Global, regional, and national stillbirths at 20 weeks' gestation or longer in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Collaborators G, Comfort H, McHugh T, Schumacher A, Harris A, May E, Paulson K, Gardner W, Fuller J, Frisch M, Taylor H, Leever A, Teply C, Verghese N, Alam T, Abate Y, Abbastabar H, ElHafeez S, Abdelmasseh M, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdissa D, Abdoun M, Abdulkader R, Abebe M, Abedi A, Abidi H, Abiodun O, Aboagye R, Abolhassani H, Abrigo M, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abu-Rmeileh N, Adane M, Addo I, Adema B, Adesina M, Adetunji C, Adeyinka D, Adnani Q, Afzal S, Agampodi S, Agodi A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah B, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmadi A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed L, Ajami M, Akinosoglou K, Al Hasan S, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alanezi F, Alanzi T, Albashtawy M, Alemi S, Algammal A, Al-Gheethi A, Ali A, Ali L, Ali M, Alif M, Aljunid S, Almazan J, Al-Mekhlafi H, Almidani L, Almustanyir S, Altirkawi K, Aly H, Aly S, Amani R, Ameyaw E, Amhare A, Amin T, Amiri S, Andrei C, Andrei T, Anoushiravani A, Ansar A, Anvari D, Anwer R, Appiah F, Arab-Zozani M, Aravkin A, Areda D, Aregawi B, Artamonov A, Aryal U, Asemi Z, Asemu M, Asgedom A, Ashraf T, Asresie M, Atlaw D, Atout M, Atreya A, Atteraya M, Aujayeb A, Quintanilla B, Ayatollahi H, Ayyoubzadeh S, Azadnajafabad S, Azevedo R, Azzam A, Darshan B, Babaei M, Badar M, Badiye A, Baghcheghi N, Baghdadi S, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Asl F, Bai R, Bakshi R, Bam K, Banach M, Banke-Thomas A, Bansal H, Bantie B, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Bashiri A, Basiru A, Baskaran P, Batra K, Bayani M, Bayleyegn N, Bedi N, Begum T, Behnoush A, Belgaumi U, Bermudez A, Beyene K, Bhandari B, Bhandari D, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhattarai S, Bodolica V, Braithwaite D, Brenner H, Bustanji Y, Butt N, Butt Z, Cadri A, Campos-Nonato I, Cattaruzza M, Cembranel F, Cerin E, Chacón-Uscamaita P, Charan J, Chattu V, Chauhan D, Chavula M, Chen S, Chi G, Chitheer A, Cho W, Choudhari S, Chu D, Cruz-Martins N, Dadras O, Dagnew G, Dalaba M, Dandona L, Darwesh A, Das J, Das S, Dash N, Dávila-Cervantes C, Davletov K, Debela B, Debele A, Derese M, Deribe K, Dervišević E, Dessie A, Dhali A, Dhulipala V, Dirac M, Dong W, Dora B, Dsouza H, Duraes A, Dutta S, Dziedzic A, Ed-Dra A, Edvardsson K, Eini E, Ekholuenetale M, Zaki M, Elgendy I, Elhadi M, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emeto T, Bain L, Esayas H, Eshrati B, Esposito F, Fagbamigbe A, Fakhradiyev I, Faramarzi A, Faro A, Fatehizadeh A, Fekadu G, Fischer F, Fomenkov A, Fukumoto T, Gaal P, Gaidhane A, Gajdács M, Galali Y, Gallus S, Ganesan B, Gazzelloni F, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremedhin A, Gebremeskel T, Geda Y, Gezae K, Ghazy R, Gheno G, Gialluisi A, Gissler M, Glasbey J, Glasstetter L, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Grivna M, Guha A, Guicciardi S, Guo H, Gupta S, Gupta V, Gupta V, Haller S, Halwani R, Hamidi S, Handal A, Haro J, Hartman N, Hasan T, Dehkordi A, Hasnain S, Hassanipour S, He W, Heidari M, Herrera-Serna B, Herteliu C, Hessami K, Hezam K, Hiraike Y, Holla R, Hossain M, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hu C, Huang J, Huda M, Huda N, Huynh H, Hwang B, Iftikhar P, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Immurana M, Iranmehr A, Iravanpour F, Iwagami M, Iwu C, Iyasu A, Jaafari J, Jafarzadeh A, Jahrami H, Janodia M, Javadi N, Javaheri T, Jayapal S, Jema