2022
Comparison of Pharmacy Refill Data With Chemical Adherence Testing in Assessing Medication Nonadherence in a Safety Net Hospital Setting
Osula D, Wu B, Schesing K, Das SR, Moss E, Alvarez K, Clark C, Halm EA, Brown NJ, Vongpatanasin W. Comparison of Pharmacy Refill Data With Chemical Adherence Testing in Assessing Medication Nonadherence in a Safety Net Hospital Setting. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2022, 11: e027099. PMID: 36193931, PMCID: PMC9673714, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027099.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdrenergic beta-AntagonistsAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsAntihypertensive AgentsCalcium Channel BlockersCross-Sectional StudiesHumansHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsHypertensionMedication AdherencePharmacySafety-net ProvidersSodium Chloride Symporter InhibitorsConceptsEnzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockersAngiotensin receptor blockersCalcium channel blockersReceptor blockersPositive predictive valueUncontrolled hypertensionBeta blockersMedication nonadherenceAntihypertensive drugsDrug classesChannel blockersAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockersPredictive valueAdherence testingSafety-net hospital settingSafety-net health systemLow positive predictive valuePharmacy refill dataProportion of daysCross-sectional studyPlasma drug levelsDiagnostic test characteristicsPharmacy fill dataCommon cardiovascular drugsRefill dataDPP4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4) Inhibition Increases Catecholamines Without Increasing Blood Pressure During Sustained ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Inhibitor Treatment
Wilson JR, Garner EM, Mashayekhi M, Hubers SA, Bustamante C, Kerman SJ, Nian H, Shibao CA, Brown NJ. DPP4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4) Inhibition Increases Catecholamines Without Increasing Blood Pressure During Sustained ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Inhibitor Treatment. Hypertension 2022, 79: 827-835. PMID: 35045722, PMCID: PMC8917054, DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18348.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsAngiotensinsAprepitantBlood PressureCardiovascular AgentsCatecholaminesCross-Over StudiesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4HumansNorepinephrineRamiprilRenin-Angiotensin SystemSitagliptin PhosphateValsartanConceptsDPP4 inhibitionBlood pressureACE inhibitionDouble-blind crossover studyAcute ACE inhibitionBlood pressure armNK1 receptor blockerACE inhibitor treatmentOral diabetes medicationsCalcium channel blockersType 2 diabetesEffects of DPP4Aldosterone systemCardiovascular complicationsDiabetes medicationsReceptor blockersCardiovascular effectsCrossover therapyHeart failureHypotensive effectCrossover studyChannel blockersDPP4 inhibitorsHeart rateInhibitor treatment
2020
Exome Sequencing Reveals Common and Rare Variants in F5 Associated With ACE Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker–Induced Angioedema
Maroteau C, Siddiqui M, Veluchamy A, Carr F, White M, Cassidy AJ, Baranova EV, Rasmussen ER, Eriksson N, Bloch KM, Brown NJ, Bygum A, Hallberg P, Karawajczyk M, Magnusson PKE, Yue Q, Syvänen A, von Buchwald C, Alfirevic A, der Zee A, Wadelius M, Palmer CNA, PREDICTION‐ADR. Exome Sequencing Reveals Common and Rare Variants in F5 Associated With ACE Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker–Induced Angioedema. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2020, 108: 1195-1202. PMID: 32496628, PMCID: PMC10306231, DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1927.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAngioedemaAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsCase-Control StudiesDNA Mutational AnalysisEuropeExomeExome SequencingFactor VFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMaleMiddle AgedMutation RateMutation, MissenseRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsUnited StatesConceptsAngiotensin receptor blockersACEi-AEReceptor blockersLife-threatening adverse reactionsMissense variantsRare variantsCommon variantsRare missense variantsGene risk scoreACE inhibitorsAdverse reactionsDeleterious missense variantsHigh riskRisk scoreAngioedemaEnzyme inhibitorsNeck regionExome sequencingAsian populationsDifferent centersBlood clottingBlockersF5 geneRiskInhibitors
2018
Endogenous bradykinin and B1-B5 during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor–associated angioedema
