Publications, Book Chapters & Patents

Publications

Structure, interaction and nervous connectivity of beta cell primary cilia.Müller A, Klena N, Pang S, Garcia LEG, Topcheva O, Aurrecoechea Duran S, Sulaymankhil D, Seliskar M, Mziaut H, Schöniger E, Friedland D, Kipke N, Kretschmar S, Münster C, Weitz J, Distler M, Kurth T, Schmidt D, Hess HF, Xu CS, Pigino G, Solimena M. Nat Commun. 2024 Oct 24; 2024 Oct 24. PMID: 39448638.
Structural and functional dissection of the Pacinian corpuscle reveals an active role of the inner core in touch detection.Ziolkowski LH, Nikolaev YA, Chikamoto A, Oda M, Feketa VV, Monedero-Alonso D, Ardasheva SA, Bae SS, Xu CS, Pang S, Gracheva EO, Bagriantsev SN. bioRxiv. 2024 Aug 26; 2024 Aug 26. PMID: 39253434.
Transport and Organization of Individual Vimentin Filaments Within Dense Networks Revealed by Single Particle Tracking and 3D FIB-SEM.Renganathan B, Moore A, Yeo WH, Petruncio A, Ackerman D, Wiegel A, Pasolli HA, Xu CS, Shtengel G, Hess HF, Serpinskaya AS, Zhang HF, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Gelfand VI. bioRxiv. 2024 Jun 10; 2024 Jun 10. PMID: 38915582.
The physical and cellular mechanism of structural color change in zebrafish.Gur D, Moore AS, Deis R, Song P, Wu X, Pinkas I, Deo C, Iyer N, Hess HF, Hammer JA, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Jun 4; 2024 May 28. PMID: 38805288.
COPII with ALG2 and ESCRTs control lysosome-dependent microautophagy of ER exit sites.Liao YC, Pang S, Li WP, Shtengel G, Choi H, Schaefer K, Xu CS, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Dev Cell. 2024 Jun 3; 2024 Apr 8. PMID: 38593803.
Spatial mapping of hepatic ER and mitochondria architecture reveals zonated remodeling in fasting and obesity.Parlakgül G, Pang S, Artico LL, Min N, Cagampan E, Villa R, Goncalves RLS, Lee GY, Xu CS, Hotamışlıgil GS, Arruda AP. Nat Commun. 2024 May 10; 2024 May 10. PMID: 38729945.
Motion of VAPB molecules reveals ER-mitochondria contact site subdomains.Obara CJ, Nixon-Abell J, Moore AS, Riccio F, Hoffman DP, Shtengel G, Xu CS, Schaefer K, Pasolli HA, Masson JB, Hess HF, Calderon CP, Blackstone C, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Nature. 2024 Feb; 2024 Jan 24. PMID: 38267577.
A complete reconstruction of the early visual system of an adult insect.Chua NJ, Makarova AA, Gunn P, Villani S, Cohen B, Thasin M, Wu J, Shefter D, Pang S, Xu CS, Hess HF, Polilov AA, Chklovskii DB. Curr Biol. 2023 Nov 6; 2023 Sep 28. PMID: 37774707.
Three-dimensional reconstructions of mechanosensory end organs suggest a unifying mechanism underlying dynamic, light touch.Handler A, Zhang Q, Pang S, Nguyen TM, Iskols M, Nolan-Tamariz M, Cattel S, Plumb R, Sanchez B, Ashjian K, Shotland A, Brown B, Kabeer M, Turecek J, DeLisle MM, Rankin G, Xiang W, Pavarino EC, Africawala N, Santiago C, Lee WA, Xu CS, Ginty DD. Neuron. 2023 Oct 18; 2023 Sep 18. PMID: 37725982.
3D architecture and a bicellular mechanism of touch detection in mechanosensory corpuscle.Nikolaev YA, Ziolkowski LH, Pang S, Li WP, Feketa VV, Xu CS, Gracheva EO, Bagriantsev SN. Sci Adv. 2023 Sep 15; 2023 Sep 13. PMID: 37703368.