A, Jokar M, Joseph N, Joshua C, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Karaye I, Karimi H, Kasraei H, Kauppila J, Kendal E, Keykhaei M, Khalid N, Khamesipour F, Khan M, Khan M, Khan Y, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh M, Khateri S, Kashani H, Khormali M, Kim M, Kim T, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kochhar S, Kolahi A, Kompani F, Koohestani H, Kosen S, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Defo B, Kuchay R, Kuddus M, Kumar G, Kurmi O, La Vecchia C, Lacey B, Lahariya C, Laksono T, Lal D, Lasrado S, Latief K, Latifinaibin K, Le T, Lee M, Lee S, Lee W, Lee Y, Lenzi J, Li M, Li S, Ligade V, Lim S, Liu G, Liu J, Liu X, Lorenzovici L, Lotfizadeh M, Afifi A, Madureira-Carvalho Á, Magee L, Majeed A, Rad E, Malhotra K, Malik A, Malik I, Mallhi T, Maravilla J, Martini S, Martins-Melo F, Martorell M, Marzan M, Mathangasinghe Y, Mattiello R, Maugeri A, Mayeli M, Mazaheri M, Mediratta R, Mehrabani-Zeinabad K, Meles G, Meles H, Mendez-Lopez M, Mendoza W, Menezes R, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Michalek I, Minh L, Mirfakhraie R, Mirghafourvand M, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov E, Mirza M, Bawa E, Misra S, Mizana B, Mohamed N, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mohammed G, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mokdad A, Molinaro S, Momtazmanesh S, Monasta L, Moni M, Ghalibaf A, Moraga P, Morovatdar N, Mosapour A, Mouodi S, Mousavi P, Mueller U, Mughal F, Mulita A, Mulita F, Muriithi M, Nair T, Najmuldeen H, Nambi G, Nangia V, Nascimento G, Nauman J, Nejadghaderi S, Nematollahi M, Nguefack-Tsague G, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen D, Nguyen H, Nguyen H, Nguyen P, Niazi R, Nikoobar A, Nnyanzi L, Noman E, Nomura S, Noreen M, Nurrika D, Nzoputam C, Nzoputam O, Oancea B, Obamiro K, Ogunsakin R, Okeke S, Okekunle A, Okonji O, Okwute P, Olagunju A, Olakunde B, Olatubi M, Olufadewa I, Olusanya B, Ordak M, Ortega-Altamirano D, Osman W, Osuagwu U, Otoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov S, Ouyahia A, Owolabi M, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri J, Pana A, Parija P, Parikh R, Pashaei A, Patel S, Patil S, Pawar S, Pedersini P, Pepito V, Peprah, Pereira G, Pereira J, Pereira M, Pereira M, Perianayagam A, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petcu I, Petermann-Rocha F, Pezeshki P, Pham T, Phan M, Philip A, Pigeolet M, Piracha Z, Podder V, Poddighe D, Pradhan P, Shahraki H, Raghav P, Rahman M, Rahmanian V, Raimondo I, Ramasamy S, Ranabhat C, Rancic N, Rao C, Rao S, Rasella D, Rashid A, Rawassizadeh R, Redwan E, Remuzzi G, Rengasamy K, Renzaho A, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Robinson-Oden H, Roever L, Rohloff P, Ronfani L, Rwegerera G, Saad A, Saadatian Z, Sabour S, Saddik B, Sadeghi M, Saeb M, Saeed U, Saghazadeh A, Sagoe D, Sharif-Askari F, Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo H, Sahoo S, Saleh M, Salehi S, Salem M, Samy A, Sanjeev R, Sarikhani Y, Sarode S, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Saya G, Saylan M, Schlaich M, Schneider I, Schuermans A, Sengupta P, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou S, Serban D, SeyedAlinaghi S, Seylani A, Shafie M, Shah J, Shah P, Shahid S, Shaikh M, Sham S, Shanawaz M, Shannawaz M, Sharew M, Sharma M, Shetty A, Shetty B, Shetty P, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shivalli S, Shool S, Shorofi S, Shuja K, Shuval K, Sibhat M, Sidamo N, Silva J, Simpson C, Singh J, Singh P, Singh S, Skhvitaridze N, Socea B, Al Mamun Sohag A, Soleimani H, Solomon Y, Song S, Song