Collaborators G, Brauer M, Roth G, Aravkin A, Zheng P, Abate K, Abate Y, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasi M, Abbasian M, Abbasifard M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, ElHafeez S, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdi P, Abdollahi M, Abdoun M, Abdulah D, Abdullahi A, Abebe M, Abedi A, Abedi A, Abegaz T, Zuñiga R, Abiodun O, Abiso T, Aboagye R, Abolhassani H, Abouzid M, Aboye G, Abreu L, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abukhadijah H, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Adane M, Addo I, Addolorato G, Adedoyin R, Adekanmbi V, Aden B, Adetunji J, Adeyeoluwa T, Adha R, Adibi A, Adnani Q, Adzigbli L, Afolabi A, Afolabi R, Afshin A, Afyouni S, Afzal M, Afzal S, Agampodi S, Agbozo F, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agrawal A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah B, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad N, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed L, Ahmed M, Ahmed S, Ahmed S, Ajami M, Akalu G, Akara E, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemiju T, Akkaif M, Akkala S, Akombi-Inyang B, Al Awaidy S, Al Hasan S, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal T, Alalalmeh S, Alalwan T, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam N, Alanezi F, Alanzi T, Albakri A, AlBataineh M, Aldhaleei W, Aldridge R, Alemayohu M, Alemu Y, Al-Fatly B, Al-Gheethi A, Al-Habbal K, Alhabib K, Alhassan R, Ali A, Ali A, Ali B, Ali I, Ali L, Ali M, Ali R, Ali S, Ali W, Alicandro G, Alif M, Aljunid S, Alla F, Al-Marwani S, Al-Mekhlafi H, Almustanyir S, Alomari M, Alonso J, Alqahtani J, Alqutaibi A, Al-Raddadi R, Alrawashdeh A, Al-Rifai R, Alrousan S, Al-Sabah S, Alshahrani N, Altaany Z, Altaf A, Al-Tawfiq J, Altirkawi K, Aluh D, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk N, Alwafi H, Al-Wardat M, Al-Worafi Y, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi K, Al-Zyoud W, Amaechi U, Mohammadi M, Amani R, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq M, Ammirati E, Amu H, Amugsi D, Amusa G, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson J, Andrade P, Andrei C, Andrei T, Anenberg S, Angappan D, Angus C, Anil A, Anil S, Anjum A, Anoushiravani A, Antonazzo I, Antony C, Antriyandarti E, Anuoluwa B, Anvari D, Anvari S, Anwar S, Anwar S, Anwer R, Anyabolo E, Anyasodor A, Apostol G, Arabloo J, Bahri R, Arafat M, Areda D, Aregawi B, Aremu A, Armocida B, Arndt M, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov A, Artanti K, Aruleba I, Arumugam A, Asbeutah A, Asgary S, Asgedom A, Ashbaugh C, Ashemo M, Ashraf T, Askarinejad A, Assmus M, Astell-Burt T, Athar M, Athari S, Atorkey, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awoke A, Quintanilla B, Ayatollahi H, Portugal C, Ayuso-Mateos J, Azadnajafabad S, Azevedo R, Azhar G, Azizi H, Azzam A, Backhaus I, Badar M, Badiye A, Bagga A, Baghdadi S, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Taghanaki P, Bai R, Baig A, Baker J, Bakkannavar S, Balasubramanian M, Baltatu O, Bam K, Bandyopadhyay S, Banik B, Banik P, Banke-Thomas A, Bansal H, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Bardideh E, Barker-Collo S, Bärnighausen T, Barone-Adesi F, Barqawi H, Barrero L, Barrow A, Barteit S, Basharat Z, Basiru A, Basso J, Bastan M, Basu S, Batchu S, Batra K, Batra R, Baune B, Bayati M, Bayileyegn N, Beaney T, Behnoush A, Beiranvand M, Béjot Y, Bekele A, Belgaumi U, Bell A, Bell M, Bello M, Bello O, Belo L, Beloukas A, Bendak S, Bennett D, Bennitt F, Bensenor I, Benzian H, Beran A, Berezvai