Heart rate and respiratory response to doxapram in patients with panic disorder
Martinez JM, Garakani A, Aaronson CJ, Gorman JM. Heart rate and respiratory response to doxapram in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Research 2015, 227: 32-38. PMID: 25819170, PMCID: PMC4420657, DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultArousalCross-Over StudiesDoxapramFemaleHeart RateHumansMaleMiddle AgedPanic DisorderRespiratory RateSympathetic Nervous SystemConceptsPD patientsLF/HFPanic disorderHealthy controlsAnticipatory anxietyPD subjectsParasympathetic componentRespiratory responsesLF/HF ratioSensation of dyspneaHeart rate variability indicesHigher sympathetic activityInjection of salinePanic statesSympathetic activityRespiratory abnormalitiesBrain stemRespiratory stimulantHeart rateParasympathetic responsePanic attacksPatientsExaggerated fear responsePanic symptomsHF ratio