Y, Spartalis M, Sreeramareddy C, Stergachis A, Suleman M, Sultana S, Sun H, Sun J, Szeto M, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabai S, Tabish M, Taheri M, Soodejani M, Tamuzi J, Tan K, Tarigan I, Oliaee R, Taye B, Tefera Y, Temsah M, Teramoto M, Tesfamariam W, Teye-Kwadjo E, Tharwat S, Thavamani A, Thomas N, Titova M, Tiyuri A, Topor-Madry R, Tovani-Palone M, Tripathy J, Tromans S, Ubah C, Umair M, Umakanthan S, Unim B, Vaithinathan A, Tahbaz S, Valenti M, Valizadeh R, Van den Eynde J, Varthya S, Veroux M, Verras G, Villani L, Violante F, Vlassov V, Walde M, Wang F, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wassie E, Weerakoon K, Wolde A, Xu X, Yadav V, Yang L, Yano Y, Yehualashet S, Yi S, Yiğit A, Yiğit V, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Zaki N, Zamagni G, Zaman B, Zastrozhin M, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhao H, Zhong C, Zielińska M, Zuhriyah L, Hay S, Naghavi M, Murray C, Dandona R, Kassebaum N. Global, regional, and national stillbirths at 20 weeks' gestation or longer in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2024, 404: 1955-1988. PMID: 39510107, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01925-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchWeeks gestationNeonatal mortality rateNeonatal deathStillbirth rateGestational age thresholdAdverse pregnancy outcomesGlobal burdenMortality rateBurden of stillbirthsGlobal neonatal mortality ratesGlobal burden of stillbirthQuality of maternal health careAssessment of fertilityStillbirth definitionsTotal stillbirthsPregnancy outcomesNeonatal mortalityGestationReduce stillbirthsBurden of diseaseStillbirthGlobal Burden of Disease StudyBurden of Disease StudyGlobal improvementMaternal health careGlobal burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Collaborators G, Brauer M, Roth G, Aravkin A, Zheng P, Abate K, Abate Y, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasi M, Abbasian M, Abbasifard M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, ElHafeez S, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdi P, Abdollahi M, Abdoun M, Abdulah D, Abdullahi A, Abebe M, Abedi A, Abedi A, Abegaz T, Zuñiga R, Abiodun O, Abiso T, Aboagye R, Abolhassani H, Abouzid M, Aboye G, Abreu L, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abukhadijah H, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Adane M, Addo I, Addolorato G, Adedoyin R, Adekanmbi V, Aden B, Adetunji J, Adeyeoluwa T, Adha R, Adibi A, Adnani Q, Adzigbli L, Afolabi A, Afolabi R, Afshin A, Afyouni S, Afzal M, Afzal S, Agampodi S, Agbozo F, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agrawal A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah B, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad N, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed L, Ahmed M, Ahmed S, Ahmed S, Ajami M, Akalu G, Akara E, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemiju T, Akkaif M, Akkala S, Akombi-Inyang B, Al Awaidy S, Al Hasan S, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal T, Alalalmeh S, Alalwan T, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam N, Alanezi F, Alanzi T, Albakri A, AlBataineh M, Aldhaleei W, Aldridge R, Alemayohu M, Alemu Y, Al-Fatly B, Al-Gheethi A, Al-Habbal K, Alhabib K, Alhassan R, Ali A, Ali A, Ali B, Ali I, Ali L, Ali M, Ali R, Ali S, Ali W, Alicandro G, Alif M, Aljunid S, Alla F, Al-Marwani S, Al-Mekhlafi H, Almustanyir S, Alomari M, Alonso J, Alqahtani J, Alqutaibi A, Al-Raddadi R, Alrawashdeh A, Al-Rifai R, Alrousan S, Al-Sabah S, Alshahrani N, Altaany Z, Altaf A, Al-Tawfiq J, Altirkawi K, Aluh D, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk N, Alwafi H, Al-Wardat M, Al-Worafi Y, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi K, Al-Zyoud W, Amaechi U, Mohammadi M, Amani R, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq M, Ammirati E, Amu H, Amugsi D, Amusa G, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson J, Andrade P, Andrei C, Andrei T, Anenberg S, Angappan D, Angus C, Anil A, Anil S, Anjum A, Anoushiravani A, Antonazzo I, Antony C, Antriyandarti E, Anuoluwa B, Anvari D, Anvari S, Anwar S, Anwar S, Anwer R, Anyabolo E, Anyasodor A, Apostol G, Arabloo J, Bahri R, Arafat M, Areda D, Aregawi B, Aremu A, Armocida B, Arndt M, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov A, Artanti K, Aruleba I, Arumugam A, Asbeutah A, Asgary S, Asgedom A, Ashbaugh C, Ashemo M, Ashraf T, Askarinejad A, Assmus M, Astell-Burt T, Athar M, Athari S, Atorkey, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awoke A, Quintanilla B, Ayatollahi H, Portugal C, Ayuso-Mateos J, Azadnajafabad S, Azevedo R, Azhar G, Azizi H, Azzam A, Backhaus I, Badar M, Badiye A, Bagga A, Baghdadi S, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Taghanaki P, Bai R, Baig A, Baker J, Bakkannavar S, Balasubramanian M, Baltatu O, Bam K, Bandyopadhyay S, Banik B, Banik P, Banke-Thomas A, Bansal H, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Bardideh E, Barker-Collo S, Bärnighausen T, Barone-Adesi F, Barqawi H, Barrero L, Barrow A, Barteit S, Basharat Z, Basiru A, Basso J, Bastan M, Basu S, Batchu S, Batra K, Batra R, Baune B, Bayati M, Bayileyegn N, Beaney T, Behnoush A, Beiranvand M, Béjot Y, Bekele A, Belgaumi U, Bell A, Bell M, Bello M, Bello O, Belo L, Beloukas A, Bendak S, Bennett D, Bennitt F, Bensenor I, Benzian H, Beran A, Berezvai Z, Bernabe E, Bernstein R, Bettencourt P, Bhagavathula A, Bhala N, Bhandari D, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhat A, Bhat V, Bhatti G, Bhatti J, Bhatti M, Bhatti R, Bhuiyan M, Bhutta Z, Bikbov B, Bishai J, Bisignano C, Biswas A, Biswas B, Biswas R, Bjørge T, Boachie M, Boakye H, Bockarie M, Bodolica V, Bodunrin A, Bogale E, Bolla S, Boloor A, Hashemi M, Boppana S, Basara B, Borhany H, Carvajal A, Bouaoud S, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boxe C, Braithwaite D, Brant L, Brar A, Breitborde N, Breitner S, Brenner H, Briko A, Britton G, Brown C, Browne A, Brunoni A, Bryazka D, Bulamu N, Bulto L, Buonsenso D, Burkart K, Burns R, Busse R, Bustanji Y, Butt N, Butt Z, dos Santos F, Cagney J, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Calina D, Cámera L, Campos L, Campos-Nonato I, Cao C, Cao F, Cao Y, Capodici A, Cárdenas R, Carr S, Carreras G, Carrero J, Carugno A, Carvalho F, Carvalho M, Castaldelli-Maia J, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Catapano A, Cattaruzza M, Caye A, Cederroth C, Cegolon L, Cenderadewi M, Cercy K, Cerin E, Chadwick J, Chakraborty C, Chakraborty P, Chakraborty S, Chan J, Chan R, Chandan J, Chandika R, Chaturvedi P, Chen A, Chen C, Chen H, Chen M, Chen M, Chen S, Cheng C, Cheng E, Cherbuin N, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chimed-Ochir O, Chimoriya R, Ching P, Chirinos-Caceres J, Chitheer A, Cho W, Chong B, Chopra H, Chowdhury R, Christopher D, Chu D, Chukwu I, Chung E, Chung S, Chutiyami M, Cioffi I, Cogen R, Cohen A, Columbus A, Conde J, Corlateanu A, Cortese S, Cortesi P, Costa V, Costanzo S, Criqui M, Cruz J, Cruz-Martins N, Culbreth G, da Silva A, Dadras O, Dai X, Dai Z, Daikwo P, Dalli L, Damiani G, D'Amico E, D'Anna L, Darwesh A, Das J, Das S, Dash N, Dashti M, Dávila-Cervantes C, Weaver N, Davitoiu D, De la Hoz F, de