2009
Noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience
Krystal JH, Neumeister A. Noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience. Brain Research 2009, 1293: 13-23. PMID: 19332037, PMCID: PMC2761677, DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.044.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPosttraumatic stress disorderStress disorderOrdinary stressful life eventsEtiology of PTSDNeurobiology of PTSDSymptoms of PTSDImpact of traumaStressful life eventsTraumatic eventsNeurobiological systemsLife eventsTreatment developmentSerotonergic mechanismsNeurobiologyUse of antidepressantsDevelopment of treatmentsBasic researchResilienceMonoaminergic mechanismsAvailable treatmentsRelevant findingsHyperarousalResearchDisordersPsychopathology
1993
Psychobiologic Mechanisms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Charney DS, Deutch AY, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Davis M. Psychobiologic Mechanisms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 1993, 50: 294-305. PMID: 8466391, DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160064008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPosttraumatic stress disorderStress disorderPathophysiology of PTSDAvoidance of stimuliFailure of extinctionFear conditioningTraumatic memoriesMemory processesAutonomic hyperarousalTraumatic eventsEffects of stressCore symptomsPersistent reexperiencingPsychobiologic mechanismsAdaptive behavioralBrain structuresNeurochemical systemsNeurobiologic mechanismsReexperiencingParallel activationHyperarousalDisordersChronic courseTrauma resultsBehavioral sensitization