2004
Influence of Ion Accumulation on the Emulsion Stability and Performance of Semi-Synthetic Metalworking Fluids
Zimmerman J, Hayes K, Skerlos S. Influence of Ion Accumulation on the Emulsion Stability and Performance of Semi-Synthetic Metalworking Fluids. Environmental Science And Technology 2004, 38: 2482-2490. PMID: 15116857, DOI: 10.1021/es0340477.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsEmulsionsEnvironmental PollutionHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationIndustrial WasteMetallurgyParticle SizeSurface-Active AgentsWaste Disposal, FluidConceptsEmulsifier systemEmulsion stabilityEmulsion particle sizeParticle sizeEmulsion destabilizationEmulsion sizeSynthetic metalworking fluidTrivalent cationsEmulsified fluidsImpact of pHMetal workpieceFormulation designDestabilization mechanismMWF formulationsSaltTorque testWater additionSignificant environmental impactsMetalworking industryMetalworking fluidsMWF systemsEDTAEnvironmental impactsExperimental observationsCation accumulation
2003
Design of Hard Water Stable Emulsifier Systems for Petroleum- and Bio-based Semi-synthetic Metalworking Fluids
Zimmerman J, Clarens A, Hayes K, Skerlos S. Design of Hard Water Stable Emulsifier Systems for Petroleum- and Bio-based Semi-synthetic Metalworking Fluids. Environmental Science And Technology 2003, 37: 5278-5288. PMID: 14700311, DOI: 10.1021/es034437t.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHard water conditionsEmulsifier systemMolar ratioWater stabilitySurfactant molar ratioMetalworking fluidsParticle size stabilityLife cycle environmental impactsSemi-synthetic metalworking fluidsOil rejectionAnionic surfactantEmulsion destabilizationNonionic surfactantsEmulsion stabilityContact angleWater conditionsTorque efficiencyOil-based formulationSurfactantsTotal surfactantMWF formulationsMineral oilExtended lifetimeSize stabilityBio