2015
Mutations in the Gardos channel (KCNN4) are associated with hereditary xerocytosis
Glogowska E, Lezon-Geyda K, Maksimova Y, Schulz VP, Gallagher PG. Mutations in the Gardos channel (KCNN4) are associated with hereditary xerocytosis. Blood 2015, 126: 1281-1284. PMID: 26198474, PMCID: PMC4566808, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-657957.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAmino Acid SubstitutionAnemia, Hemolytic, CongenitalBase SequenceDNA Mutational AnalysisExomeFemaleGenes, DominantGenetic Association StudiesHeterozygoteHumansHydrops FetalisIntermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsIon ChannelsMaleMolecular Sequence DataMutation, MissensePedigreeSequence Homology, Amino AcidConceptsErythrocyte volume homeostasisAutosomal dominant hemolytic anemiaPotassium channel proteinHereditary xerocytosisHeterozygous mutationsChannel proteinsWhole-exome sequencingKCNN4 geneSame residuesSegregation analysisDisease phenotypeMutationsCellular dehydrationChannel mutationsGardos channelHX patientsDifferent mutationsCritical rolePiezo1XerocytosisWater lossVolume homeostasisChannel inactivationRecent studiesDeoxy conditions
2014
Piezo Proteins: Regulators of Mechanosensation and Other Cellular Processes*
Bagriantsev SN, Gracheva EO, Gallagher PG. Piezo Proteins: Regulators of Mechanosensation and Other Cellular Processes*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2014, 289: 31673-31681. PMID: 25305018, PMCID: PMC4231648, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.612697.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPiezo proteinsCellular processesMammalian cellsCellular developmentMechanosensory transductionCellular migrationIon channelsHereditary xerocytosisVolume regulationProteinBiologic processesRegulationImportant insightsTransductionMechanosensationRegulatorMutationsXerocytosisProliferationCellsMechanoVariety of disordersElongationMigrationProminent feature
2013
The common hereditary elliptocytosis-associated α-spectrin L260P mutation perturbs erythrocyte membranes by stabilizing spectrin in the closed dimer conformation
Harper SL, Sriswasdi S, Tang HY, Gaetani M, Gallagher PG, Speicher DW. The common hereditary elliptocytosis-associated α-spectrin L260P mutation perturbs erythrocyte membranes by stabilizing spectrin in the closed dimer conformation. Blood 2013, 122: 3045-3053. PMID: 23974198, PMCID: PMC3811177, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-02-487702.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceBinding SitesCross-Linking ReagentsElliptocytosis, HereditaryErythrocyte MembraneHumansModels, MolecularMolecular Sequence DataMutationProtein BindingProtein MultimerizationProtein StabilityProtein Structure, SecondaryProtein Structure, TertiaryRecombinant ProteinsSpectrinConceptsHereditary elliptocytosisMembrane destabilizationLarge conformational rearrangementsGel filtration analysisMembrane proteinsTetramer assemblyHereditary pyropoikilocytosisBiophysical analysisCommon hereditary elliptocytosisConformational rearrangementsDimer conformationHelical contentTetramerization siteFiltration analysisSpectrin tetramersNovel mechanismUnknown mechanismMutationsBinding assaysSpectrinChemical crosslinkingErythrocyte shapeTetramerErythrocyte membranesMembrane
2012
Teleost growth factor independence (gfi) genes differentially regulate successive waves of hematopoiesis
Cooney JD, Hildick-Smith GJ, Shafizadeh E, McBride PF, Carroll KJ, Anderson H, Shaw GC, Tamplin OJ, Branco DS, Dalton AJ, Shah DI, Wong C, Gallagher PG, Zon LI, North TE, Paw BH. Teleost growth factor independence (gfi) genes differentially regulate successive waves of hematopoiesis. Developmental Biology 2012, 373: 431-441. PMID: 22960038, PMCID: PMC3532562, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.08.015.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsCloning, MolecularConserved SequenceDNA-Binding ProteinsEmbryo, NonmammalianEpistasis, GeneticErythropoiesisEvolution, MolecularGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalHematopoiesisHematopoietic Stem CellsHematopoietic SystemModels, BiologicalMolecular Sequence DataZebrafishZebrafish ProteinsConceptsHematopoietic stem cellsTranscription factorsDefinitive hematopoiesisRUNX-1Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell developmentKey hematopoietic transcription factorsC-MybDefinitive hematopoietic progenitorsHematopoietic transcription factorsProgenitor cell developmentLineage specificationPrimitive hematopoiesisGfi1aaEpistatic relationshipErythroid developmentTranscriptional programsGFI1BHematopoietic lineagesFunctional analysisCritical regulatorCell developmentZebrafishHematopoietic progenitorsDistinct rolesPrimitive progenitorsMutations in the mechanotransduction protein PIEZO1 are associated with hereditary xerocytosis