Hubers S, Kohm K, Wei S, Yu C, Nian H, Grabert R, Sexton DJ, Brown NJ. Endogenous bradykinin and B1-B5 during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor–associated angioedema. Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology 2018, 142: 1636-1639.e5. PMID: 30036596, PMCID: PMC6226317, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.037.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAngioedemaAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsBradykininEnalaprilFemaleHumansKininogen, High-Molecular-WeightLisinoprilMaleMiddle AgedPeptide FragmentsQuinaprilThe Vasculature in Prediabetes
Wasserman DH, Wang TJ, Brown NJ. The Vasculature in Prediabetes. Circulation Research 2018, 122: 1135-1150. PMID: 29650631, PMCID: PMC5901903, DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.311912.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsAnimalsBlood VesselsCardiovascular DiseasesCombined Modality TherapyDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diet, ReducingDisease ProgressionEndothelium, VascularExtracellular MatrixFatty Acids, NonesterifiedFibrinolysisGlucoseHumansHyperglycemiaHypoglycemic AgentsInflammationInsulin ResistanceLife StyleMetabolic SyndromeMiceMicrocirculationMicroRNAsMuscle, SkeletalObesityPrediabetic StateRiskWeight LossConceptsFrequency of prediabetesMainstay of treatmentPrevalence of obesityConcomitant obesityEndothelial dysfunctionExtracellular matrix remodelingDiabetes mellitusEndothelial functionRenal diseaseMetabolic derangementsFibrinolytic dysfunctionEndothelial vasodilatorsInsulin resistanceInsulin sensitivityCardiovascular diseaseDelivery of insulinSlow progressionPrediabetesWeight lossSkeletal muscleMatrix remodelingMellitusObesityDysfunctionDiseaseAngiotensin receptor blocker vs ACE inhibitor effects on HDL functionality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis
Kaseda R, Tsuchida Y, Gamboa JL, Zhong J, Zhang L, Yang H, Dikalova A, Bian A, Davies S, Fogo AF, Linton MF, Brown NJ, Ikizler TA, Kon V. Angiotensin receptor blocker vs ACE inhibitor effects on HDL functionality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Nutrition Metabolism And Cardiovascular Diseases 2018, 28: 582-591. PMID: 29691148, PMCID: PMC5959764, DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.02.020.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAngiotensin receptor blockersHigh-density lipoproteinToll-like receptorsAnti-inflammatory effectsReceptor blockersCytokine responsesActivation of TLRsSerum amyloid A (SAA) levelsACE inhibitor effectsHigh cardiovascular riskAdvanced kidney diseaseMaintenance hemodialysis patientsInflammatory cytokine responseAnti-oxidative effectsACEI treatmentAtheroprotective actionARB treatmentCardiovascular eventsMaintenance hemodialysisAngiotensin actionCardiovascular riskHemodialysis patientsCellular superoxide productionHDL functionalityKidney disease
2017
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Other Drug-associated Angioedema
Stone C, Brown NJ. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Other Drug-associated Angioedema. Immunology And Allergy Clinics Of North America 2017, 37: 483-495. PMID: 28687104, DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2017.04.006.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDrug-induced angioedemaEnzyme inhibitorsAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorNon-β-lactam antibioticsNonsteroidal antiinflammatory agentsNonallergic angioedemaSubstance PTherapeutic decisionsAngioedemaAntiinflammatory agentsLactam antibioticsOther DrugΒ-lactam antibioticsDrugsPatientsLeukotrienesBradykininGenetic variantsAntibioticsInhibitorsAngiotensinProstaglandinsAgentsHistamineMainstay
2016
Effect of bradykinin receptor antagonism on ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema
Straka BT, Ramirez CE, Byrd JB, Stone E, Woodard-Grice A, Nian H, Yu C, Banerji A, Brown NJ. Effect of bradykinin receptor antagonism on ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema. Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology 2016, 140: 242-248.e2. PMID: 27913306, PMCID: PMC5705179, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.051.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAngioedemaAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsBradykininBradykinin B2 Receptor AntagonistsDouble-Blind MethodFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedTreatment OutcomeConceptsACE inhibitor-associated angioedemaResolution of symptomsVisual analog scaleAnalog scaleReceptor antagonistTreatment groupsBradykinin BEnzyme (ACE) inhibitor-associated angioedemaStudy drug administrationReceptor antagonist icatibantHours of presentationTreatment of attacksC1 inhibitor deficiencyBradykinin receptor antagonismFrequency of administrationVanderbilt University Medical CenterUniversity Medical CenterMassachusetts General HospitalTwo-thirdsAntagonist icatibantBowel edemaWhite patientsH2 blockersClinical efficacyInhibitor deficiencyExamining EXAMINE for an Interaction With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition
Wilson JR, Brown NJ. Examining EXAMINE for an Interaction With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition. Hypertension 2016, 68: 549-551. PMID: 27480841, PMCID: PMC4982800, DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07884.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchResponse by Hubers and Brown to Letter Regarding Article, “Combined Angiotensin Receptor Antagonism and Neprilysin Inhibition”
Hubers SA, Brown NJ. Response by Hubers and Brown to Letter Regarding Article, “Combined Angiotensin Receptor Antagonism and Neprilysin Inhibition”. Circulation 2016, 134: e11-e12. PMID: 27436883, PMCID: PMC4957697, DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023311.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAminobutyratesAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsHeart FailureHumansNeprilysinReceptors, AngiotensinTetrazoles
2015
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition increases ADMA concentration in patients on maintenance hemodialysis – a randomized cross-over study
Gamboa JL, Pretorius M, Sprinkel KC, Brown NJ, Ikizler TA. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition increases ADMA concentration in patients on maintenance hemodialysis – a randomized cross-over study. BMC Nephrology 2015, 16: 167. PMID: 26494370, PMCID: PMC4618919, DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0162-x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAngiotensin II Type 1 Receptor BlockersAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsArginineBradykininCell LineCross-Over StudiesDouble-Blind MethodEndothelium, VascularFemaleHumansKidney Failure, ChronicMaleMiddle AgedRamiprilRenal DialysisValsartanConceptsEnd-stage renal diseaseAngiotensin receptor blockersMaintenance hemodialysisCross-over studyADMA levelsAsymmetric dimethylarginineACE inhibitionADMA productionADMA concentrationsShort-term ACE inhibitionRandomized cross-over studyIntracellular ADMA concentrationStudy of patientsEffect of bradykininB2 receptor stimulationACE inhibitor-induced increaseInhibitor-induced increaseRamipril treatmentCardiovascular morbidityReceptor blockersEndothelial dysfunctionRenal diseaseBradykinin levelsBackgroundEndothelial dysfunctionDialysis session
2014
Substance P Increases Sympathetic Activity During Combined Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition
Devin JK, Pretorius M, Nian H, Yu C, Billings FT, Brown NJ. Substance P Increases Sympathetic Activity During Combined Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition. Hypertension 2014, 63: 951-957. PMID: 24516103, PMCID: PMC3984385, DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02767.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsBlood PressureBradykininCross-Over StudiesDipeptidyl Peptidase 4Double-Blind MethodEnalaprilatEnzyme InhibitorsFemaleHeart RateHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeurotransmitter AgentsNorepinephrinePeptidyl-Dipeptidase APyrazinesSitagliptin PhosphateSubstance PSympathetic Nervous SystemTriazolesVascular ResistanceConceptsDipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitionPeptidase-4 inhibitionTissue plasminogen activator releaseSubstance PDipeptidyl peptidase-4Plasminogen activator releaseSympathetic activityPeptidase-4Activator releasePlacebo-controlled crossover studyDipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitorsType 2 diabetes mellitusIntra-arterial enalaprilatForearm vascular resistanceForearm blood flowMean arterial pressurePeptidase-4 inhibitorsAngiotensin converting enzymeSubstrates of angiotensinVascular resistanceVasodilator responseArterial pressureBrachial arteryDiabetes mellitusCrossover study
2013
Genetic variants associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema
Pare G, Kubo M, Byrd JB, McCarty CA, Woodard-Grice A, Teo KK, Anand SS, Zuvich RL, Bradford Y, Ross S, Nakamura Y, Ritchie M, Brown NJ. Genetic variants associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. Pharmacogenetics And Genomics 2013, 23: 470-478. PMID: 23838604, PMCID: PMC3904664, DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328363c137.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAngioedemaAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsBenzimidazolesBenzoatesBlack or African AmericanDouble-Blind MethodDrug Therapy, CombinationGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansIsoenzymesNeprilysinPolymorphism, Single NucleotideProtein Kinase CProtein Kinase C-thetaProto-Oncogene Proteins c-etsRamiprilRepressor ProteinsTelmisartanWhite PeoplePollen Count and Presentation of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor–Associated Angioedema
