2024
Central Nervous System Effects of Early HIV Infection and Consequences of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation during Acute HIV
Chan P, Spudich S. Central Nervous System Effects of Early HIV Infection and Consequences of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation during Acute HIV. Viruses 2024, 16: 1082. PMID: 39066244, PMCID: PMC11281648, DOI: 10.3390/v16071082.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAIDS Dementia ComplexAnti-HIV AgentsAnti-Retroviral AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveCentral Nervous SystemHIV InfectionsHumansConceptsEarly HIV infectionCentral nervous systemHIV infectionEffects of early HIV infectionIncrease awareness of HIV infectionCentral nervous system opportunistic infectionsImmediate initiation of antiretroviral therapyInitiation of antiretroviral therapyAwareness of HIV infectionCentral nervous system complicationsCentral nervous system involvementAntiretroviral therapy initiationCentral nervous system effectsLong-term neuroprotectionHIV-associated dementiaOvert clinical manifestationsYears of infectionMulti-organ diseaseNucleic acid testingAcute HIVHIV neuroinvasionHIV RNAAntiretroviral therapyOpportunistic infectionsTherapy initiation
2023
Antiretroviral Therapy Intensification for Neurocognitive Impairment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Letendre S, Chen H, McKhann A, Roa J, Vecchio A, Daar E, Berzins B, Hunt P, Marra C, Campbell T, Coombs R, Ma Q, Swaminathan S, Macatangay B, Morse G, Miller T, Rusin D, Greninger A, Ha B, Alston-Smith B, Robertson K, Paul R, Spudich S, Team T. Antiretroviral Therapy Intensification for Neurocognitive Impairment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2023, 77: 866-874. PMID: 37183889, PMCID: PMC10506779, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad265.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnti-HIV AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesFemaleHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansMaleMiddle AgedViral LoadConceptsAntiretroviral therapyART intensificationNeurocognitive impairmentWeek 48Z-scoreAntiretroviral therapy intensificationPersistent HIV replicationPlacebo-controlled trialPlasma HIV RNASuppressive antiretroviral therapyAge 52 yearsBody mass indexHuman immunodeficiency virusCopies/mLTotal Z-scoreBaseline z-scoresCentral nervous systemDual placeboEfavirenz useTherapy intensificationHIV RNAStudy drugAdverse eventsSymptomatic HIVPrimary outcome
2021
Abrupt and altered cell-type specific DNA methylation profiles in blood during acute HIV infection persists despite prompt initiation of ART
Corley MJ, Sacdalan C, Pang APS, Chomchey N, Ratnaratorn N, Valcour V, Kroon E, Cho KS, Belden AC, Colby D, Robb M, Hsu D, Spudich S, Paul R, Vasan S, Ndhlovu LC, . Abrupt and altered cell-type specific DNA methylation profiles in blood during acute HIV infection persists despite prompt initiation of ART. PLOS Pathogens 2021, 17: e1009785. PMID: 34388205, PMCID: PMC8386872, DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009785.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCohort StudiesDNA MethylationHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansMaleMonocytesViral LoadYoung AdultConceptsAntiretroviral therapyT lymphocytesCD4/CD8 ratioHIV infection cohortHost epigenetic landscapeAcute HIV infectionSpecific DNA methylation profileInfection cohortInfection HIVCD4 countCD8 ratioHIV infectionPrompt initiationViral loadHIV medicineViral persistenceEarly initiationT cellsHIV-1Disease pathogenesisClinical phenotypeMonocytesCD4HIVLymphocytesCompartmentalization of cerebrospinal fluid inflammation across the spectrum of untreated HIV-1 infection, central nervous system injury and viral suppression