Zarychanski R, Schulz VP, Houston BL, Maksimova Y, Houston DS, Smith B, Rinehart J, Gallagher PG. Mutations in the mechanotransduction protein PIEZO1 are associated with hereditary xerocytosis. Blood 2012, 120: 1908-1915. PMID: 22529292, PMCID: PMC3448561, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-04-422253.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnemia, Hemolytic, CongenitalBase SequenceDNA Mutational AnalysisErythroid CellsExomeFamily HealthFemaleGene ExpressionGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenotypeHumansHydrops FetalisIon ChannelsMaleMass SpectrometryMechanotransduction, CellularMolecular Sequence DataMutationPedigreeProteomicsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionConceptsPiezo proteinsErythrocyte volume homeostasisAutosomal dominant hemolytic anemiaHereditary xerocytosisPiezo familyMammalian cellsTransduction channelsCell mRNADiscovery proteomicsPIEZO1 mutationsGenetic diseasesSegregation analysisDisease phenotypeMutationsLinkage studiesHuman erythrocyte membranesProteinExome sequencingNumber analysisNovel mutationsPiezo1DNA levelsXerocytosisFirst reportVolume homeostasis
2011
Patterns of Histone H3 Lysine 27 Monomethylation and Erythroid Cell Type-specific Gene Expression*
Steiner LA, Schulz VP, Maksimova Y, Wong C, Gallagher PG. Patterns of Histone H3 Lysine 27 Monomethylation and Erythroid Cell Type-specific Gene Expression*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2011, 286: 39457-39465. PMID: 21937433, PMCID: PMC3234769, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.243006.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTranscription start siteCell type-specific gene expressionGene expressionHistone modificationsType-specific gene expressionPost-translational histone modificationsHistone H3 lysine 27Numerous cellular processesH3 lysine 27Gene-specific patternsSpecific gene expressionContext-dependent mannerExpression array analysisChromatin signaturesGene bodiesH3K27 monomethylationActive genesActive transcriptionCellular processesChromatin immunoprecipitationIndividual genesLysine 27Start siteChip microarrayErythroid cellsLoss-of-function and gain-of-function phenotypes of stomatocytosis mutant RhAG F65S
Stewart AK, Shmukler BE, Vandorpe DH, Rivera A, Heneghan JF, Li X, Hsu A, Karpatkin M, O'Neill AF, Bauer DE, Heeney MM, John K, Kuypers FA, Gallagher PG, Lux SE, Brugnara C, Westhoff CM, Alper SL. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function phenotypes of stomatocytosis mutant RhAG F65S. American Journal Of Physiology - Cell Physiology 2011, 301: c1325-c1343. PMID: 21849667, PMCID: PMC3233792, DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00054.2011.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMM bathCation currentBath additionBath exposureOocyte studiesExpression increasesStrong hyperpolarizationFunction mutationsIntracellular pHElevated NaMembrane potentialOocytesDistinct cellular responsesFunction phenotypesInfluxPhenotypeCellular responsesAmine transportDistinct mechanismsElicit distinct cellular responsesPatientsPerinatal Onset Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency
Steiner LA, Ehrenkranz RA, Peterec SM, Steiner RD, Reyes-Múgica M, Gallagher PG. Perinatal Onset Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency. Pediatric And Developmental Pathology 2011, 14: 301-306. PMID: 21425920, DOI: 10.2350/11-02-0985-oa.1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMevalonate kinase deficiencyPeriodic fever syndromeNeonatal periodKinase deficiencyFever syndromeDysmorphic featuresCentral nervous system abnormalitiesIntrauterine viral infectionCholestatic liver diseaseIntrauterine growth restrictionImmediate neonatal periodNervous system abnormalitiesSevere multisystem disorderSepsis syndromeRenal failureCerebral ventriculomegalyLiver diseasePersistent diarrheaClinical findingsPoor prognosisAutopsy findingsGrowth restrictionRare conditionExtramedullary erythropoiesisPerinatal period
2010
A Comprehensive Model of the Spectrin Divalent Tetramer Binding Region Deduced Using Homology Modeling and Chemical Cross-linking of a Mini-spectrin [S] *