Z, Bernabe E, Bernstein R, Bettencourt P, Bhagavathula A, Bhala N, Bhandari D, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhat A, Bhat V, Bhatti G, Bhatti J, Bhatti M, Bhatti R, Bhuiyan M, Bhutta Z, Bikbov B, Bishai J, Bisignano C, Biswas A, Biswas B, Biswas R, Bjørge T, Boachie M, Boakye H, Bockarie M, Bodolica V, Bodunrin A, Bogale E, Bolla S, Boloor A, Hashemi M, Boppana S, Basara B, Borhany H, Carvajal A, Bouaoud S, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boxe C, Braithwaite D, Brant L, Brar A, Breitborde N, Breitner S, Brenner H, Briko A, Britton G, Brown C, Browne A, Brunoni A, Bryazka D, Bulamu N, Bulto L, Buonsenso D, Burkart K, Burns R, Busse R, Bustanji Y, Butt N, Butt Z, dos Santos F, Cagney J, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Calina D, Cámera L, Campos L, Campos-Nonato I, Cao C, Cao F, Cao Y, Capodici A, Cárdenas R, Carr S, Carreras G, Carrero J, Carugno A, Carvalho F, Carvalho M, Castaldelli-Maia J, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Catapano A, Cattaruzza M, Caye A, Cederroth C, Cegolon L, Cenderadewi M, Cercy K, Cerin E, Chadwick J, Chakraborty C, Chakraborty P, Chakraborty S, Chan J, Chan R, Chandan J, Chandika R, Chaturvedi P, Chen A, Chen C, Chen H, Chen M, Chen M, Chen S, Cheng C, Cheng E, Cherbuin N, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chimed-Ochir O, Chimoriya R, Ching P, Chirinos-Caceres J, Chitheer A, Cho W, Chong B, Chopra H, Chowdhury R, Christopher D, Chu D, Chukwu I, Chung E, Chung S, Chutiyami M, Cioffi I, Cogen R, Cohen A, Columbus A, Conde J, Corlateanu A, Cortese S, Cortesi P, Costa V, Costanzo S, Criqui M, Cruz J, Cruz-Martins N, Culbreth G, da Silva A, Dadras O, Dai X, Dai Z, Daikwo P, Dalli L, Damiani G, D'Amico E, D'Anna L, Darwesh A, Das J, Das S, Dash N, Dashti M, Dávila-Cervantes C, Weaver N, Davitoiu D, De la Hoz F, de la Torre-Luque A, De Leo D, Debopadhaya S, Degenhardt L, Del Bo' C, Delgado-Enciso I, Delgado-Saborit J, Demoze C, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Dervenis N, Dervišević E, Desai H, Desai R, Devanbu V, Dewan S, Dhali A, Dhama K, Dhane A, Dhimal M, Dhimal M, Dhingra S, Dhulipala V, Dhungana R, da Silva D, Diaz D, Diaz L, Diaz M, Dima A, Ding D, Dinu M, Djalalinia S, Chi T, Phuong T, do Prado C, Dodangeh M, Dohare S, Dokova K, Dong W, Dongarwar D, D'Oria M, Dorostkar F, Dorsey E, Doshi R, Doshmangir L, Dowou R, Driscoll T, Dsouza A, Dsouza H, Dumith S, Duncan B, Duraes A, Duraisamy S, Dushpanova A, Dzianach P, Dziedzic A, Ebrahimi A, Echieh C, Ed-Dra A, Edinur H, Edvardsson D, Edvardsson K, Efendi F, Eftekharimehrabad A, Eini E, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo T, Arab R, Zaki M, El-Dahiyat F, Elemam N, Elgar F, ElGohary G, Elhabashy H, Elhadi M, Elmehrath A, Elmeligy O, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emeto T, Esfandiari N, Eshrati B, Eslami M, Esmaeili S, Estep K, Etaee F, Fabin N, Fagbamigbe A, Fagbule O, Fahimi S, Falzone L, Fareed M, Farinha C, Faris M, Faris P, Faro A, Fasina F, Fatehizadeh A, Fauk N, Fazylov T, Feigin V, Feng X, Fereshtehnejad S, Feroze A, Ferrara P, Ferrari A, Ferreira N, Fetensa G, Feyisa B, Filip I, Fischer F, Fitriana I, Flavel J, Flohr C, Flood D, Flor L, Foigt N, Folayan M, Force L, Fortuna D, Foschi M, Franklin R, Freitas A, Friedman S, Fux B, Sridevi G, Gaal P, Gaihre S, Gajdács M, Galali Y, Gallus S, Gandhi A, Ganesan B, Ganiyani M, Garcia V, Gardner W, Garg R, Gautam R, Gebi T, Gebregergis M, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremariam T, Gebremeskel T, Gerema U, Getacher L, Getahun G, Getie