Gisslen M, Keating SM, Spudich S, Arechiga V, Stephenson S, Zetterberg H, Di Germanio C, Blennow K, Fuchs D, Hagberg L, Norris PJ, Peterson J, Shacklett BL, Yiannoutsos CT, Price RW. Compartmentalization of cerebrospinal fluid inflammation across the spectrum of untreated HIV-1 infection, central nervous system injury and viral suppression. PLOS ONE 2021, 16: e0250987. PMID: 33983973, PMCID: PMC8118251, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250987.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnti-Retroviral AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveBiomarkersCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCentral Nervous SystemCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansInflammationLeukocyte CountMaleMiddle AgedNeurofilament ProteinsRNA, ViralSerum AlbuminSustained Virologic ResponseConceptsHIV-1 infectionHIV-associated dementiaPrimary HIV-1 infectionBlood CD4CSF inflammationViral suppressionInflammatory biomarkersCNS injuryViral controlT lymphocytesCSF white blood cell countUntreated primary HIV-1 infectionBlood HIV-1 RNACentral nervous system inflammationCerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarkersCSF neurofilament light chainHIV-1 seronegative controlsHIV-1-infected subjectsHIV-1-uninfected controlsHIV-1 RNA concentrationsUntreated HIV-1 infectionWhite blood cell countBlood-brain barrier permeabilityCentral nervous system injuryCSF inflammatory response
2020
Determinants of suboptimal CD4+ T cell recovery after antiretroviral therapy initiation in a prospective cohort of acute HIV‐1 infection
Handoko R, Colby DJ, Kroon E, Sacdalan C, de Souza M, Pinyakorn S, Prueksakaew P, Munkong C, Ubolyam S, Akapirat S, Chiarella J, Krebs S, Sereti I, Valcour V, Paul R, Michael NL, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Spudich S, Team T. Determinants of suboptimal CD4+ T cell recovery after antiretroviral therapy initiation in a prospective cohort of acute HIV‐1 infection. Journal Of The International AIDS Society 2020, 23: e25585. PMID: 32949118, PMCID: PMC7507109, DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25585.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnti-HIV AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveCD4 Lymphocyte CountCD4-CD8 RatioCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCohort StudiesHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesYoung AdultConceptsAcute HIV infectionCD4/CD8 ratioSuboptimal CD4 recoveryAntiretroviral therapyCD4 countImmune recoveryCD4 recoveryCD8 ratioStudy visitAcute HIV-1 infectionPre-ART CD4 countLower CD8 countsPlasma viral suppressionSuboptimal immune recoveryAntiretroviral therapy initiationT-cell countsT-cell recoveryHIV-1 infectionCopies/mLLower IL-6Cells/ART initiationCD4 rateCD8 countsChronic HIVSelective Decay of Intact HIV-1 Proviral DNA on Antiretroviral Therapy
Gandhi R, Cyktor J, Bosch R, Mar H, Laird G, Martin A, Collier A, Riddler S, Macatangay B, Rinaldo C, Eron J, Siliciano J, McMahon D, Mellors J, Hogg E, LeBlanc R, Scello C, Palm D, Gandhi M, Fletcher C, Podany A, Aweeka F, Halvas L, Dragavon J, Joseph J, Lagattuta R, Lin L, Pederson S, Robertson K, Rubin L, Smith D, Spudich S, Tsibris A. Selective Decay of Intact HIV-1 Proviral DNA on Antiretroviral Therapy. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2020, 223: 225-233. PMID: 32823274, PMCID: PMC7857155, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa532.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnti-HIV AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveCD4 Lymphocyte CountCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesDNA, ViralFemaleHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansMaleMiddle AgedProvirusesRNA, ViralTime FactorsViral LoadConceptsTotal HIV-1 DNAResidual plasma viremiaAntiretroviral therapyHIV-1 DNAProvirus levelsPlasma viremiaLong-term antiretroviral therapyDefective HIV-1 provirusesHIV-1 proviral DNAReplication-competent reservoirSuppressive antiretroviral therapyMarkers of inflammationReplication-competent provirusesHIV-1 provirusART initiationImmune activationHIV-1Proviral DNATime pointsInfected cellsViremiaDefective provirusesInflammationTherapyProvirus
2019
HIV persistence in the central nervous system during antiretroviral therapy: evidence and implications.
Spudich S, Clements JE. HIV persistence in the central nervous system during antiretroviral therapy: evidence and implications. AIDS 2019, 33 Suppl 2: s103-s106. PMID: 31789813, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002439.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAIDS Dementia ComplexAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveBrainCentral Nervous SystemHIV InfectionsHumansVirus ReplicationPotential for early antiretroviral therapy to reduce central nervous system HIV-1 persistence.