la Torre-Luque A, De Leo D, Debopadhaya S, Degenhardt L, Del Bo' C, Delgado-Enciso I, Delgado-Saborit J, Demoze C, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Dervenis N, Dervišević E, Desai H, Desai R, Devanbu V, Dewan S, Dhali A, Dhama K, Dhane A, Dhimal M, Dhimal M, Dhingra S, Dhulipala V, Dhungana R, da Silva D, Diaz D, Diaz L, Diaz M, Dima A, Ding D, Dinu M, Djalalinia S, Chi T, Phuong T, do Prado C, Dodangeh M, Dohare S, Dokova K, Dong W, Dongarwar D, D'Oria M, Dorostkar F, Dorsey E, Doshi R, Doshmangir L, Dowou R, Driscoll T, Dsouza A, Dsouza H, Dumith S, Duncan B, Duraes A, Duraisamy S, Dushpanova A, Dzianach P, Dziedzic A, Ebrahimi A, Echieh C, Ed-Dra A, Edinur H, Edvardsson D, Edvardsson K, Efendi F, Eftekharimehrabad A, Eini E, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo T, Arab R, Zaki M, El-Dahiyat F, Elemam N, Elgar F, ElGohary G, Elhabashy H, Elhadi M, Elmehrath A, Elmeligy O, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emeto T, Esfandiari N, Eshrati B, Eslami M, Esmaeili S, Estep K, Etaee F, Fabin N, Fagbamigbe A, Fagbule O, Fahimi S, Falzone L, Fareed M, Farinha C, Faris M, Faris P, Faro A, Fasina F, Fatehizadeh A, Fauk N, Fazylov T, Feigin V, Feng X, Fereshtehnejad S, Feroze A, Ferrara P, Ferrari A, Ferreira N, Fetensa G, Feyisa B, Filip I, Fischer F, Fitriana I, Flavel J, Flohr C, Flood D, Flor L, Foigt N, Folayan M, Force L, Fortuna D, Foschi M, Franklin R, Freitas A, Friedman S, Fux B, Sridevi G, Gaal P, Gaihre S, Gajdács M, Galali Y, Gallus S, Gandhi A, Ganesan B, Ganiyani M, Garcia V, Gardner W, Garg R, Gautam R, Gebi T, Gebregergis M, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremariam T, Gebremeskel T, Gerema U, Getacher L, Getahun G, Getie M, Ghadirian F, Ghafarian S, Jolfayi A, Ghailan K, Ghajar A, Ghasemi M, Dabaghi G, Ghasemzadeh A, Ghassemi F, Ghazy R, Gholami A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Gholizadeh N, Ghorbani M, Gil A, Gil G, Gilbertson N, Gill P, Gill T, Gindaba E, Girmay A, Glasbey J, Gnedovskaya E, Göbölös L, Godinho M, Goel A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gomes N, Gopalani S, Gorini G, Goudarzi H, Goulart A, Gouravani, Goyal A, Graham S, Grivna M, Grosso G, Guan S, Guarducci G, Gubari M, Guha A, Guicciardi S, Gulati S, Gulisashvili D, Gunawardane D, Guo C, Gupta A, Gupta B, Gupta M, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta V, Gupta V, Gupta V, Habibzadeh F, Habibzadeh P, Hadaro T, Hadian Z, Haep N, Haghi-Aminjan H, Haghmorad D, Hagins H, Haile D, Hailu A, Ali A, Halboub E, Halimi A, Hall B, Haller S, Halwani R, Hamadeh R, Hamdy N, Hameed S, Hamidi S, Hammoud A, Hanif A, Hanifi N, Haq Z, Haque R, Harapan H, Hargono A, Haro J, Hasaballah A, Hasan I, Hasan M, Hasan S, Hasani H, Hasanian M, Hashmeh N, Hasnain S, Hassan A, Hassan I, Tabatabaei M, Hassani S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Haubold J, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hebert J, Hegazi O, Hegena T, Heidari G, Heidari M, Helfer B, Hemmati M, Henson C, Herbert M, Herteliu C, Heuer A, Hezam K, Hinneh T, Hiraike Y, Hoan N, Holla R, Hon J, Hoque M, Horita N, Hossain S, Hosseini S, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hoven H, Hsairi M, Hsu J, Hu C, Huang J, Huda N, Hulland E, Hultström M, Hushmandi K, Hussain J, Hussein N, Huynh C, Huynh H, Ibitoye S, Idowu O, Ihler A, Ikeda N, Ikuta K, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Imam M, Immurana M, Inbaraj L, Irham L, Isa M, Islam R, Ismail F, Ismail N, Iso H, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iwu C, Iwu-Jaja C, Vinothini J, Jaafari J, Jacob L, Jacobsen K, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jahankhani K, Jahanmehr N, Jahrami H, Jain A, Jain N, Jairoun A, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Yengejeh R, Jamora R, Jatau A, Javadov S, Javaheri T, Jayaram S, Jeganathan J, Jeswani B, Jiang H, Johnson C, Jokar M, Jomehzadeh N, Jonas J, Joo T, Joseph A, Joseph N, Joshi V, Joshua C, Jozwiak J, Jürisson M, Kaambwa B, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kadashetti V, Kahn E, Kalani R, Kaliyadan F, Kalra S, Kamath R, Kanagasabai T, Kanchan T, Kandel H, Kanmiki E, Kanmodi K, Kansal S, Kapner D, Kapoor N, Karagiannidis E, Karajizadeh M, Karakasis P, Karanth S, Karaye I, Karch A, Karim A, Karimi H, Karmakar S, Kashoo F, Kasraei H, Kassahun W, Kassebaum N, Kassel M, Katikireddi S, Kauppila J, Kawakami N, Kaydi N, Kayode G, Kazemi F, Keiyoro P, Kemmer L, Kempen J, Kerr J, Kesse-Guyot E, Khader Y, Khafaie M, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khalil M, Khalilian A, Khamesipour F, Khan A, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khanmohammadi S, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh M, Khatib M, Khavandegar A, Kashani H, Khidri F, Khodadoust E, Khormali M, Khorrami Z, Khosla A, Khosrowjerdi M, Khreis H, Khusun H, Kifle Z, Kim K, Kim M, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kisa A, Kisa S, Knibbs L, Knudsen A, Koh D, Kolahi A, Kompani F, Kong J, Koren G, Korja M, Korshunov V, Korzh O, Kosen S, Kothari N, Koul P, Laxminarayana S, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Krishnamoorthy Y, Krishnan B, Krohn K, Defo B, Bicer B, Kuddus A, Kuddus M, Kugbey N, Kuitunen I, Kulimbet M, Kulkarni V, Kumar A, Kumar N, Kumar V, Kundu S, Kurmi O, Kusnali A, Kusuma D, Kutluk T, La Vecchia C, Ladan M, Laflamme L, Lahariya C, Lai D, Lal D, Lallukka T, Lám J, Lan Q, Lan T, Landires I, Lanfranchi F, Langguth B, Lansingh V, Laplante-Lévesque A, Larijani B, Larsson A, Lasrado S, Lauriola P, Le H, Le L, Le N, Le T, Leasher J, Ledda 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Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2024, 403: 2162-2203. PMID: 38762324, PMCID: PMC11120204, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDisability-adjusted life yearsHigh body-mass indexTheoretical minimum risk exposure levelSocio-demographic indexBody-mass indexRisk-outcome pairsParticulate matter air pollutionChild growth failureBurden of diseaseGlobal disease burdenGlobal burdenHealth outcomesRisk factorsDisease burdenMetabolic riskAmbient particulate matter air pollutionSocio-demographic Index locationsGlobal Burden of Disease StudyBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseComparative risk assessment frameworkAge-standardised ratesExposure to risk factorsPopulation attributable fractionSpecific health outcomesGlobal burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2024, 403: 2100-2132. PMID: 38582094, PMCID: PMC11126520, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00367-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAge-standardised death ratesChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseGlobal burdenLife expectancyObstructive pulmonary diseaseGlobal life expectancyHighest age-standardised death ratesLower respiratory infectionsDeath rateCause-specific death ratesGlobal Burden of Disease StudyCause-of-death dataDecompose life expectancyLatin AmericaBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseHigh-income super-regionAge-standardised deathAge-standardised ratesSubnational locationsStudy periodOut-of-sample predictive validityCause-of-death estimatesCause-specific estimatesGBD super-regions