2021
Integration of Regional Hospitalizations, Registry and Vital Statistics Data for Development of a Single Statewide Ischemic Stroke Database
Yan Z, Nielsen V, Song G, Christie A, Schwamm L, Zachrison K. Integration of Regional Hospitalizations, Registry and Vital Statistics Data for Development of a Single Statewide Ischemic Stroke Database. Journal Of Stroke And Cerebrovascular Diseases 2021, 31: 106236. PMID: 34954597, DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106236.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsDatabases, FactualHospitalizationHumansIschemic StrokeMassachusettsRegistriesVital StatisticsConceptsStroke databaseDetailed clinical variablesPopulation-based studyLong-term outcomesIndirect identifiersVital statistics databaseHospitalization registryStroke admissionsHospitalization databaseVital statistics dataTerm outcomesVital statusClinical variablesLarge-scale outcome researchClinical registryHospitalization recordsPatient variablesAdministrative databasesClinical dataRich clinical dataRegistryHospitalizationDeterministic linkageCumulative mortalityVital recordsNational Trends in Telestroke Utilization in a US Commercial Platform Prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Zachrison KS, Sharma R, Wang Y, Mehrotra A, Schwamm LH. National Trends in Telestroke Utilization in a US Commercial Platform Prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal Of Stroke And Cerebrovascular Diseases 2021, 30: 106035. PMID: 34419836, PMCID: PMC8494566, DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106035.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAged, 80 and overCOVID-19Databases, FactualFemaleFibrinolytic AgentsHumansMaleMiddle AgedPractice Patterns, Physicians'Quality ImprovementQuality Indicators, Health CareRemote ConsultationStrokeThrombolytic TherapyTime FactorsTime-to-TreatmentTissue Plasminogen ActivatorTreatment OutcomeUnited StatesConceptsIschemic stroke patientsTelestroke consultationAlteplase deliveryStroke patientsNumber of patientsNumber of consultsCOVID-19 public health emergencyPublic health emergencyAlteplase useMedian doorNeedle timeStroke severityED arrivalEmergency departmentImaging reviewHospital characteristicsTelestroke networkCT scanHospital participationSpoke sitesProvider groupsPatientsHospital sizeStudy periodHealth emergencyAssociation Between Hospital Volumes and Clinical Outcomes for Patients With Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Leifer D, Fonarow G, Hellkamp A, Baker D, Hoh B, Prabhakaran S, Schoeberl M, Suter R, Washington C, Williams S, Xian Y, Schwamm L. Association Between Hospital Volumes and Clinical Outcomes for Patients With Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2021, 10: e018373. PMID: 34325522, PMCID: PMC8475679, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018373.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAnnual case volumeComprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) certificationStroke center certificationNational Inpatient SampleSubarachnoid hemorrhageNontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhageCase volumeHospital mortalityClinical outcomesPoor outcomeCenter certificationSAH casesBetter outcomesVolume thresholdHospital annual case volumeHospital case volumeCases/yearBackground Previous studiesLogistic regression modelsSAH hospitalizationsHospital volumeAneurysm obliterationInpatient SampleOdds ratioImproved outcomes
2020
Target: Stroke Was Associated With Faster Intravenous Thrombolysis and Improved One-Year Outcomes for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Medicare Beneficiaries
Man S, Xian Y, Holmes D, Matsouaka R, Saver J, Smith E, Bhatt D, Schwamm L, Fonarow G. Target: Stroke Was Associated With Faster Intravenous Thrombolysis and Improved One-Year Outcomes for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Medicare Beneficiaries. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality And Outcomes 2020, 13: e007150. PMID: 33302714, DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.120.007150.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAged, 80 and overDatabases, FactualFemaleFibrinolytic AgentsHumansInfusions, IntravenousInsurance BenefitsIschemic StrokeMaleMedicarePatient ReadmissionQuality ImprovementQuality Indicators, Health CareRetrospective StudiesRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsThrombolytic TherapyTime FactorsTime-to-TreatmentTreatment OutcomeUnited StatesConceptsAcute ischemic strokeIschemic strokeNeedle timeIntravenous thrombolysisCardiovascular readmissionCause mortalityThrombolytic treatmentThrombolytic therapyMedicare beneficiariesGuidelines-Stroke hospitalsIntravenous thrombolytic therapyIntravenous thrombolytic treatmentOne-year outcomesProportion of patientsProportional hazards analysisAmerican Heart AssociationQuality InitiativeCause readmissionMedian doorHospital clusteringMedian ageHeart AssociationHospital characteristicsReadmissionImproved doorSafety and Outcomes of Intravenous tPA in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients With Prior Stroke Within 3 Months
