Pathogenesis and Treatment of Refractory Oedema in Nephrotic Syndrome
Jethwani P, Krishnan N. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Refractory Oedema in Nephrotic Syndrome. EMJ Urology 2021, 9: 107-117. DOI: 10.33590/emjurol/21-00041.Peer-Reviewed Reviews, Practice Guidelines, Standards, and Consensus StatementsEffective arterial blood volumeNephrotic syndromeArterial blood volumeSodium retentionEdema formationLoop diureticsRefractory edemaClinical trialsBlood volumeSodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase activityCombination diuretic therapySalt-poor albuminSecondary sodium retentionMainstay of therapySubset of patientsLarge clinical trialsSignificant patient morbidityVasopressin receptor antagonistsEpithelial sodium channel activationLimited available evidenceDiuretic resistanceDiuretic therapySodium channel activationTreatment algorithmInflammation contributes