Li D, Harper SL, Tang HY, Maksimova Y, Gallagher PG, Speicher DW. A Comprehensive Model of the Spectrin Divalent Tetramer Binding Region Deduced Using Homology Modeling and Chemical Cross-linking of a Mini-spectrin [S] *. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2010, 285: 29535-29545. PMID: 20610390, PMCID: PMC2937985, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.145573.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHelix faceRed cell membrane stabilityHomology modelingNon-homologous tailsCell membrane stabilityC-terminal tailWild-type bindingMedium-resolution structureSubtle conformational changesTetramer complexSpectrin tetramer formationChemical Cross-LinkingMembrane skeletonRecombinant domainsTetramer formationFunctional Analysis of a Novel cis-Acting Regulatory Region within the Human Ankyrin Gene (ANK-1) Promoter
Laflamme K, Owen AN, Devlin EE, Yang MQ, Wong C, Steiner LA, Garrett LJ, Elnitski L, Gallagher PG, Bodine DM. Functional Analysis of a Novel cis-Acting Regulatory Region within the Human Ankyrin Gene (ANK-1) Promoter. Molecular And Cellular Biology 2010, 30: 3493-3502. PMID: 20479128, PMCID: PMC2897556, DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00119-10.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords5' Untranslated RegionsAnimalsAnkyrinsBase SequenceBinding SitesCell-Free SystemConsensus SequenceDNADNA PrimersGene LibraryHumansIn Vitro TechniquesMiceMice, TransgenicMolecular Sequence DataPromoter Regions, GeneticRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidSequence DeletionSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidTATA-Box Binding ProteinTranscription Factor TFIIDTranscription, GeneticConceptsCell-free transcriptionPromoter functionGene promoterDinucleotide deletionANK-1 geneNovel regulatory elementFunctional promoter sequencesNovel functional motifsTransgenic mouse assaysPreinitiation complexRegulatory sequencesPromoter sequencesRegulatory regionsRegulatory elementsFunctional motifsUntranslated regionWild typeFunctional analysisAdditional sequencesDegenerate sequencePromoterMutationsTranscriptionDeletionSequence
2009
The GPA-dependent, spherostomatocytosis mutant AE1 E758K induces GPA-independent, endogenous cation transport in amphibian oocytes
Stewart AK, Vandorpe DH, Heneghan JF, Chebib F, Stolpe K, Akhavein A, Edelman EJ, Maksimova Y, Gallagher PG, Alper SL. The GPA-dependent, spherostomatocytosis mutant AE1 E758K induces GPA-independent, endogenous cation transport in amphibian oocytes. American Journal Of Physiology - Cell Physiology 2009, 298: c283-c297. PMID: 19907019, PMCID: PMC2822494, DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00444.2009.Peer-Reviewed Original Research4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic AcidAmbystoma mexicanumAmino Acid SequenceAmphibiansAnemia, Hemolytic, CongenitalAnimalsAnion Exchange Protein 1, ErythrocyteBicarbonatesBumetanideCell MembraneCell Membrane PermeabilityChloridesCloning, MolecularDNA Mutational AnalysisFemaleGlycophorinsHeterozygoteHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKineticsMaleMembrane PotentialsMiddle AgedMolecular Sequence DataMutation, MissenseOocytesOuabainOxalic AcidRubidium RadioisotopesSeverity of Illness IndexSodium Potassium Chloride Symporter InhibitorsSodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPaseSulfatesXenopus laevisSites of Regulated Phosphorylation that Control K-Cl Cotransporter Activity
Rinehart J, Maksimova YD, Tanis JE, Stone KL, Hodson CA, Zhang J, Risinger M, Pan W, Wu D, Colangelo CM, Forbush B, Joiner CH, Gulcicek EE, Gallagher PG, Lifton RP. Sites of Regulated Phosphorylation that Control K-Cl Cotransporter Activity. Cell 2009, 138: 525-536. PMID: 19665974, PMCID: PMC2811214, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.031.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAmino Acid SubstitutionAnimalsHumansMiceMolecular Sequence DataPhosphorylationSequence AlignmentSymportersConceptsIntrinsic transport activityK-Cl cotransporterTransport activityCell volume regulationRegulated phosphorylationRNA interferenceAlanine substitutionsCultured cellsHomologous sitesKCC activityCl exitWNK1 expressionNeonatal mouse brainVolume regulationNeuronal functionHypotonic conditionsActive cotransportPhosphorylationIntracellular chloride concentrationCotransporter activityKCC3Human red blood cellsKCC2 activationFundamental roleMouse brain
2008
Ankyrin‐linked hereditary spherocytosis in an African–American kindred