Shah S, Liang L, Kosinski A, Hernandez A, Schwamm L, Smith E, Fonarow G, Bhatt D, Feng W, Peterson E, Xian Y. Safety and Outcomes of Intravenous tPA in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients With Prior Stroke Within 3 Months. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality And Outcomes 2020, 13: e006031. PMID: 31903770, DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.119.006031.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdministrative Claims, HealthcareAgedAged, 80 and overBrain IschemiaDatabases, FactualFemaleFibrinolytic AgentsHospital MortalityHumansInfusions, IntravenousIntracranial HemorrhagesMaleMedicareRecurrenceRegistriesRetrospective StudiesRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsStrokeThrombolytic TherapyTime FactorsTissue Plasminogen ActivatorTreatment OutcomeUnited StatesConceptsAcute ischemic stroke patientsPrior ischemic strokeSymptomatic intracranial hemorrhageIschemic stroke patientsPrior strokeHospital mortalityIntravenous tPAIschemic strokeIntracranial hemorrhageStroke patientsGuidelines-Stroke hospitalsHigher stroke severityGood functional outcomeHistory of strokeRetrospective observational studyYears of ageCardiovascular comorbiditiesStroke providersStroke severityUnadjusted riskFunctional outcomeHigh prevalenceObservational studyMedicare claimsElevated risk
2019
Hospital Factors Associated With Interhospital Transfer Destination for Stroke in the Northeast United States
Zachrison K, Onnela J, Reeves M, Hernandez A, Camargo C, Zhao X, Matsouaka R, Goldstein J, Metlay J, Schwamm L. Hospital Factors Associated With Interhospital Transfer Destination for Stroke in the Northeast United States. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2019, 9: e011575. PMID: 31888430, PMCID: PMC6988147, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011575.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsCatchment Area, HealthDatabases, FactualDelivery of Health Care, IntegratedFibrinolytic AgentsHospitalsHospitals, High-VolumeHospitals, Low-VolumeHumansMedicarePatient TransferPractice Patterns, Physicians'Quality Indicators, Health CareRetrospective StudiesStrokeThrombolytic TherapyTissue Plasminogen ActivatorUnited StatesConceptsAcute ischemic strokeAlteplase administrationIschemic strokeUS hospitalsHospital qualityHospital stroke volumeTransfer destinationsHospital referral regionsHospital factorsNumber of hospitalsStroke patientsHospital characteristicsStroke volumeMedicare claimsReferral regionsHospitalLogistic regressionStrokePatientsHospital performancePotential strategyAdministrationHome timeResult dataConnected dyads
2017
Is Risk-Standardized In-Hospital Stroke Mortality an Adequate Proxy for Risk-Standardized 30-Day Stroke Mortality Data?
Reeves M, Fonarow G, Xu H, Matsouaka R, Xian Y, Saver J, Schwamm L, Smith E. Is Risk-Standardized In-Hospital Stroke Mortality an Adequate Proxy for Risk-Standardized 30-Day Stroke Mortality Data? Circulation Cardiovascular Quality And Outcomes 2017, 10: e003748. PMID: 29021333, DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.117.003748.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdministrative Claims, HealthcareAgedAged, 80 and overBrain IschemiaDatabases, FactualFemaleGuideline AdherenceHospice CareHospital MortalityHospitalsHumansMaleMedicarePatient DischargePractice Guidelines as TopicQuality ImprovementQuality Indicators, Health CareRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsStrokeTime FactorsUnited StatesConceptsRisk-standardized mortality ratesHospital mortalityOutlier hospitalsAcute ischemic stroke casesHospital risk-standardized mortality ratesMortality dataGWTG-Stroke hospitalsHospital stroke mortalityIschemic stroke patientsProportion of hospitalsIschemic stroke casesRisk score modelStroke mortality dataChance-corrected agreementComposite outcomeStroke patientsMean ageStroke casesStroke mortalityMedicare filesHospital levelMortality rateLower mortalityHospitalMortalityRegional Variation in 30-Day Ischemic Stroke Outcomes for Medicare Beneficiaries Treated in Get With The Guidelines–Stroke Hospitals
