Design of Hard Water Stable Emulsifier Systems for Petroleum- and Bio-based Semi-synthetic Metalworking Fluids
Zimmerman J, Clarens A, Hayes K, Skerlos S. Design of Hard Water Stable Emulsifier Systems for Petroleum- and Bio-based Semi-synthetic Metalworking Fluids. Environmental Science And Technology 2003, 37: 5278-5288. PMID: 14700311, DOI: 10.1021/es034437t.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHard water conditionsEmulsifier systemMolar ratioWater stabilitySurfactant molar ratioMetalworking fluidsParticle size stabilityLife cycle environmental impactsSemi-synthetic metalworking fluidsOil rejectionAnionic surfactantEmulsion destabilizationNonionic surfactantsEmulsion stabilityContact angleWater conditionsTorque efficiencyOil-based formulationSurfactantsTotal surfactantMWF formulationsMineral oilExtended lifetimeSize stabilityBio