Multiscale head anatomy of Megaphragma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).Desyatirkina IA, Makarova AA, Pang S, Xu CS, Hess H, Polilov AA. Arthropod Struct Dev. 2023 Sep; 2023 Sep 2. PMID: 37666087.
Comparative connectomics and escape behavior in larvae of closely related Drosophila species.Zhu J, Boivin JC, Pang S, Xu CS, Lu Z, Saalfeld S, Hess HF, Ohyama T. Curr Biol. 2023 Jun 19; 2023 Jun 6. PMID: 37285846.
Methods of enhanced FIB-SEM sample preparation and image acquisition.Pang S, Xu CS. Methods Cell Biol. 2023; 2023 Apr 6. PMID: 37451770.
En bloc preparation of Drosophila brains enables high-throughput FIB-SEM connectomics.Lu Z, Xu CS, Hayworth KJ, Pang S, Shinomiya K, Plaza SM, Scheffer LK, Rubin GM, Hess HF, Rivlin PK, Meinertzhagen IA. Front Neural Circuits. 2022; 2022 Dec 16. PMID: 36589862.
The 3D ultrastructure of the chordotonal organs in the antenna of a microwasp remains complex although simplified.Diakova AV, Makarova AA, Pang S, Xu CS, Hess H, Polilov AA. Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 23; 2022 Nov 23. PMID: 36424494.
A serotonergic axon-cilium synapse drives nuclear signaling to alter chromatin accessibility.Sheu SH, Upadhyayula S, Dupuy V, Pang S, Deng F, Wan J, Walpita D, Pasolli HA, Houser J, Sanchez-Martinez S, Brauchi SE, Banala S, Freeman M, Xu CS, Kirchhausen T, Hess HF, Lavis L, Li Y, Chaumont-Dubel S, Clapham DE. Cell. 2022 Sep 1. PMID: 36055200.
Transverse endoplasmic reticulum expansion in hereditary spastic paraplegia corticospinal axons.Zhu PP, Hung HF, Batchenkova N, Nixon-Abell J, Henderson J, Zheng P, Renvoisé B, Pang S, Xu CS, Saalfeld S, Funke J, Xie Y, Svara F, Hess HF, Blackstone C. Hum Mol Genet. 2022 Aug 23. PMID: 35348668.
ESCRT-mediated membrane repair protects tumor-derived cells against T cell attack.Ritter AT, Shtengel G, Xu CS, Weigel A, Hoffman DP, Freeman M, Iyer N, Alivodej N, Ackerman D, Voskoboinik I, Trapani J, Hess HF, Mellman I. Science. 2022 Apr 22; 2022 Apr 21. PMID: 35446649.
Regulation of liver subcellular architecture controls metabolic homeostasis.Parlakgül G, Arruda AP, Pang S, Cagampan E, Min N, Güney E, Lee GY, Inouye K, Hess HF, Xu CS, Hotamışlıgil GS. Nature. 2022 Mar; 2022 Mar 9. PMID: 35264794.
Publisher Correction: An open-access volume electron microscopy atlas of whole cells and tissues.Xu CS, Pang S, Shtengel G, Müller A, Ritter AT, Hoffman HK, Takemura SY, Lu Z, Pasolli HA, Iyer N, Chung J, Bennett D, Weigel AV, Freeman M, van Engelenburg SB, Walther TC, Farese RV Jr, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Mellman I, Solimena M, Hess HF. Nature. 2021 Nov. PMID: 34732896.
An open-access volume electron microscopy atlas of whole cells and tissues.Xu CS, Pang S, Shtengel G, Müller A, Ritter AT, Hoffman HK, Takemura SY, Lu Z, Pasolli HA, Iyer N, Chung J, Bennett D, Weigel AV, Freeman M, van Engelenburg SB, Walther TC, Farese RV Jr, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Mellman I, Solimena M, Hess HF. Nature. 2021 Nov; 2021 Oct 6. PMID: 34616045.
Whole-cell organelle segmentation in volume electron microscopy.Heinrich L, Bennett D, Ackerman D, Park W, Bogovic J, Eckstein N, Petruncio A, Clements J, Pang S, Xu CS, Funke J, Korff W, Hess HF, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Saalfeld S, Weigel AV. Nature. 2021 Nov; 2021 Oct 6. PMID: 34616042.
