 761-770. PMID: 28598205, DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1341313.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV-negative controlsCSF NFL concentrationsNeuronal injuryNeurofilament proteinNfL concentrationsNeurofilament light chain proteinHIV CNS infectionEarly acute phaseHIV-1 infectionAge-related upper limitCNS infectionsSevere immunosuppressionAntiretroviral treatmentHIV infectionNeuronal damageAcute phaseCNS injuryCSF biomarkersLumbar punctureCSF concentrationsNerve conductionNeurological conditionsSensitive markerNeurological diseasesLight chain proteinDepression and Anxiety are Common in Acute HIV Infection and Associate with Plasma Immune Activation
Hellmuth J, Colby D, Valcour V, Suttichom D, Spudich S, Ananworanich J, Prueksakaew P, Sailasuta N, Allen I, Jagodzinski LL, Slike B, Ochi D, Paul R, on behalf of the RV254/SEARCH 010 Study Group. Depression and Anxiety are Common in Acute HIV Infection and Associate with Plasma Immune Activation. AIDS And Behavior 2017, 21: 3238-3246. PMID: 28484888, PMCID: PMC5830305, DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1788-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV infectionCombination antiretroviral therapyPlasma HIV RNAHIV infectionImmune activationCD4 countHIV RNAPlasma neopterinStudy entryBaseline plasma HIV RNALow CD4 countRelevant depressive symptomsAnxiety symptomsCerebrospinal fluid measuresAssessment of depressionAHI participantsAntiretroviral therapyBlood markersObservational studyDepressive symptomsMacrophage activationAffective symptomsPossible associationSymptomsFluid measuresBlood-Brain Barrier Disruption Is Initiated During Primary HIV Infection and Not Rapidly Altered by Antiretroviral Therapy
Rahimy E, Li FY, Hagberg L, Fuchs D, Robertson K, Meyerhoff DJ, Zetterberg H, Price RW, Gisslén M, Spudich S. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Is Initiated During Primary HIV Infection and Not Rapidly Altered by Antiretroviral Therapy. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2017, 215: 1132-1140. PMID: 28368497, PMCID: PMC5426376, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix013.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPrimary HIV infectionCombination antiretroviral therapyHIV infectionNeurofilament light chainAntiretroviral therapyCreatinine levelsCerebrospinal fluidN-acetylaspartateAbnormal blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeabilityPrimary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionBlood-brain barrier disruptionHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionBlood-brain barrier permeabilityNeuropsychological performanceImmunodeficiency virus infectionParietal gray matterYears of treatmentLongitudinal observational studyCART durationCART initiationMedian intervalNeuronal injuryAlbumin quotientNfL levelsCSF levels
2016
Neurologic signs and symptoms frequently manifest in acute HIV infection
Hellmuth J, Fletcher JL, Valcour V, Kroon E, Ananworanich J, Intasan J, Lerdlum S, Narvid J, Pothisri M, Allen I, Krebs SJ, Slike B, Prueksakaew P, Jagodzinski LL, Puttamaswin S, Phanuphak N, Spudich S, Phanuphak P, Phanuphak N, Colby D, Chalermchai T, Chomchey N, Suttichom D, Rattanamanee S, Sangtawan P, Rattanamanee S, Nuntapinit B, Rakyat P, Inprakong S, Lucksanawong S, Ruangjan P, Nuchwong A, Kruacharoen P, O’Connell R, Adams C, Clifford K, Wendelken L, Le L, Mistry H, Tovanabutra S, Pinyakorn S, Robb M, Paul R. Neurologic signs and symptoms frequently manifest in acute HIV infection. Neurology 2016, 87: 148-154. PMID: 27287217, PMCID: PMC4940060, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002837.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCombination antiretroviral therapyAcute HIV infectionNeurologic findingsHIV infectionAcute HIVNeurologic manifestationsNeurologic evaluationHIV infection durationLog10 HIV RNASevere neurologic manifestationsStructural neuroimaging abnormalitiesCART initiationAntiretroviral therapyHIV RNAInflammatory markersMotor findingsNeuroimaging abnormalitiesStudy entryNeurologic signsBrain MRIInfection durationCognitive symptomsViral factorsInfectionDiagnosis
2015
Plasma Concentration of the Neurofilament Light Protein (NFL) is a Biomarker of CNS Injury in HIV Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study