Sangerman J, Maksimova Y, Edelman EJ, Morrow JS, Forget BG, Gallagher PG. Ankyrin‐linked hereditary spherocytosis in an African–American kindred. American Journal Of Hematology 2008, 83: 789-794. PMID: 18704959, PMCID: PMC11304496, DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21254.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInitiator methionineNull allelesErythrocyte membrane protein genesMembrane protein geneRabbit reticulocyte lysateTissue-specific promotersErythrocyte membrane skeletonExon 1 sequencesIsoform diversityAlternative splicingTranslation initiationProtein geneAnkyrin geneMembrane skeletonAlternate polyadenylationPlasma membraneReticulocyte lysateMethionine mutationCOOH terminusErythroid cellsDownstream codonsGenomic DNANumerous isoformsAnkyrinGenesStructural and functional effects of hereditary hemolytic anemia-associated point mutations in the alpha spectrin tetramer site
Gaetani M, Mootien S, Harper S, Gallagher PG, Speicher DW. Structural and functional effects of hereditary hemolytic anemia-associated point mutations in the alpha spectrin tetramer site. Blood 2008, 111: 5712-5720. PMID: 18218854, PMCID: PMC2424163, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-122457.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnemia, Hemolytic, CongenitalBinding SitesCalorimetry, Differential ScanningCircular DichroismEntropyErythrocytesGene ExpressionGenotypeHumansMolecular Sequence DataPhenotypePoint MutationProtein BindingRecombinant ProteinsSpectrinSpectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-IonizationStructure-Activity Relationship
2005
GATA-1 and Oct-1 Are Required for Expression of the Human α-Hemoglobin-stabilizing Protein Gene*
Gallagher PG, Liem RI, Wong E, Weiss MJ, Bodine DM. GATA-1 and Oct-1 Are Required for Expression of the Human α-Hemoglobin-stabilizing Protein Gene*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2005, 280: 39016-39023. PMID: 16186125, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506062200.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBase SequenceBinding SitesBlood ProteinsCell LineCloning, MolecularDNA, ComplementaryErythropoiesisGATA1 Transcription FactorGene ExpressionGlobinsHeLa CellsHumansMiceMice, TransgenicMolecular ChaperonesMolecular Sequence DataMutationOctamer Transcription Factor-1Promoter Regions, GeneticRecombinant ProteinsRNA, MessengerConceptsAlpha-hemoglobin-stabilizing proteinGATA-1AHSP promoterAHSP genePromoter/reporter plasmidsGel mobility shift assaysAHSP gene expressionChromatin immunoprecipitation assaysErythroid-specific expressionMobility shift assaysFurther genetic studiesHuman tissue culture cell linesErythroid proteinTissue culture cell linesErythroid promoterNonerythroid tissuesProtein geneImmunoprecipitation assaysRegulatory elementsShift assaysGene promoterReporter geneCandidate genesDNase IGene expression
2004
Sequences Downstream of the Erythroid Promoter Are Required for High Level Expression of the Human α-Spectrin Gene*
Wong EY, Lin J, Forget BG, Bodine DM, Gallagher PG. Sequences Downstream of the Erythroid Promoter Are Required for High Level Expression of the Human α-Spectrin Gene*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279: 55024-55033. PMID: 15456760, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408886200.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBase SequenceBinding SitesCell DifferentiationCell MembraneCell NucleusChromatin ImmunoprecipitationCREB-Binding ProteinDeoxyribonuclease IDNADNA PrimersDNA, ComplementaryDNA-Binding ProteinsErythrocytesErythroid-Specific DNA-Binding FactorsEthidiumExonsGATA1 Transcription FactorGenes, ReporterHeLa CellsHumansImmunoprecipitationIntronsK562 CellsLuciferasesModels, GeneticMolecular Sequence DataMutationNuclear ProteinsPlasmidsPromoter Regions, GeneticSpectrinTemperatureTrans-ActivatorsTranscription FactorsTransfectionConceptsErythroid-specific expressionAlpha-spectrin geneGATA-1 sitesCore promoterDNase I hypersensitive sitesElectrophoretic mobility shift assaysChromatin immunoprecipitation assaysMobility shift assaysΑ-spectrin geneThymidine kinase promoterPositive regulatory elementHigh-level expressionGenomic orientationErythroid promoterGATA-1Membrane proteinsHypersensitive sitesImmunoprecipitation assaysRegulatory elementsSequence downstreamShift assaysErythroid differentiationTransfection assaysEnhancer activityReporter geneHuman potassium chloride cotransporter 1 (SLC12A4) promoter is regulated by AP-2 and contains a functional downstream promoter element