Spudich S, Peterson J, Fuchs D, Price RW, Gisslen M. Potential for early antiretroviral therapy to reduce central nervous system HIV-1 persistence. AIDS 2019, 33 Suppl 2: s135-s144. PMID: 31789814, DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002326.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveBiomarkersCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCentral Nervous SystemDisease ReservoirsEarly Medical InterventionHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansRemission InductionRNA, ViralVirus ReplicationConceptsHIV-1 infectionCentral nervous systemEarly antiretroviral therapyAntiretroviral therapyHIV-1 persistenceEarly treatmentInitiation of ARTCentral nervous inflammationEarly-treatment cohortHIV-1 exposureHIV-1 reservoirCourse of infectionClinical neurological diseaseCNS infectionHIV reservoirTreatment cohortsImmune activationCNS compartmentViral controlHIV-1Cerebrospinal fluidClinical reportsNervous systemEarly infectionNeurological diseasesSlowly progressive fatal PML-IRIS following antiretroviral initiation at CD4+ nadir of 350 cells/mm3 despite CD4+ cell count rise to 900 cells/mm3
Sandhu MR, Rutledge R, Grant M, Mahajan A, Spudich S. Slowly progressive fatal PML-IRIS following antiretroviral initiation at CD4+ nadir of 350 cells/mm3 despite CD4+ cell count rise to 900 cells/mm3. International Journal Of STD & AIDS 2019, 30: 810-813. PMID: 31046614, DOI: 10.1177/0956462419835966.Peer-Reviewed Case Reports and Technical NotesMeSH KeywordsAdultAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveBrainCD4 Lymphocyte CountDisease ProgressionDystonic DisordersFatal OutcomeHIV InfectionsHumansImmune Reconstitution Inflammatory SyndromeJC VirusLeukoencephalopathy, Progressive MultifocalMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleTreatment OutcomeConceptsImmune reconstitution inflammatory syndromePML-IRISAntiretroviral therapyCell countInflammatory syndromeInitiation of ARTHIV/AIDS patientsReconstitution inflammatory syndromeRobust immune reconstitutionCells/mm3Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathyRole of CD4Blood-brain barrierCells/Antiretroviral initiationInflammatory picturePersistent positivityImmune reconstitutionMultifocal leukoencephalopathyNeurological symptomsOpportunistic infectionsAIDS patientsVirus antigenImmune responseJC virusVery Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute HIV Infection Is Associated With Normalized Levels of Immune Activation Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid but Not in Plasma
Hellmuth J, Slike BM, Sacdalan C, Best J, Kroon E, Phanuphak N, Fletcher JLK, Prueksakaew P, Jagodzinski LL, Valcour V, Robb M, Ananworanich J, Allen IE, Krebs SJ, Spudich S. Very Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute HIV Infection Is Associated With Normalized Levels of Immune Activation Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid but Not in Plasma. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2019, 220: 1885-1891. PMID: 30668739, PMCID: PMC6833977, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz030.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute HIV infectionAntiretroviral therapyART initiationCerebrospinal fluidWeek 96Week 24HIV infectionImmune activationAHI groupHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionEarly ART initiationPlasma CCL2 levelsTrajectory of HIVChronic immune activationImmune activation markersSuppressive antiretroviral therapyImmunodeficiency virus infectionInterleukin-6 levelsMarkers of inflammationPlasma neopterin levelsWeeks of treatmentCentral nervous systemART regimenCCL2 levelsNeopterin levels
2018
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals microglia-like cells in cerebrospinal fluid during virologically suppressed HIV
Farhadian SF, Mehta SS, Zografou C, Robertson K, Price RW, Pappalardo J, Chiarella J, Hafler DA, Spudich SS. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals microglia-like cells in cerebrospinal fluid during virologically suppressed HIV. JCI Insight 2018, 3: e121718. PMID: 30232286, PMCID: PMC6237230, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121718.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnti-HIV AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveBloodCentral Nervous SystemCerebrospinal FluidGene ExpressionHIV InfectionsHumansInflammationMicrogliaMyeloid CellsNeurodegenerative DiseasesSequence Analysis, RNAConceptsCerebrospinal fluidHIV infectionImmune activationAntiretroviral therapyNeuronal injuryCentral nervous system immune activationLong-term suppressive antiretroviral therapySingle-cell RNA sequencingCNS immune activationDisease-associated microgliaSuppressive antiretroviral therapyImmune cell subsetsMicroglia-like cellsGene expression signaturesNeuronal damageNeuroinflammatory diseasesRNA sequencingCell subsetsCNS cellsNeurological conditionsRare subsetNeurocognitive impairmentMyeloid cellsCellular subsetsInfection
2017
Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Is Initiated During Primary HIV Infection and Not Rapidly Altered by Antiretroviral Therapy
