Lead induces an osteoarthritis‐like phenotype in articular chondrocytes through disruption of TGF‐β signaling
Holz JD, Beier E, Sheu T, Ubayawardena R, Wang M, Sampson ER, Rosier RN, Zuscik M, Puzas JE. Lead induces an osteoarthritis‐like phenotype in articular chondrocytes through disruption of TGF‐β signaling. Journal Of Orthopaedic Research® 2012, 30: 1760-1766. PMID: 22517267, PMCID: PMC3839422, DOI: 10.1002/jor.22117.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLead treatmentOsteoarthritis-like phenotypeNormal chondrocyte phenotypeDose-dependent mannerArticular chondrocytesTGF-β signalingActive caspase-3MMP13 activityLead exposureHigher level leadType II collagenVivo exposureCollagen levelsNovel targetType X collagenCaspase-3Articular surfaceEnvironmental toxinsLead toxicityII collagenReporter activityTreatmentArticular cartilageDosePhenotypic shift