Straka B, Nian H, Sloan C, Byrd JB, Woodard-Grice A, Yu C, Stone E, Steven G, Hartert T, Teo KK, Pare G, McCarty CA, Brown NJ. Pollen Count and Presentation of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor–Associated Angioedema. The Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology In Practice 2013, 1: 468-473.e4. PMID: 24565618, PMCID: PMC4042396, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.05.003.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAllergensAmbrosiaAngioedemaAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPlant WeedsPoaceaePollenRhinitis, Allergic, SeasonalTreesConceptsACE inhibitor-associated angioedemaRate of angioedemaSeasonal allergiesRamipril Global Endpoint TrialAngiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitorsEnzyme (ACE) inhibitor-associated angioedemaIncidence of angiotensinMonths of presentationAdverse drug eventsDate of presentationVanderbilt University Medical CenterUniversity Medical CenterMarshfield Clinic Personalized Medicine Research ProjectOngoing TelmisartanEndpoint trialsACE inhibitorsPollen countsDrug eventsAssociated angioedemaObservational studyCohort analysisMedical CenterHospital settingAngioedemaPersonalized Medicine Research Project
2012
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition or mineralocorticoid receptor blockade do not affect prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery*
Pretorius M, Murray KT, Yu C, Byrne JG, Billings FT, Petracek MR, Greelish JP, Hoff SJ, Ball SK, Mishra V, Body SC, Brown NJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition or mineralocorticoid receptor blockade do not affect prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery*. Critical Care Medicine 2012, 40: 2805-2812. PMID: 22824930, PMCID: PMC3588582, DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31825b8be2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute renal failureAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorMineralocorticoid receptor blockadePostoperative atrial fibrillationMineralocorticoid receptor antagonistsAtrial fibrillationPlacebo groupSpironolactone groupRenal failureCardiac surgeryReceptor blockadeReceptor antagonistEnzyme inhibitorsDouble-blind placebo-controlled studyAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitionPrevalence of hypotensionElective cardiac surgeryPlacebo-controlled studyRenin-angiotensin systemNormal sinus rhythmEnzyme inhibitionRamipril groupSpironolactone useHospital stayPrimary endpointObesity and Oxidative Stress Predict AKI after Cardiac Surgery
Billings FT, Pretorius M, Schildcrout JS, Mercaldo ND, Byrne JG, Ikizler TA, Brown NJ. Obesity and Oxidative Stress Predict AKI after Cardiac Surgery. Journal Of The American Society Of Nephrology 2012, 23: 1221-1228. PMID: 22626819, PMCID: PMC3380645, DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011090940.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAcute Kidney InjuryAgedAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsBiomarkersBody Mass IndexCardiac Surgical ProceduresDiureticsF2-IsoprostanesFemaleHumansInterleukin-6MaleMiddle AgedObesityOxidative StressPlasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1Postoperative ComplicationsRamiprilRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicRisk FactorsSignal TransductionSpironolactoneComparative Effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blockade and ACE Inhibition on the Fibrinolytic and Inflammatory Responses to Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Billings F, Balaguer J, Yu C, Wright P, Petracek M, Byrne J, Brown N, Pretorius M. Comparative Effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blockade and ACE Inhibition on the Fibrinolytic and Inflammatory Responses to Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2012, 91: 1065-1073. PMID: 22549281, PMCID: PMC3822756, DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.356.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAngiotensin II Type 1 Receptor BlockersAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsBenzimidazolesBiphenyl CompoundsBlood TransfusionBradykininCardiopulmonary BypassEndpoint DeterminationFemaleFibrinolysisHematocritHospital MortalityHumansInflammationInterleukinsLength of StayMaleMiddle AgedMonitoring, IntraoperativePerioperative CarePostoperative ComplicationsRamiprilTetrazolesTreatment OutcomeConceptsAngiotensin II type 1 receptor blockadeACE inhibitionCardiopulmonary bypassReceptor blockadeInflammatory responseType 1 receptor blockadeTissue-type plasminogen activator concentrationAngiotensin receptor blockadeEffect of angiotensinRed cell transfusionDay of surgeryPlasminogen activator inhibitor-1Activator inhibitor-1Plasminogen activator concentrationsHospital stayPlasma transfusionIL-10ACE inhibitorsIL-8Intraoperative fibrinolysisFibrinolysisInhibitor-1Comparative effectsPlaceboTransfusion