Gisslén M, Price RW, Andreasson U, Norgren N, Nilsson S, Hagberg L, Fuchs D, Spudich S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Plasma Concentration of the Neurofilament Light Protein (NFL) is a Biomarker of CNS Injury in HIV Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study. EBioMedicine 2015, 3: 135-140. PMID: 26870824, PMCID: PMC4739412, DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.11.036.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNeurofilament light proteinHIV-associated dementiaCSF NFL concentrationsCNS injuryHIV infectionNfL concentrationsPlasma concentrationsCSF neurofilament light proteinNeurofilament light chain proteinSingle molecule array immunoassayHIV-negative controlsUntreated HIV infectionReliable blood biomarkersCross-sectional studySimilar age-related increasesAge-related increaseResearch settingsNFL changesHIV-negativeViral suppressionNeuronal injuryAntiretroviral treatmentHIV-positiveCross-sectional designSystemic diseaseCerebral white matter integrity during primary HIV infection
Wright PW, Vaida FF, Fernández R, Rutlin J, Price RW, Lee E, Peterson J, Fuchs D, Shimony JS, Robertson KR, Walter R, Meyerhoff DJ, Spudich S, Ances BM. Cerebral white matter integrity during primary HIV infection. AIDS 2015, 29: 433-442. PMID: 25513818, PMCID: PMC4916955, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000560.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnti-HIV AgentsBiomarkersBlood-Brain BarrierCD4 Lymphocyte CountCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCentral Nervous SystemCorpus CallosumCross-Sectional StudiesDiffusion Tensor ImagingHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansInflammationMaleNeuropsychological TestsProspective StudiesRNA, ViralViral LoadWhite MatterConceptsPrimary HIV infectionLog10 copies/Diffusion tensor imagingBlood-brain barrierHIV infectionWhite matter integrityCopies/Cerebrospinal fluidHIV-1 RNA viral loadMedian CD4 cell countCross-sectional neuroimaging studiesDTI metricsChronic HIV infectionHIV-uninfected (HIV−) participantsDTI measuresCD4 cell countRNA viral loadWhole-brain voxelwise analysisEarly HIV infectionWhite matter involvementBiomarkers of infectionDuration of infectionCentral nervous systemWhite matter microstructural integrityCerebral white matter integrity
2014
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Neuronal Biomarkers across the Spectrum of HIV Infection: Hierarchy of Injury and Detection
Peterson J, Gisslen M, Zetterberg H, Fuchs D, Shacklett BL, Hagberg L, Yiannoutsos CT, Spudich SS, Price RW. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Neuronal Biomarkers across the Spectrum of HIV Infection: Hierarchy of Injury and Detection. PLOS ONE 2014, 9: e116081. PMID: 25541953, PMCID: PMC4277428, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116081.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNeurofilament light chain proteinT-tau levelsNeuronal biomarkersViral suppressionHIV infectionPrimary infectionCentral nervous system HIV infectionCSF t-tau levelsCSF Aβ peptidesHIV disease progressionAge-adjusted normsSoluble amyloid precursorHierarchy of sensitivityBlood CD4CD4 50HAD patientsHAD subjectsCD4 declineNeuronal injuryCross-sectional designProgressive injuryHIV progressionCSF biomarkersCSF concentrationsDisease progressionProgressive increase in central nervous system immune activation in untreated primary HIV-1 infection
Suh J, Sinclair E, Peterson J, Lee E, Kyriakides TC, Li FY, Hagberg L, Fuchs D, Price RW, Gisslen M, Spudich S. Progressive increase in central nervous system immune activation in untreated primary HIV-1 infection. Journal Of Neuroinflammation 2014, 11: 199. PMID: 25465205, PMCID: PMC4263211, DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0199-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPrimary HIV-1 infectionHIV-1 infectionCSF neopterinCerebrospinal fluidT cellsHIV infectionCentral nervous system immune activationUntreated primary HIV-1 infectionBaseline levelsEarly HIV-1 infectionCSF neopterin concentrationsNervous system inflammationMixed effects modelsCluster of differentiationMajority of subjectsCNS inflammationSystem inflammationAverage followNeopterin concentrationsHIV transmissionImmune activationLumbar punctureResultsA totalIntrathecal inflammationNatural course