Rahimy E, Li FY, Hagberg L, Fuchs D, Robertson K, Meyerhoff DJ, Zetterberg H, Price RW, Gisslén M, Spudich S. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Is Initiated During Primary HIV Infection and Not Rapidly Altered by Antiretroviral Therapy. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2017, 215: 1132-1140. PMID: 28368497, PMCID: PMC5426376, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix013.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveAspartic AcidBiomarkersBlood-Brain BarrierCreatinineFemaleHIV InfectionsHumansLongitudinal StudiesMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedNeurofilament ProteinsProspective StudiesViral LoadConceptsPrimary HIV infectionCombination antiretroviral therapyHIV infectionNeurofilament light chainAntiretroviral therapyCreatinine levelsCerebrospinal fluidN-acetylaspartateAbnormal blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeabilityPrimary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionBlood-brain barrier disruptionHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionBlood-brain barrier permeabilityNeuropsychological performanceImmunodeficiency virus infectionParietal gray matterYears of treatmentLongitudinal observational studyCART durationCART initiationMedian intervalNeuronal injuryAlbumin quotientNfL levelsCSF levels
2016
Cognitive Impairment and Persistent CNS Injury in Treated HIV
Chan P, Hellmuth J, Spudich S, Valcour V. Cognitive Impairment and Persistent CNS Injury in Treated HIV. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 2016, 13: 209-217. PMID: 27188299, PMCID: PMC4977199, DOI: 10.1007/s11904-016-0319-7.Peer-Reviewed Reviews, Practice Guidelines, Standards, and Consensus StatementsMeSH KeywordsAIDS Dementia ComplexAnti-Retroviral AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCentral Nervous SystemCognitive DysfunctionEncephalitisHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansMaleTreatment OutcomeViral LoadConceptsCentral nervous systemCombination antiretroviral therapyCognitive impairmentPersistent immune activationPre-cART eraPlasma HIV RNACD8 encephalitisHIV biomarkersTreated HIVAntiretroviral therapyCNS involvementHIV RNAHIV infectionImaging findingsImmune activationCNS injuryHIV StudyChronic illnessNervous systemViral invasionCognitive outcomesCognitive manifestationsCognitive changesInfectionImpairmentImmune Activation and HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid of HIV Controllers and Noncontrollers
Ganesh A, Lemongello D, Lee E, Peterson J, McLaughlin BE, Ferre AL, Gillespie GM, Fuchs D, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Price RW, Spudich SS, Shacklett BL. Immune Activation and HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid of HIV Controllers and Noncontrollers. AIDS Research And Human Retroviruses 2016, 32: 791-800. PMID: 27019338, PMCID: PMC4971411, DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0313.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1Anti-HIV AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveCD4 Lymphocyte CountCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesDisease ResistanceGene ExpressionHIV InfectionsHIV-1HLA-DR AntigensHost-Pathogen InteractionsHumansLeukocyte Common AntigensLymphocyte ActivationReceptors, CCR5Receptors, CCR7RNA, ViralViral LoadViremiaConceptsCentral nervous systemHIV controllersAntiretroviral therapyT cellsCerebrospinal fluidViral loadCopies/HIV-specific T cellsMajor histocompatibility complex class IActivation markers CD38CSF viral loadHIV-specific CD8Undetectable plasma viremiaExpression of CCR5Majority of HIVPlasma viral loadEffector memory cellsHIV-negative controlsHistocompatibility complex class IAbsence of therapyComplex class ILong-term controlPlasma viremiaElite controllersHIV infection
2015
Neuropsychological Impairment in Acute HIV and the Effect of Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy
Kore I, Ananworanich J, Valcour V, Fletcher JL, Chalermchai T, Paul R, Reynolds J, Tipsuk S, Ubolyam S, Rattanamanee S, Jagodzinski L, Kim J, Spudich S. Neuropsychological Impairment in Acute HIV and the Effect of Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2015, 70: 393-399. PMID: 26509933, PMCID: PMC4625393, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000746.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnti-Retroviral AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveFemaleHIV InfectionsHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleNervous System DiseasesNeuropsychological TestsProspective StudiesPsychomotor DisordersThailandTreatment OutcomeYoung AdultPlasma Concentration of the Neurofilament Light Protein (NFL) is a Biomarker of CNS Injury in HIV Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study
Gisslén M, Price RW, Andreasson U, Norgren N, Nilsson S, Hagberg L, Fuchs D, Spudich S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Plasma Concentration of the Neurofilament Light Protein (NFL) is a Biomarker of CNS Injury in HIV Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study. EBioMedicine 2015, 3: 135-140. PMID: 26870824, PMCID: PMC4739412, DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.11.036.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveBiomarkersCD4 Lymphocyte CountCentral Nervous System Viral DiseasesCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHIV InfectionsHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeurofilament ProteinsSensitivity and SpecificityViral LoadConceptsNeurofilament light proteinHIV-associated dementiaCSF NFL concentrationsCNS injuryHIV infectionNfL concentrationsPlasma concentrationsCSF neurofilament light proteinNeurofilament light chain proteinSingle molecule array immunoassayHIV-negative controlsUntreated HIV infectionReliable blood biomarkersCross-sectional studySimilar age-related increasesAge-related increaseResearch settingsNFL changesHIV-negativeViral suppressionNeuronal injuryAntiretroviral treatmentHIV-positiveCross-sectional designSystemic disease