Thompson M, Zhao X, Bekelis K, Gottlieb D, Fonarow G, Schulte P, Xian Y, Lytle B, Schwamm L, Smith E, Reeves M. Regional Variation in 30-Day Ischemic Stroke Outcomes for Medicare Beneficiaries Treated in Get With The Guidelines–Stroke Hospitals. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality And Outcomes 2017, 10: e003604. PMID: 28798017, DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.117.003604.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdministrative Claims, HealthcareAgedBrain IschemiaDatabases, FactualFee-for-Service PlansFemaleGuideline AdherenceHealth ResourcesHealthcare DisparitiesHospitalsHumansInsurance BenefitsMaleMedicarePatient ReadmissionPractice Guidelines as TopicProcess Assessment, Health CareQuality Indicators, Health CareRegistriesRisk FactorsStrokeTime FactorsTreatment OutcomeUnited StatesConceptsReadmission ratesHospital characteristicsHRR levelHealthcare resourcesGuidelines-Stroke hospitalsGuidelines-Stroke registryHealthcare resource dataIschemic stroke outcomeThirty-day mortalityIschemic stroke mortalityHospital referral region levelStroke outcomeHospital factorsPatient characteristicsStroke mortalityCare measuresMedicare beneficiariesMedicare feeMortalityDartmouth AtlasPatientsRegional variationHealth careOutcomesReadmissionImmediate Vascular Imaging Needed for Efficient Triage of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Initially Admitted to Nonthrombectomy Centers
Boulouis G, Siddiqui K, Lauer A, Charidimou A, Regenhardt R, Viswanathan A, Leslie-Mazwi T, Rost N, Schwamm L. Immediate Vascular Imaging Needed for Efficient Triage of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Initially Admitted to Nonthrombectomy Centers. Stroke 2017, 48: 2297-2300. PMID: 28687641, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017607.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsThrombectomy-capable stroke centersEndovascular thrombectomyVascular imagingCurrent guidelinesAlberta Stroke Program Early CT ScoreUnnecessary transfersHealth Stroke ScaleAcute ischemic strokeMain outcome variablesBaseline vascularStroke ScaleIschemic strokeStroke centersCT scoreFutile transfersPatientsEfficient triageHospitalYielded sensitivityOutcome variablesOptimal selection criteriaNational InstituteStrokeImagingOcclusion level
2016
Temporal Trends in Care and Outcomes of Patients Receiving Fibrinolytic Therapy Compared to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the Get With The Guidelines Coronary Artery Disease (GWTG‐CAD) Registry
Hira R, Bhatt D, Fonarow G, Heidenreich P, Ju C, Virani S, Bozkurt B, Petersen L, Hernandez A, Schwamm L, Eapen Z, Albert M, Liang L, Matsouaka R, Peterson E, Jneid H. Temporal Trends in Care and Outcomes of Patients Receiving Fibrinolytic Therapy Compared to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the Get With The Guidelines Coronary Artery Disease (GWTG‐CAD) Registry. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2016, 5: e004113. PMID: 27792640, PMCID: PMC5121508, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004113.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedCohort StudiesDatabases, FactualFemaleFibrinolytic AgentsGuideline AdherenceHospital MortalityHumansMaleMiddle AgedOutcome and Process Assessment, Health CarePercutaneous Coronary InterventionPractice Guidelines as TopicRegistriesST Elevation Myocardial InfarctionThrombolytic TherapyTime-to-TreatmentConceptsPrimary percutaneous coronary interventionST-elevation myocardial infarctionDefect-free careUse of fibrinolysisPercutaneous coronary interventionPCI-capable hospitalsNeedle timeHospital mortalitySTEMI patientsBalloon timeCoronary interventionMedian doorUse of PCIGuidelines-Coronary Artery Disease databaseGuidelines-Coronary Artery Disease registryCoronary Artery Disease registryHospital mortality outcomesOutcomes of patientsMinutes of arrivalPPCI patientsTimely reperfusionReperfusion therapyFibrinolytic therapyMortality outcomesMyocardial infarction
2013
Quality of Care and Outcomes for In-Hospital Ischemic Stroke
Cumbler E, Wald H, Bhatt D, Cox M, Xian Y, Reeves M, Smith E, Schwamm L, Fonarow G. Quality of Care and Outcomes for In-Hospital Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2013, 45: 231-238. PMID: 24253540, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.003617.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAged, 80 and overBrain IschemiaCohort StudiesComorbidityConfidence IntervalsDatabases, FactualFemaleGuideline AdherenceHumansMaleMiddle AgedOdds RatioQuality ImprovementQuality of Health CareRegistriesRetrospective StudiesSocioeconomic FactorsStrokeThrombolytic TherapyTreatment OutcomeConceptsHospital strokeIschemic strokeSevere strokePatient characteristicsIn-Hospital Ischemic StrokeProcess-based quality measuresCommunity-onset strokeDefect-free careGuidelines-Stroke databaseRetrospective cohort studyThromboembolic risk factorsProportion of patientsHospital ischemic strokeAmerican Heart AssociationTargeted quality improvement effortsQuality of careProsthetic heart valvesQuality improvement effortsHospital mortalityComorbid illnessesCohort studyHeart failureAtrial fibrillationCarotid stenosisHeart AssociationLipid Profile, Lipid-lowering Medications, and Intracerebral Hemorrhage After tPA in Get With The Guidelines–Stroke
