1998
Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia
Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Pugh K, Fulbright R, Constable R, Mencl W, Shankweiler D, Liberman A, Skudlarski P, Fletcher J, Katz L, Marchione K, Lacadie C, Gatenby C, Gore J. Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1998, 95: 2636-2641. PMID: 9482939, PMCID: PMC19444, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2636.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBrain activation patternsActivation patternsDyslexic readersFunctional disruptionFunctional magnetic resonanceAlphabetic charactersRelative underactivationPhonologic awarenessNeural signaturesPhonologic analysisSpoken wordsAnterior regionImpairmentNeural systemsPosterior regionDyslexiaMagnetic resonanceWordsOveractivationBrain
1997
Neuroanatomy of Reading and Dyslexia
Fulbright R, Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Pugh K, Skudlarski P, Constable R, Fletcher J, Liberman A, Shankweiler D, Katz L, Lacadie C, Bronen R, Marchione K, Gore J. Neuroanatomy of Reading and Dyslexia. Child And Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics Of North America 1997, 6: 431-446. DOI: 10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30312-2.Peer-Reviewed Reviews, Practice Guidelines, Standards, and Consensus StatementsPhonologic processingInferior frontal gyrus regionsCore cognitive componentLexical-semantic processingWord identificationNeural signaturesCognitive componentsComponent processesDyslexiaLinguistic systemGyrus regionsFunctional MR imagingConsistent findingProcessingReadingOrthographyPhonologyTaskNeuroanatomyDeficitsChildrenAdultsDisordersBrainFindings