ER-to-Golgi protein delivery through an interwoven, tubular network extending from ER.Weigel AV, Chang CL, Shtengel G, Xu CS, Hoffman DP, Freeman M, Iyer N, Aaron J, Khuon S, Bogovic J, Qiu W, Hess HF, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Cell. 2021 Apr 29; 2021 Apr 13. PMID: 33852913.
Protocol for preparation of heterogeneous biological samples for 3D electron microscopy: a case study for insects.Polilov AA, Makarova AA, Pang S, Shan Xu C, Hess H. Sci Rep. 2021 Feb 25; 2021 Feb 25. PMID: 33633143.
3D FIB-SEM reconstruction of microtubule-organelle interaction in whole primary mouse β cells.Müller A, Schmidt D, Xu CS, Pang S, D'Costa JV, Kretschmar S, Münster C, Kurth T, Jug F, Weigert M, Hess HF, Solimena M. J Cell Biol. 2021 Feb 1. PMID: 33326005.
Chromatin arranges in chains of mesoscale domains with nanoscale functional topography independent of cohesin.Miron E, Oldenkamp R, Brown JM, Pinto DMS, Xu CS, Faria AR, Shaban HA, Rhodes JDP, Innocent C, de Ornellas S, Hess HF, Buckle V, Schermelleh L. Sci Adv. 2020 Sep; 2020 Sep 23. PMID: 32967822.
A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain.Scheffer LK, Xu CS, Januszewski M, Lu Z, Takemura SY, Hayworth KJ, Huang GB, Shinomiya K, Maitlin-Shepard J, Berg S, Clements J, Hubbard PM, Katz WT, Umayam L, Zhao T, Ackerman D, Blakely T, Bogovic J, Dolafi T, Kainmueller D, Kawase T, Khairy KA, Leavitt L, Li PH, Lindsey L, Neubarth N, Olbris DJ, Otsuna H, Trautman ET, Ito M, Bates AS, Goldammer J, Wolff T, Svirskas R, Schlegel P, Neace E, Knecht CJ, Alvarado CX, Bailey DA, Ballinger S, Borycz JA, Canino BS, Cheatham N, Cook M, Dreher M, Duclos O, Eubanks B, Fairbanks K, Finley S, Forknall N, Francis A, Hopkins GP, Joyce EM, Kim S, Kirk NA, Kovalyak J, Lauchie SA, Lohff A, Maldonado C, Manley EA, McLin S, Mooney C, Ndama M, Ogundeyi O, Okeoma N, Ordish C, Padilla N, Patrick CM, Paterson T, Phillips EE, Phillips EM, Rampally N, Ribeiro C, Robertson MK, Rymer JT, Ryan SM, Sammons M, Scott AK, Scott AL, Shinomiya A, Smith C, Smith K, Smith NL, Sobeski MA, Suleiman A, Swift J, Takemura S, Talebi I, Tarnogorska D, Tenshaw E, Tokhi T, Walsh JJ, Yang T, Horne JA, Li F, Parekh R, Rivlin PK, Jayaraman V, Costa M, Jefferis GS, Ito K, Saalfeld S, George R, Meinertzhagen IA, Rubin GM, Hess HF, Jain V, Plaza SM. Elife. 2020 Sep 7; 2020 Sep 7. PMID: 32880371.
Chloroplast Sec14-like 1 (CPSFL1) is essential for normal chloroplast development and affects carotenoid accumulation in Chlamydomonas.García-Cerdán JG, Schmid EM, Takeuchi T, McRae I, McDonald KL, Yordduangjun N, Hassan AM, Grob P, Xu CS, Hess HF, Fletcher DA, Nogales E, Niyogi KK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Jun 2; 2020 May 13. PMID: 32404426.
Correlative three-dimensional super-resolution and block-face electron microscopy of whole vitreously frozen cells.Hoffman DP, Shtengel G, Xu CS, Campbell KR, Freeman M, Wang L, Milkie DE, Pasolli HA, Iyer N, Bogovic JA, Stabley DR, Shirinifard A, Pang S, Peale D, Schaefer K, Pomp W, Chang CL, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Kirchhausen T, Solecki DJ, Betzig E, Hess HF. Science. 2020 Jan 17. PMID: 31949053.