Messé S, Pervez M, Smith E, Siddique K, Hellkamp A, Saver J, Bhatt D, Fonarow G, Peterson E, Schwamm L. Lipid Profile, Lipid-lowering Medications, and Intracerebral Hemorrhage After tPA in Get With The Guidelines–Stroke. Stroke 2013, 44: 1354-1359. PMID: 23493734, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.671966.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk of sICHSymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhageLipid-lowering medicationsAcute ischemic stroke patientsHigh-density lipoproteinHigher high-density lipoproteinLow-density lipoproteinTissue plasminogen activatorIschemic stroke patientsLower triglyceride levelsDensity lipoproteinTriglyceride levelsGuidelines-StrokeIntracerebral hemorrhageTotal cholesterolStroke patientsPlasminogen activatorUnivariate analysisLipid profileLipid levelsModest risk factorAcute ischemic strokeTotal cholesterol levelsSICH riskIschemic stroke
2012
Venous Thromboembolism in the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Acute Ischemic Stroke Population: Incidence and Patterns of Prophylaxis
Douds G, Hellkamp A, Olson D, Fonarow G, Smith E, Schwamm L, Cockroft K. Venous Thromboembolism in the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Acute Ischemic Stroke Population: Incidence and Patterns of Prophylaxis. Journal Of Stroke And Cerebrovascular Diseases 2012, 23: 123-129. PMID: 23253528, DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.10.018.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVTE prophylaxisIschemic stroke patientsDeep vein thrombosisVenous thromboembolismProphylaxis ratesPulmonary emboliStroke patientsIntra-arterial tissue plasminogen activatorAcute ischemic stroke populationHospitalized ischemic stroke patientsIncidence of VTEAcute ischemic stroke patientsAtrial fibrillation/flutterIschemic stroke populationPatterns of prophylaxisAcute ischemic strokePeripheral vascular diseaseOverall rateTissue plasminogen activatorMedical comorbiditiesAnalysis cohortIschemic strokeVein thrombosisSerious complicationsStroke populationImplementation of a patient selection protocol for intra-arterial therapy increases treatment rates in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Rost N, Smith E, Nogueira R, Fitzpatrick K, Yoo A, Hirsch J, Schwamm L. Implementation of a patient selection protocol for intra-arterial therapy increases treatment rates in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Journal Of NeuroInterventional Surgery 2012, 5: i44. PMID: 22611045, PMCID: PMC3777532, DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2011-010240.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntra-arterial therapyAcute ischemic strokePatient selection protocolLTB patientsIschemic strokeIntravenous tissue plasminogen activatorNIH Stroke Scale scoreTreatment ratesProximal artery occlusionStroke Scale scoreTissue plasminogen activatorProtocol adoptionStroke durationInfarct volumeArtery occlusionMost patientsMultivariable adjustmentIndependent predictorsPatient selectionStroke databasePatientsScale scorePlasminogen activatorStudy periodBrain imagingRegional Variation in Recommended Treatments for Ischemic Stroke and TIA
Allen NB, Kaltenbach L, Goldstein LB, Olson DM, Smith EE, Peterson ED, Schwamm L, Lichtman JH. Regional Variation in Recommended Treatments for Ischemic Stroke and TIA. Stroke 2012, 43: 1858-1864. PMID: 22588262, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.652305.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDefect-free careLipid-lowering medicationsTissue-type plasminogen activatorLower oddsIschemic strokeIntravenous tissue-type plasminogen activatorSecondary stroke prevention treatmentDeep vein thrombosis prophylaxisTissue-type plasminogen activator administrationNational quality improvement programPlasminogen activatorGuideline-recommended treatmentGuidelines-Stroke hospitalsTransient ischemic attackQuarter of patientsStroke prevention treatmentBetter patient outcomesWeight loss educationQuality Improvement ProgramEligible patientsIschemic attackThrombosis prophylaxisPatient demographicsStroke treatmentMedical historyTimes From Symptom Onset to Hospital Arrival in the Get With The Guidelines–Stroke Program 2002 to 2009