2013
Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin decay characteristics after initiation of antiretroviral therapy
Yilmaz A, Yiannoutsos CT, Fuchs D, Price RW, Crozier K, Hagberg L, Spudich S, Gisslén M. Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin decay characteristics after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Journal Of Neuroinflammation 2013, 10: 828. PMID: 23664008, PMCID: PMC3657550, DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-62.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAlgorithmsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveData Interpretation, StatisticalEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayFemaleHIV InfectionsHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeopterinRetrospective StudiesViral LoadConceptsCSF neopterin levelsAntiretroviral therapyNeopterin levelsCerebrospinal fluidCSF neopterinHAD patientsMacrophage activationART-mediated viral suppressionCommencement of ARTHigher pre-ART levelsCSF neopterin concentrationsPre-ART levelsProlonged antiretroviral therapySuppressive antiretroviral therapySet-point levelsBlood neopterinHAD subjectsART initiationAsymptomatic HIVTreatment-naïveViral suppressionNeopterin concentrationsImmune activationMost HIVHIV
2012
HIV-1-Related Central Nervous System Disease: Current Issues in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Spudich S, González-Scarano F. HIV-1-Related Central Nervous System Disease: Current Issues in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives In Medicine 2012, 2: a007120. PMID: 22675662, PMCID: PMC3367536, DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007120.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAIDS Dementia ComplexAnti-HIV AgentsAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveBiomarkersCentral Nervous System Viral DiseasesCognition DisordersHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansVirus InternalizationConceptsHIV infectionLate-stage HIV infectionCentral nervous system injuryOptimal antiretroviral therapyNeuropathogenesis of HIVTreatment of HIVNervous system injuryLong-term survivalAntiretroviral therapyCNS complicationsAntiretroviral medicationsViral neuroinvasionSystem injuryCNS injuryClinical studiesNeurological abnormalitiesUnderresourced settingsNeuropsychological testingHIVInfectionSubstantial proportionTherapyInjuryTreatmentCurrent era
2008
Antiretroviral Treatment Effect on Immune Activation Reduces Cerebrospinal Fluid HIV-1 Infection
Sinclair E, Ronquillo R, Lollo N, Deeks SG, Hunt P, Yiannoutsos CT, Spudich S, Price RW. Antiretroviral Treatment Effect on Immune Activation Reduces Cerebrospinal Fluid HIV-1 Infection. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2008, 47: 544-552. PMID: 18362693, PMCID: PMC3480328, DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318162754f.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCerebrospinal FluidCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansLeukocyte CountLymphocyte ActivationMaleMiddle AgedNeopterinRNA, ViralViral LoadConceptsPlasma HIV-1 RNACD8 T cell activationHIV-1 RNACSF HIV-1 RNA levelsHIV-1 RNA levelsT cell activationWhite blood cellsHIV-1 concentrationsAntiretroviral therapyHIV-1 infectionCerebrospinal fluidCD8 activationCSF neopterinViremic groupImmune activationCopies/HIV-1CD38/HLA-DR expressionCSF HIV-1 RNA concentrationsHIV-1-infected subjectsSystemic HIV-1 infectionHIV-1 RNA concentrationsHuman leukocyte antigen-DRCSF white blood cellsCoexpression of CD38
2007
Immune Activation of the Central Nervous System Is Still Present after >4 Years of Effective Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Edén A, Price RW, Spudich S, Fuchs D, Hagberg L, Gisslén M. Immune Activation of the Central Nervous System Is Still Present after >4 Years of Effective Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2007, 196: 1779-1783. PMID: 18190258, DOI: 10.1086/523648.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveCentral Nervous SystemHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansImmunoglobulin GLeukocyte CountMiddle AgedNeopterinRetrospective StudiesRNA, ViralConceptsHIV RNA levelsCopies/mLActive antiretroviral therapyIntrathecal immunoactivationNeopterin levelsCerebrospinal fluidIgG indexAntiretroviral therapyPlasma HIV RNA levelsMacrophage/microglia activationHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNAUpper normal reference valueIntrathecal immunoglobulin productionYears of treatmentCentral nervous systemNormal reference valuesMicroglia activationImmune activationImmunoglobulin productionEffective treatmentCSF samplesPatientsNervous systemCell countHAART