2011
Comparative Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Angiotensin-Receptor Blockade on Inflammation during Hemodialysis
Gamboa JL, Pretorius M, Todd-Tzanetos DR, Luther JM, Yu C, Ikizler TA, Brown NJ. Comparative Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Angiotensin-Receptor Blockade on Inflammation during Hemodialysis. Journal Of The American Society Of Nephrology 2011, 23: 334-342. PMID: 22158433, PMCID: PMC3269170, DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011030287.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsBlood CoagulationCD40 LigandCross-Over StudiesCytokinesDouble-Blind MethodFemaleHemodynamicsHumansInflammationKidney Failure, ChronicMaleMiddle AgedOxidative StressRamiprilRenal DialysisReninTetrazolesValineValsartanConceptsAngiotensin receptor blockersMaintenance hemodialysis patientsCardiovascular mortalityHemodialysis patientsACE inhibitorsGreater anti-inflammatory effectAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitionOxidative stressAngiotensin receptor blockadeIL-10 concentrationsD-dimer levelsIL-6 levelsProspective clinical trialsAnti-inflammatory effectsIL-1β concentrationsLevels of vWFSerial blood samplingCardiovascular eventsEndothelial dysfunctionCrossover studyWashout periodIsoprostane levelsClinical trialsDrug treatmentVWF levelsThe renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and glucose homeostasis
Luther JM, Brown NJ. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and glucose homeostasis. Trends In Pharmacological Sciences 2011, 32: 734-739. PMID: 21880378, PMCID: PMC3223326, DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.07.006.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAngiotensin II Type 1 Receptor BlockersAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsAnimalsDiabetes MellitusGlucose Metabolism DisordersHumansInsulin ResistanceInsulin-Secreting CellsMolecular Targeted TherapyObesityRenin-Angiotensin SystemConceptsAldosterone systemΒ-cellsGlucose-stimulated insulin secretionIncidence of diabetesLarge clinical trialsInduces Insulin ResistanceCultured β-cellsPancreatic β-cellsRAAS inhibitionAng IIAngiotensin IIInsulin resistanceHeart diseaseClinical trialsDiabetes progressionMineralocorticoid receptorPharmacological strategiesInsulin secretionGlucose homeostasisPancreatic isletsOxidative stressDiabetesIndependent mechanismsGlucose transportCellular levelCombined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and receptor blockade associate with increased risk of cardiovascular death in hemodialysis patients
Chan KE, Ikizler TA, Gamboa JL, Yu C, Hakim RM, Brown NJ. Combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and receptor blockade associate with increased risk of cardiovascular death in hemodialysis patients. Kidney International 2011, 80: 978-985. PMID: 21775975, PMCID: PMC3656595, DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.228.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnalysis of VarianceAngiotensin II Type 1 Receptor BlockersAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsAntihypertensive AgentsCardiovascular DiseasesDrug Therapy, CombinationFemaleHumansHypertensionKaplan-Meier EstimateKidney Failure, ChronicLogistic ModelsMaleMiddle AgedPropensity ScoreProportional Hazards ModelsRenal DialysisRetrospective StudiesRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsSurvival RateTime FactorsTreatment OutcomeUnited StatesConceptsAngiotensin receptor blockersAntihypertensive medicationsARB therapyCardiovascular deathChronic hemodialysisCardiovascular mortalityHazard ratioHemodialysis patientsRisk factorsBaseline cardiovascular risk factorsAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitionLarge dialysis providerCardiovascular risk factorsChronic hemodialysis patientsKaplan-Meier methodMortality hazard ratioAntihypertensive therapyReceptor blockersAntihypertensive agentsCox regressionCerebrovascular mortalityClinical trialsTreatment weightingObservational studyACEI