M, Ghadirian F, Ghafarian S, Jolfayi A, Ghailan K, Ghajar A, Ghasemi M, Dabaghi G, Ghasemzadeh A, Ghassemi F, Ghazy R, Gholami A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Gholizadeh N, Ghorbani M, Gil A, Gil G, Gilbertson N, Gill P, Gill T, Gindaba E, Girmay A, Glasbey J, Gnedovskaya E, Göbölös L, Godinho M, Goel A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gomes N, Gopalani S, Gorini G, Goudarzi H, Goulart A, Gouravani, Goyal A, Graham S, Grivna M, Grosso G, Guan S, Guarducci G, Gubari M, Guha A, Guicciardi S, Gulati S, Gulisashvili D, Gunawardane D, Guo C, Gupta A, Gupta B, Gupta M, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta V, Gupta V, Gupta V, Habibzadeh F, Habibzadeh P, Hadaro T, Hadian Z, Haep N, Haghi-Aminjan H, Haghmorad D, Hagins H, Haile D, Hailu A, Ali A, Halboub E, Halimi A, Hall B, Haller S, Halwani R, Hamadeh R, Hamdy N, Hameed S, Hamidi S, Hammoud A, Hanif A, Hanifi N, Haq Z, Haque R, Harapan H, Hargono A, Haro J, Hasaballah A, Hasan I, Hasan M, Hasan S, Hasani H, Hasanian M, Hashmeh N, Hasnain S, Hassan A, Hassan I, Tabatabaei M, Hassani S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Haubold J, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hebert J, Hegazi O, Hegena T, Heidari G, Heidari M, Helfer B, Hemmati M, Henson C, Herbert M, Herteliu C, Heuer A, Hezam K, Hinneh T, Hiraike Y, Hoan N, Holla R, Hon J, Hoque M, Horita N, Hossain S, Hosseini S, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hoven H, Hsairi M, Hsu J, Hu C, Huang J, Huda N, Hulland E, Hultström M, Hushmandi K, Hussain J, Hussein N, Huynh C, Huynh H, Ibitoye S, Idowu O, Ihler A, Ikeda N, Ikuta K, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Imam M, Immurana M, Inbaraj L, Irham L, Isa M, Islam R, Ismail F, Ismail N, Iso H, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iwu C, Iwu-Jaja C, Vinothini J, Jaafari J, Jacob L, Jacobsen K, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jahankhani K, Jahanmehr N, Jahrami H, Jain A, Jain N, Jairoun A, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Yengejeh R, Jamora R, Jatau A, Javadov S, Javaheri T, Jayaram S, Jeganathan J, Jeswani B, Jiang H, Johnson C, Jokar M, Jomehzadeh N, Jonas J, Joo T, Joseph A, Joseph N, Joshi V, Joshua C, Jozwiak J, Jürisson M, Kaambwa B, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kadashetti V, Kahn E, Kalani R, Kaliyadan F, Kalra S, Kamath R, Kanagasabai T, Kanchan T, Kandel H, Kanmiki E, Kanmodi K, Kansal S, Kapner D, Kapoor N, Karagiannidis E, Karajizadeh M, Karakasis P, Karanth S, Karaye I, Karch A, Karim A, Karimi H, Karmakar S, Kashoo F, Kasraei H, Kassahun W, Kassebaum N, Kassel M, Katikireddi S, Kauppila J, Kawakami N, Kaydi N, Kayode G, Kazemi F, Keiyoro P, Kemmer L, Kempen J, Kerr J, Kesse-Guyot E, Khader Y, Khafaie M, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khalil M, Khalilian A, Khamesipour F, Khan A, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khanmohammadi S, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh M, Khatib M, Khavandegar A, Kashani H, Khidri F, Khodadoust E, Khormali M, Khorrami Z, Khosla A, Khosrowjerdi M, Khreis H, Khusun H, Kifle Z, Kim K, Kim M, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kisa A, Kisa S, Knibbs L, Knudsen A, Koh D, Kolahi A, Kompani F, Kong J, Koren G, Korja M, Korshunov V, Korzh O, Kosen S, Kothari N, Koul P, Laxminarayana S, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Krishnamoorthy Y, Krishnan B, Krohn K, Defo B, Bicer B, Kuddus A, Kuddus M, Kugbey N, Kuitunen I, Kulimbet M, Kulkarni V, Kumar A, Kumar N, Kumar V, Kundu