Publisher Correction: Gas cluster ion beam SEM for imaging of large tissue samples with 10 nm isotropic resolution.Hayworth KJ, Peale D, Januszewski M, Knott GW, Lu Z, Xu CS, Hess HF. Nat Methods. 2020 Jan. PMID: 31802009.
Gas cluster ion beam SEM for imaging of large tissue samples with 10 nm isotropic resolution.Hayworth KJ, Peale D, Januszewski M, Knott GW, Lu Z, Xu CS, Hess HF. Nat Methods. 2020 Jan; 2019 Nov 18. PMID: 31740820.
Spastin tethers lipid droplets to peroxisomes and directs fatty acid trafficking through ESCRT-III.Chang CL, Weigel AV, Ioannou MS, Pasolli HA, Xu CS, Peale DR, Shtengel G, Freeman M, Hess HF, Blackstone C, Lippincott-Schwartz J. J Cell Biol. 2019 Aug 5; 2019 Jun 21. PMID: 31227594.
Neuron-Astrocyte Metabolic Coupling Protects against Activity-Induced Fatty Acid Toxicity.Ioannou MS, Jackson J, Sheu SH, Chang CL, Weigel AV, Liu H, Pasolli HA, Xu CS, Pang S, Matthies D, Hess HF, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Liu Z. Cell. 2019 May 30; 2019 May 23. PMID: 31130380.
Cortical column and whole-brain imaging with molecular contrast and nanoscale resolution.Gao R, Asano SM, Upadhyayula S, Pisarev I, Milkie DE, Liu TL, Singh V, Graves A, Huynh GH, Zhao Y, Bogovic J, Colonell J, Ott CM, Zugates C, Tappan S, Rodriguez A, Mosaliganti KR, Sheu SH, Pasolli HA, Pang S, Xu CS, Megason SG, Hess H, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Hantman A, Rubin GM, Kirchhausen T, Saalfeld S, Aso Y, Boyden ES, Betzig E. Science. 2019 Jan 18. PMID: 30655415.
Comparisons between the ON- and OFF-edge motion pathways in the Drosophila brain.Shinomiya K, Huang G, Lu Z, Parag T, Xu CS, Aniceto R, Ansari N, Cheatham N, Lauchie S, Neace E, Ogundeyi O, Ordish C, Peel D, Shinomiya A, Smith C, Takemura S, Talebi I, Rivlin PK, Nern A, Scheffer LK, Plaza SM, Meinertzhagen IA. Elife. 2019 Jan 9; 2019 Jan 9. PMID: 30624205.
A resource for the Drosophila antennal lobe provided by the connectome of glomerulus VA1v.Horne JA, Langille C, McLin S, Wiederman M, Lu Z, Xu CS, Plaza SM, Scheffer LK, Hess HF, Meinertzhagen IA. Elife. 2018 Nov 1; 2018 Nov 1. PMID: 30382940.
The ESCRT-III Protein CHMP1A Mediates Secretion of Sonic Hedgehog on a Distinctive Subtype of Extracellular Vesicles.Coulter ME, Dorobantu CM, Lodewijk GA, Delalande F, Cianferani S, Ganesh VS, Smith RS, Lim ET, Xu CS, Pang S, Wong ET, Lidov HGW, Calicchio ML, Yang E, Gonzalez DM, Schlaeger TM, Mochida GH, Hess H, Lee WA, Lehtinen MK, Kirchhausen T, Haussler D, Jacobs FMJ, Gaudin R, Walsh CA. Cell Rep. 2018 Jul 24. PMID: 30044992.
A novel sheet-like virus particle array is a hallmark of Zika virus infection.Liu J, Kline BA, Kenny TA, Smith DR, Soloveva V, Beitzel B, Pang S, Lockett S, Hess HF, Palacios G, Kuhn JH, Sun MG, Zeng X. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018 Apr 25; 2018 Apr 25. PMID: 29691373.
