2004
Influence of Ion Accumulation on the Emulsion Stability and Performance of Semi-Synthetic Metalworking Fluids
Zimmerman J, Hayes K, Skerlos S. Influence of Ion Accumulation on the Emulsion Stability and Performance of Semi-Synthetic Metalworking Fluids. Environmental Science And Technology 2004, 38: 2482-2490. PMID: 15116857, DOI: 10.1021/es0340477.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEmulsifier systemEmulsion stabilityEmulsion particle sizeParticle sizeEmulsion destabilizationEmulsion sizeSynthetic metalworking fluidTrivalent cationsEmulsified fluidsImpact of pHMetal workpieceFormulation designDestabilization mechanismMWF formulationsSaltTorque testWater additionSignificant environmental impactsMetalworking industryMetalworking fluidsMWF systemsEDTAEnvironmental impactsExperimental observationsCation accumulation
2001
Challenges to achieving sustainable aqueous systems: a case study in metalworking fluids
Skerlos S, Adriaens P, Hayes K, Rihana A, Kurabayashi K, Takayama S, Zimmerman J, Zhao F. Challenges to achieving sustainable aqueous systems: a case study in metalworking fluids. 2001, 566-571. DOI: 10.1109/ecodim.2001.992425.Peer-Reviewed Original Research