Zhou GP, Wong C, Su R, Crable SC, Anderson KP, Gallagher PG. Human potassium chloride cotransporter 1 (SLC12A4) promoter is regulated by AP-2 and contains a functional downstream promoter element. Blood 2004, 103: 4302-4309. PMID: 14976052, DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0107.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords5' Untranslated RegionsAcetylationBase SequenceCarcinoma, HepatocellularChromatinCloning, MolecularDNA-Binding ProteinsErythroid CellsHeLa CellsHumansK562 CellsMolecular Sequence DataPrecipitin TestsPromoter Regions, GeneticSp1 Transcription FactorSymportersTranscription Factor AP-2Transcription FactorsTranscription Initiation SiteConceptsDownstream promoter elementAP-2Gene promoterSp1 sitesK-Cl cotransportPromoter elementsKCC1 geneMammalian gene promotersElectrophoretic mobility shift assaysChromatin immunoprecipitation assaysFull promoter activityMobility shift assaysCore promoter regionReporter gene assayChloride cotransporter 1TATA boxImmunoprecipitation assaysInitiator elementShift assaysHeterologous cellsMutational analysisDNase IPromoter regionGenomic DNAPromoter activity
2002
Erythroid Expression of the Human α-Spectrin Gene Promoter Is Mediated by GATA-1- and NF-E2-binding Proteins*
Boulanger L, Sabatino DE, Wong EY, Cline AP, Garrett LJ, Garbarz M, Dhermy D, Bodine DM, Gallagher PG. Erythroid Expression of the Human α-Spectrin Gene Promoter Is Mediated by GATA-1- and NF-E2-binding Proteins*. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2002, 277: 41563-41570. PMID: 12196550, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208184200.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords5' Flanking RegionAnimalsBase SequenceBinding SitesDNA, ComplementaryDNA-Binding ProteinsErythroid Precursor CellsErythroid-Specific DNA-Binding FactorsErythropoiesisGATA1 Transcription FactorHeLa CellsHumansK562 CellsMiceMice, TransgenicMolecular Sequence DataNF-E2 Transcription FactorNF-E2 Transcription Factor, p45 SubunitPromoter Regions, GeneticSpectrinTranscription FactorsConceptsGene promoterGATA-1Reporter genePromoter/reporter plasmidsAlpha-spectrinGel mobility shift assaysErythroid-specific expressionFull promoter activityAlpha-spectrin geneMobility shift assaysErythroid progenitor cellsHuman tissue culture cell linesTissue culture cell linesAdult reticulocytesErythroid promoterNonerythroid tissuesMembrane proteinsLow-level expressionRegulatory elementsShift assaysErythroid expressionCell shapeDNase IErythroid cellsPromoter activity
2001
Dynamic molecular modeling of pathogenic mutations in the spectrin self-association domain
Zhang Z, Weed S, Gallagher P, Morrow J. Dynamic molecular modeling of pathogenic mutations in the spectrin self-association domain. Blood 2001, 98: 1645-1653. PMID: 11535493, DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.6.1645.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSelf-association domainPoint mutationsHuman sequenceDrosophila alpha-spectrinDynamic molecular modelingHuman erythrocyte spectrinCytoskeletal functionSpecific point mutationsConservative substitutionsPrimary sequenceConformational rearrangementsAlpha-spectrinHelical regionHydrophilic residuesAmino acidsMutationsSpectrinSalt bridgeErythrocyte spectrinStructural consequencesPathogenic mutationsRepeat unitsMolecular modelingSequenceStructural disruption
2000
Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the murine 2 P domain potassium channel gene Kcnk8: conservation of gene structure in 2 P domain potassium channels
Bockenhauer D, Nimmakayalu M, Ward D, Goldstein S, Gallagher P. Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the murine 2 P domain potassium channel gene Kcnk8: conservation of gene structure in 2 P domain potassium channels. Gene 2000, 261: 365-372. PMID: 11167025, DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00492-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsBase SequenceChromosome MappingDNADNA, ComplementaryElectrophysiologyExonsGenesIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceIntronsMiceMolecular Sequence DataOocytesPhylogenyPotassium ChannelsPotassium Channels, Tandem Pore DomainProtein Structure, TertiaryRNA, ComplementarySequence Analysis, DNAXenopus laevisConceptsPotassium channel genesDomain potassium channelsChromosomal localizationGene structureOocyte expression systemCDNA sequenceXenopus laevis oocyte expression systemExpression systemChannel genesPotential transmembrane helicesIntron/exon boundariesSingle EF-hand motifOpen reading framePotassium channelsEF-hand motifsEvolutionary conservationGenomic organizationCellular chaperonesGenomic structureComposite cDNAPotential SH3Transmembrane helicesGenome databaseChromosomal genesReading frame