Influence of Ion Accumulation on the Emulsion Stability and Performance of Semi-Synthetic Metalworking Fluids
Zimmerman J, Hayes K, Skerlos S. Influence of Ion Accumulation on the Emulsion Stability and Performance of Semi-Synthetic Metalworking Fluids. Environmental Science And Technology 2004, 38: 2482-2490. PMID: 15116857, DOI: 10.1021/es0340477.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEmulsifier systemEmulsion stabilityEmulsion particle sizeParticle sizeEmulsion destabilizationEmulsion sizeSynthetic metalworking fluidTrivalent cationsEmulsified fluidsImpact of pHMetal workpieceFormulation designDestabilization mechanismMWF formulationsSaltTorque testWater additionSignificant environmental impactsMetalworking industryMetalworking fluidsMWF systemsEDTAEnvironmental impactsExperimental observationsCation accumulation