A connectome of a learning and memory center in the adult Drosophila brain.Takemura SY, Aso Y, Hige T, Wong A, Lu Z, Xu CS, Rivlin PK, Hess H, Zhao T, Parag T, Berg S, Huang G, Katz W, Olbris DJ, Plaza S, Umayam L, Aniceto R, Chang LA, Lauchie S, Ogundeyi O, Ordish C, Shinomiya A, Sigmund C, Takemura S, Tran J, Turner GC, Rubin GM, Scheffer LK. Elife. 2017 Jul 18; 2017 Jul 18. PMID: 28718765.
Contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum and other membranes in neurons.Wu Y, Whiteus C, Xu CS, Hayworth KJ, Weinberg RJ, Hess HF, De Camilli P. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jun 13; 2017 May 30. PMID: 28559323.
Enhanced FIB-SEM systems for large-volume 3D imaging.Xu CS, Hayworth KJ, Lu Z, Grob P, Hassan AM, García-Cerdán JG, Niyogi KK, Nogales E, Weinberg RJ, Hess HF. Elife. 2017 May 13; 2017 May 13. PMID: 28500755.
Diverse protocols for correlative super-resolution fluorescence imaging and electron microscopy of chemically fixed samples.Kopek BG, Paez-Segala MG, Shtengel G, Sochacki KA, Sun MG, Wang Y, Xu CS, van Engelenburg SB, Taraska JW, Looger LL, Hess HF. Nat Protoc. 2017 May; 2017 Apr 6. PMID: 28384138.
Increased spatiotemporal resolution reveals highly dynamic dense tubular matrices in the peripheral ER.Nixon-Abell J, Obara CJ, Weigel AV, Li D, Legant WR, Xu CS, Pasolli HA, Harvey K, Hess HF, Betzig E, Blackstone C, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Science. 2016 Oct 28; 2016 Oct 27. PMID: 27789813.
Synaptic circuits and their variations within different columns in the visual system of Drosophila.Takemura SY, Xu CS, Lu Z, Rivlin PK, Parag T, Olbris DJ, Plaza S, Zhao T, Katz WT, Umayam L, Weaver C, Hess HF, Horne JA, Nunez-Iglesias J, Aniceto R, Chang LA, Lauchie S, Nasca A, Ogundeyi O, Sigmund C, Takemura S, Tran J, Langille C, Le Lacheur K, McLin S, Shinomiya A, Chklovskii DB, Meinertzhagen IA, Scheffer LK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Nov 3; 2015 Oct 19. PMID: 26483464.
Ultrastructurally smooth thick partitioning and volume stitching for large-scale connectomics.Hayworth KJ, Xu CS, Lu Z, Knott GW, Fetter RD, Tapia JC, Lichtman JW, Hess HF. Nat Methods. 2015 Apr; 2015 Feb 16. PMID: 25686390.
Rab3A mediates vesicle delivery at photoreceptor ribbon synapses.Tian M, Xu CS, Montpetit R, Kramer RH. J Neurosci. 2012 May 16. PMID: 22593061.
Correlative 3D superresolution fluorescence and electron microscopy reveal the relationship of mitochondrial nucleoids to membranes.Kopek BG, Shtengel G, Xu CS, Clayton DA, Hess HF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Apr 17; 2012 Apr 2. PMID: 22474357.
Observation of spectral anisotropy of gold nanoparticles.Cang H, Montiel D, Xu CS, Yang H. J Chem Phys. 2008 Jul 28. PMID: 18681656.
Joint statistical analysis of multichannel time series from single quantum dot-(Cy5)n constructs.Xu CS, Kim H, Hayden CC, Yang H. J Phys Chem B. 2008 May 15; 2007 Dec 21. PMID: 18095665.
Guiding a confocal microscope by single fluorescent nanoparticles.Cang H, Xu CS, Montiel D, Yang H. Opt Lett. 2007 Sep 15. PMID: 17873950.
Multiparameter fluorescence spectroscopy of single quantum dot-dye FRET hybrids.Xu CS, Kim H, Yang H, Hayden CC. J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Sep 12; 2007 Aug 18. PMID: 17705496.

