Effects of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin on the lower esophageal sphincter in piglets
Pasricha P, Ravich W, Kalloo A. Effects of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin on the lower esophageal sphincter in piglets. Gastroenterology 1993, 105: 1045-1049. PMID: 8405847, DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90947-b.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLES pressureLower esophageal sphincter pressureIntrasphincteric botulinum toxinEsophageal sphincter pressureLower esophageal sphincterRelease of acetylcholineGastrointestinal smooth muscleNormal saline injectionEvidence of toxicityBaseline lower esophageal sphincter pressureBoTx injectionNoncholinergic pathwaysAnticholinergic effectsSphincter pressureLES toneEsophageal sphincterGastrointestinal sphinctersBotulinum toxinNormal salineSaline injectionNerve terminalsParadoxical responseSmooth muscleBoTxSkeletal muscle