Bidirectional Relationships Between Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress: A Longitudinal Study of Detroit Residents
Lowe SR, Walsh K, Uddin M, Galea S, Koenen KC. Bidirectional Relationships Between Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress: A Longitudinal Study of Detroit Residents. Journal Of Psychopathology And Clinical Science 2014, 123: 533-544. PMID: 24886002, PMCID: PMC4122585, DOI: 10.1037/a0037046.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSevere posttraumatic stressPosttraumatic stressNonassaultive traumaTrauma exposureTraumatic eventsAssaultive traumaCross-lagged panel modelLongitudinal studyMore traumatic eventsSubsequent trauma exposureBidirectional relationshipCycle of adversityUrban-dwelling adultsAssaultive eventsPrevious researchWave 2Wave 1Large sampleEmpirical literatureTypes of eventsContinuous measurePanel modelAdditional researchTraumaAdversity