Book Chapters

Pang, S*. & Xu, C. S. Methods of enhanced FIB-SEM sample preparation and image acquisition. In: Methods in Cell Biology: Volume Electron Microscopy Volume 181 (ed. Verkade P. et al.). https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.01.019

Xu CS*, Pang S, Hayworth KJ, Hess HF. Transforming FIB-SEM Systems for Large-Volume Connectomics and Cell Biology. In: Wacker I, Hummel E, Burgold S, Schröder R, editors. Volume Microscopy Neuromethods, vol 155. New York: Humana: 2020; p. 221-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0691-9_12

* Corresponding author

Selected Patents

Hayworth KJ, Hess HF, Xu CS, Peale D. Volume scanning electron microscopy of serial thick tissue sections with gas cluster milling. US Patent No. 11,177,110, November, 2021.
Xu CS, Hayworth KJ, Hess HF. Enhanced FIB-SEM systems for large-volume 3D imaging. US Patent No. 10,600,615, March, 2020.
Yang H, Cang H, Xu CS, Wong CM. Single nanoparticle tracking spectroscopic microscope. US Patent No. 7,982,194, July, 2011.
de la Llera A, Pham X, Xu CS, Wei D, Luong T. Air platen for leading edge and trailing edge control. US Patent No. 7,018,276, March, 2006.
Yi J, Xu CS. Neural network control of chemical mechanical planarization. US Patent No. 7,001,243, February, 2006.
Taylor TR, Xu CS. Apparatus for edge polishing uniformity control. US Patent No. 6,991,512, January, 2006.
Majumder SA, Xu CS, Chen Z. Methods for reducing slurry usage in a linear chemical mechanical planarization system. US Patent No. 6,953,391, October, 2005.
Xu CS, Zhao EY, Dai F. Methods for making reinforced wafer polishing pads and apparatuses implementing the same. US Patent No. 6,949,020, September, 2005.
Yi J, Xu CS. Methods for monitoring and controlling chemical mechanical planarization. US Patent No. 6,931,330, August, 2005.
Yi J, Xu CS. End point detection with imaging matching in semiconductor processing. US Patent No. 6,930,782, August, 2005.
Xu CS, Wu P, Pham X. Molded end point detection window for chemical mechanical planarization. US Patent No. 6,806,100, October, 2004.
Taylor TR, Xu CS. Fluid conserving platen for optimizing edge polishing. US Patent No. 6,790,128, September, 2004.
de la Llera A, Pham X, Xu CS, Wei D, Luong T. Air platen for leading edge and trailing edge control. US Patent No. 6,761,626, July, 2004.
Xu CS, Gasparitsch J, Taff R, Bahng KJ, Stasiewicz P, Engdahl EH. Apparatus for controlling leading edge and trailing edge polishing. US Patent No. 6,729,945, May, 2004.
Taylor TR, Xu CS, Crofton KT, Zhao EY. Platen assembly having a topographically altered platen surface. US Patent No. 6,712,679, March, 2004.
Xu CS, Lombardo BS. Unsupported chemical mechanical polishing belt. US Patent No. 6,656,030, December, 2003.
Xu CS. Grooved rollers for a linear chemical mechanical planarization system. US Patent No. 6,620,035, September, 2003.
Xu CS, Zhao EY, Dai F. Methods for making reinforced wafer polishing pads utilizing direct casting and apparatuses implementing the same. US Patent No. 6,572,463, June, 2003.
Xu CS, Zhao EY, Dai F. Methods for making reinforced wafer polishing pads and apparatuses implementing the same. US Patent No. 6,561,889, May, 2003.
Xu CS, Zhao Y. Method and system for measuring threshold length. US Patent No. 6,552,812, April, 2003.
Pang S, Tong L, Dong Z, Lin K, Hsiang J, Data storage and retrieval apparatus with thin film read head having planarized extra gap and shield layers and method of fabrication thereof, US Patent 6,496,334, December 17, 2002.
Xu CS, Lombardo BS. Unsupported chemical mechanical polishing belt. US Patent No. 6,406,363, June, 2002.
Wang L, Shi Z, Hossain S, Pang S, Advanced pole trim writer with moment P1 and low apex angle, US Patent 6,317,290, November 13, 2001.
Jensen A, Xu CS. Method of optimizing chemical mechanical planarization process. US Patent No. 6,315,634, November, 2001.