S, Kurmi O, Kusnali A, Kusuma D, Kutluk T, La Vecchia C, Ladan M, Laflamme L, Lahariya C, Lai D, Lal D, Lallukka T, Lám J, Lan Q, Lan T, Landires I, Lanfranchi F, Langguth B, Lansingh V, Laplante-Lévesque A, Larijani B, Larsson A, Lasrado S, Lauriola P, Le H, Le L, Le N, Le T, Leasher J, Ledda C, Lee M, Lee P, Lee S, Lee S, Lee Y, LeGrand K, Leigh J, Leong E, Lerango T, Lescinsky H, Leung J, Li M, Li W, Li W, Li Y, Li Z, Ligade V, Lim L, Lim S, Lin R, Lin S, Liu C, Liu G, Liu J, Liu J, Liu R, Liu S, Liu W, Liu X, Liu X, Livingstone K, Llanaj E, Lohiya A, López-Bueno R, Lopukhov P, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Lozano R, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Luo L, lv H, Amin H, Feei Z, Maass K, Mabrok M, Machairas N, Machoy M, Mafhoumi A, Razek M, Maghazachi A, Prasad D, Maharaj S, Mahmoud M, Mahmoudi E, Majeed A, Makram O, Makris K, Malasala S, Maled V, Malhotra K, Malik A, Malik I, Malinga L, Malta D, Mamun A, Manda A, Manla Y, Mansour A, Mansouri B, Mansouri P, Mansourian M, Mansournia M, Mantovani L, Manu E, Marateb H, Maravilla J, Marsh E, Martinez G, Martinez-Piedra R, Martini S, Martins-Melo F, Martorell M, Marx W, Maryam S, Mathangasinghe Y, Mathioudakis A, Matozinhos F, Mattumpuram J, Maugeri A, Maulik P, Mayeli M, Mazidi M, Mazzotti A, McGrath J, McKee M, McKowen A, McLaughlin S, McPhail M, McPhail S, Mechili E, Mehmood A, Mehmood K, Mehrabani-Zeinabad K, Nasab E, Meier T, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Meto T, Mekonnen B, Menezes R, Mengist B, Mensah G, Mensah L, Mentis A, Meo A, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mersha A, Mesfin B, Mestrovic T, Mettananda K, Mettananda S, Miazgowski T, Micha G, Michalek I, de Sá A, Miller T, Mirarefin M, Mirghafourvand M, Mirica A, Mirijello A, Mirrakhimov E, Mirshahi A, Mirzaei M, Mishra A, Mishra V, Mitchell P, Mithra P, Mittal C, Moazen B, Moberg M, Mocciaro G, Mohamadkhani A, Mohamed A, Mohamed A, Mohamed J, Mohamed M, Mohamed N, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadifard N, Mohammed H, Mohammed M, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mokdad A, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moni M, Ghalibaf A, Moore C, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moraga P, Morawska L, Moreira R, Morovatdar N, Morrison S, Morze J, Heris R, Mossialos E, Motappa R, Mougin V, Mousavi P, Msherghi A, Mubarik S, Muccioli L, Mueller U, Mulita F, Mullany E, Munjal K, Murillo-Zamora E, Murlimanju B, Musina A, Mustafa G, Muthu S, Muthupandian S, Muthusamy R, Muzaffar M, Myung W, Nafei A, Nagarajan A, Nagaraju S, Nagel G, Naghavi M, Naghavi P, Naik G, Naik G, Nainu F, Nair T, Najdaghi S, Ansari N, Nanavaty D, Nangia V, Swamy S, Davani D, Nascimento B, Nascimento G, Nashwan A, Natto Z, Nauman J, Navaratna S, Naveed M, Nayak B, Nayak V, Ndejjo R, Nduaguba S, Negash H, Negoi I, Negoi R, Nejadghaderi S, Nejjari C, Nematollahi M, Nepal S, Neupane S, Ng M, Nguefack-Tsague G, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen D, Nguyen N, Nguyen P, Phuong The Nguyen, Nguyen V, Minh D, Niazi R, Nicholson S, Nie J, Nikoobar A, Nikpoor A, Ningrum D, Nnaji C, Noman E, Nomura S, Noroozi N, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Nri-Ezedi C, Ntaios G, Ntsekhe M, Nunemo M, Nurrika D, Nutor J, Oancea B, O'Connell E, Odetokun I, O'Donnell M, Oduro M, Ogunfowokan A, Ogunkoya A, Oh I, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke S, Okekunle A, Okonji O, Olagunju A, Olasupo O, Olatubi M, Oliveira A, Oliveira G, Olorukooba A, Olufadewa I, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Oluwafemi Y, Omar H, Bali A, Omer G, Ong K, Ong S, Onwujekwe O, Onyedibe K, Oppong A, Ordak M, Orish V, Ornello R, Orpana H, Ortiz A, Ortiz-Prado E, Osman W, Ostroff S, Osuagwu U, Otoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov S, Ouyahia A, Owolabi M, Oyeyemi I, Oyeyemi O, A M, Pacheco-Barrios K, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri J, Pal P, Palicz T, Pan F, Pan H, Pana A, Panda S, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandi-Perumal S, Pangaribuan H, Pantazopoulos I, Stoian A, Papadopoulou P, Parent M, Parija P, Parikh R, Park S, Park S, Parsons N, Pashaei A, Pasovic M, Passera R, Patil S, Patoulias D, Patthipati V, Paudel U, Pawar S, Toroudi H, Peden A, Pedersini P, Peng M, Pensato U, Pepito V, Peprah E, Peprah, Peres M, Perianayagam A, Perico N, Perna S, Pesudovs K, Petcu I, Petermann-Rocha F, Pham H, Philip A, Phillips M, Pickering B, Pierannunzio D, Pigeolet M, Pigott D, Piracha Z, Piradov M, Pisoni E, Piyasena M, Plass D, Plotnikov E, Poddighe D, Polkinghorne K, Poluru R, Pond C, Popovic D, Porru F, Postma M, Poudel G, Pour-Rashidi A, Pourshams A, Pourtaheri N, Prabhu D, Prada S, Pradhan J, Pradhan P, Prasad M, Prates E, Purnobasuki H, Purohit B, Puvvula J, Qasim N, Qattea I, Qazi A, Qian G, Qiu S, Rad M, Radfar A, Radhakrishnan R, Radhakrishnan V, Shahraki H, Rafferty Q, Rafiei A, Raggi A, Raghav P, Raheem N, Rahim F, Rahim J, Rahimifard M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman O, Rahman M, Rahmani A, Rahmani B, Rahmanian M, Rahmanian N, Rahmanian V, Rahmati M, Rahmawaty S, Raimondo D, Rajaa S, Rajendran V, Rajput P, Ramadan M, Ramasamy S, Ramasubramani P, Ramazanu S, Ramteke P, Rana J, Rana K, Ranabhat C, Rane A, Rani U, Ranta A, Rao C, Rao M, Rao P, Rao S, Rasella D, Rashedi S, Rashedi V, Rashidi M, Rashidi M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Ratan Z, Babu G, Rauniyar S, Rautalin I, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Rawassizadeh R, Razo C, Reda Z, Reddy M, Redwan E, Reifels L, Reitsma M, Remuzzi G, Reshmi B, Resnikoff S, Restaino S, Reyes L, Rezaei M, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee T, Riaz M, Ribeiro A, Rickard J, Robinson-Oden H, Rodrigues C, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez J, Roever L, Romadlon D, Ronfani L, Rosauer J, Roshandel G, Rostamian M, Rotimi K, Rout H, Roy B, Roy N, Rubagotti E, de Andrade Ruela G, Rumisha S, Runghien T, Russo M, Ruzzante S, Chandan S, Saad A, Saber K, Saber-Ayad M, Sabour S, Sacco S, Sachdev P, Sachdeva R, Saddik B, Saddler A, Sadee B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghi M, Majd E, Saeb M, Saeed U, Safari M, Safi S, Safi S, Sagar R, Sagoe D, Sharif-Askari F, Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo S, Sahu M, Saif Z, Sajid M, Sakshaug J, Salam N, Salamati P, Salami A, Salaroli L, Salehi L, Salehi S, Salem M, Salem M, Salihu D, Salimi S, Salum G, Kafil H, Samadzadeh S, Samodra Y, Samuel V, Samy A, Sanabria J, Sanjeev R, Sanna F, Santomauro D, Santric-Milicevic M, Sarasmita M, Saraswathy S, Saravanan A, Saravi B, Sarikhani Y, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sarode G, Sarode S, Sartorius B, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sattin D, Sawhney M, Saya G, Sayeed A, Abu Sayeed, Sayyah M, Schinckus C, Schmidt M, Schuermans 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Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2024, 403: 2162-2203. PMID: 38762324, PMCID: PMC11120204, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4.Peer-Reviewed Original Research