Tong D, Reeves M, Hernandez A, Zhao X, Olson D, Fonarow G, Schwamm L, Smith E. Times From Symptom Onset to Hospital Arrival in the Get With The Guidelines–Stroke Program 2002 to 2009. Stroke 2012, 43: 1912-1917. PMID: 22539544, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.644963.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute ischemic strokeIschemic strokeSymptom onsetDoor timeHospital arrivalIntravenous tissue-type plasminogen activatorAcute ischemic stroke therapyEmergency medical services transportFourth of patientsGuidelines-Stroke programProportion of patientsHospital arrival timeIschemic stroke therapyPlasminogen activator therapyPortion of patientsTissue-type plasminogen activatorEligible patientsStroke therapyActivator therapyAcute interventionNationwide studyTreatment windowPatientsEarly onsetStrokeInfarct Volume Is a Pivotal Biomarker After Intra-Arterial Stroke Therapy
Yoo A, Chaudhry Z, Nogueira R, Lev M, Schaefer P, Schwamm L, Hirsch J, González R. Infarct Volume Is a Pivotal Biomarker After Intra-Arterial Stroke Therapy. Stroke 2012, 43: 1323-1330. PMID: 22426317, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.639401.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAge FactorsAgedAged, 80 and overBiomarkersBrain InfarctionCohort StudiesDatabases, FactualFemaleFibrinolytic AgentsHumansInfusions, IntravenousMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedNeuroimagingPredictive Value of TestsProspective StudiesRetrospective StudiesStrokeThrombolytic TherapyTissue Plasminogen ActivatorTomography, X-Ray ComputedTreatment OutcomeConceptsFinal infarct volumeIntra-arterial therapyAcute ischemic strokeInfarct volumeFunctional outcomeBetter outcomesIschemic strokePoor outcomeAnterior circulation acute ischemic strokeScale scoreHealth Stroke Scale scoreMedian admission National InstitutesMedian final infarct volumesLong-term functional outcomeIntra-arterial stroke therapyAdmission National InstitutesProximal artery occlusionStroke Scale scoreOnly independent predictorRankin Scale scoreArtery occlusionProspective cohortRankin ScaleIndependent predictorsClinical outcomesStandardizing the Structure of Stroke Clinical and Epidemiologic Research Data
Saver J, Warach S, Janis S, Odenkirchen J, Becker K, Benavente O, Broderick J, Dromerick A, Duncan P, Elkind M, Johnston K, Kidwell C, Meschia J, Schwamm L. Standardizing the Structure of Stroke Clinical and Epidemiologic Research Data. Stroke 2012, 43: 967-973. PMID: 22308239, PMCID: PMC3493110, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.634352.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBiomarkersBiomedical ResearchDatabases, FactualHumansInternetNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.)StrokeUnited StatesConceptsCommon data elementsNeurological disordersStroke Common Data ElementsLong-term therapyClinical practice guidelinesNational InstituteCase report formsPrior health statusPatient-oriented researchAcute therapyHospital courseStroke presentationCerebrovascular diseaseMedical historyNational registryClinical trialsStroke typePractice guidelinesHealth statusEnd pointVital signsClinical researchReport formsData elementsTherapyPeripartum Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bateman B, Olbrecht V, Berman M, Minehart R, Schwamm L, Leffert L. Peripartum Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Anesthesiology 2012, 116: 324-333. PMID: 22166951, DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3182410b22.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSubarachnoid hemorrhageHypertensive disordersRisk factorsPregnancy-related admissionsIndependent risk factorIntracranial venous thrombosisNationwide Inpatient SampleAfrican American raceVariety of etiologiesRange of etiologiesSickle cell diseaseIdentified admissionsHospital deathMaternal morbidityNonpregnant patientsNonpregnant womenIndependent predictorsMalignant etiologySevere headacheVenous thrombosisNonpregnant controlsPregnancy resultsVenous bleedingInstitution experienceInpatient Sample
2010
Patterns and Predictors of Discharge Statin Prescription Among Hospitalized Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Ovbiagele B, Schwamm L, Smith E, Hernandez A, Olson D, Pan W, Fonarow G, Saver J. Patterns and Predictors of Discharge Statin Prescription Among Hospitalized Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2010, 41: 2271-2277. PMID: 20724709, DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.593228.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDischarge statin prescriptionStatin prescriptionIntracerebral hemorrhageStatin useStatin treatmentPrior stroke/transient ischemic attackStroke/transient ischemic attackCholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trialStatin treatment armsLogistic multivariable regression modelsTransient ischemic attackHemorrhagic stroke riskHigher future riskMultivariable regression modelsGuidelines-StrokeIschemic attackEligible patientsStroke preventionIschemic eventsStroke riskHospitalized patientsHemorrhagic strokeTreatment armsMean ageFemale sex