2024
Forecasting the effects of smoking prevalence scenarios on years of life lost and life expectancy from 2022 to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Collaborators G, Bryazka D, Reitsma M, Abate Y, Al Magied A, Abdelkader A, Abdollahi A, Abdoun M, Abdulkader R, Zuñiga R, Abhilash E, Abiodun O, Abiodun O, Aboagye R, Abreu L, Abtahi D, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Rmeileh N, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Adane M, Adebiyi A, Adegboye O, Adekanmbi V, Adewuyi H, Adnani Q, Adzigbli L, Afaghi S, Afolabi A, Afzal M, Afzal S, Agodi A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah B, Ahlstrom A, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad M, Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Ahmadi A, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed M, Ahmed S, Ajami M, Akkaif M, Akter E, Al Awaidy S, Al Hasan S, Al-Ajlouni Y, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam Z, Aldhaleei W, Algammal A, Al-Gheethi A, Alhabib K, Alhalaiqa F, Al-Hanawi M, Ali A, Ali M, Ali R, Ali S, Ali W, Alif M, Aljunid S, Alla F, Allebeck P, Almahmeed W, Al-Marwani S, Al-Maweri S, Alomari M, Alqahtani J, Alqutaibi A, Al-Raddadi R, Alrousan S, Alsakarneh S, Alshahrani N, Altaany Z, Altaf A, Alvis-Guzman N, Al-Wardat M, Al-Worafi Y, Aly H, Aly S, Alyahya M, Alzoubi K, Al-Zyoud W, Amani R, Amin T, Amiri S, Amu H, Amul G, Amusa G, Anand T, Anderlini D, Anderson D, Anderson J, Andrei C, Andrei T, Ansari M, Anuoluwa I, Anvari S, Anwar S, Anyasodor A, Arabloo J, Arafa E, Aravkin A, Areda D, Aregawi B, Aremu O, Artamonov A, Asgedom A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ashemo M, Ashraf T, Astell-Burt T, Athari S, Atorkey, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Awotidebe A, Ayano G, Aychiluhm S, Azadnajafabad S, Azzam A, Babu G, Taghanaki P, Bahramian S, Bai R, Bakkannavar S, Balakrishnan S, Bam K, Banach M, Bandyopadhyay S, Baran M, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Barker-Collo S, Barrow A, Bashiru H, Basiru A, Bastan M, Basu S, Basu S, Batra K, Bayati M, Behnoush A, Bell S, Belo L, Beneke A, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Beran A, Bermudez A, Beyene H, Bhagat D, Bhagavathula A, Bhala N, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhat A, Bhattacharjee N, Bhattacharjee P, Bhatti J, Bilgin C, Biswas A, Biswas B, Boachie M, Bogale E, Basara B, Borhany H, Bosoka S, Bouaoud S, Boyko E, Brenner H, Brunoni A, Bugiardini R, Bulamu N, Bustanji Y, Butt Z, dos Santos F, Calina D, Cao C, Cao F, Capodici A, Cárdenas R, Carreras G, Castaldelli-Maia J, Cattaruzza M, Caye A, Cegolon L, Cenko E, Cerrai S, Chakraborty S, Chandika R, Chandrasekar E, Chattu V, Chaudhary A, Chaurasia A, Chen A, Chen G, Chen H, Chen M, Chen S, Cheng K, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chimoriya R, Chirinos-Caceres J, Chitheer A, Chong B, Chong C, Chong Y, Chopra H, Choudhari S, Chu D, Chukwu I, Chung S, Chutiyami M, Conde J, Corlateanu A, Criqui M, Cruz-Martins N, da Silva A, Dadras O, Dai S, Dai X, Damiani G, Dandona L, Dandona R, Darcho S, Soltani R, Das S, Dash N, Davletov K, Debele A, Debopadhaya S, Demant D, Desai H, Devegowda D, Dewan S, Dhali A, Dhane A, Dhulipala V, Chi T, Dodangeh M, Doegah P, Dohare S, Dongarwar D, D'Oria M, Doshi O, Doshi R, Dowou R, Dsouza A, Dsouza H, Dsouza V, Duncan B, Duraes A, Dziedzic A, E'mar A, Ebrahimi A, Ebrahimi N, Kalan M, Edvardsson D, Edvardsson K, Efendi F, Effendi D, Eghbali F, Ekholuenetale M, Arab R, Bayoumy I, Sayed I, Elbarazi I, Elhadi M, El-Huneidi W, Elmonem M, ELNahas G, Elsohaby I, Eltaha C, Eltahir M, Emamverdi M, Emeto T, Erku D, Etaee F, Ezenwankwo E, Fabin N, Fagbamigbe A, Fagbule O, Faghani S, Fahim A, Fakhradiyev I, Falzone L, Farooque U, Fatehizadeh A, Fatima Z, Fauk N, Fazylov T, Feizkhah A, Fekadu G, Feng X, Ferrara P, Ferreira N, Feyisa B, Filippidis F, Fischer F, Flor L, Foigt N, Rodrigues C, Foschi M, Sridevi G, Gaal P, Gadanya M, Gaidhane A, Gajdács M, Gallus S, Gandhi A, Ganesan B, Gautam P, Gautam R, Gebregergis M, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremeskel T, Getacher L, Ghadirian F, Ghazy R, Gholamrezanezhad A, Ghorbani M, Ghozy S, Gil A, Gil G, Gnedovskaya E, Goel S, Goharinezhad S, Goldust M, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gorini G, Gouravani, Grada A, Grivna M, Grover S, Guan S, Gubari M, Guha A, Guicciardi S, Gulati S, Gunawardane D, Gunturu S, Guo Z, Gupta A, Gupta B, Gupta I, Gupta M, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta V, Gupta V, Gupta V, Hadei M, Hadi N, Ali A, Halboub E, Hamdy N, Hamidi S, Hammoud A, Hankey G, Hargono A, Haro J, Hasaballah A, Hasan F, Hasan K, Hasnain S, Hassan A, Hassan I, Hassan S, Hay S, Heibati B, Heidari M, Hemmati M, Hendrie D, Herteliu C, Heyi D, Hezam K, Hiraike Y, Hoan N, Holla R, Horita N, Hossain M, Hossain S, Hosseinzadeh H, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Huang J, Humayun A, Hussain J, Hwang B, Ibitoye S, Ikeda N, Ikiroma A, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Immurana M, Inbaraj L, Iqhrammullah M, Irham L, Islam R, Islam M, Islami F, Isola G, Itumalla R, Iwagami M, Iyer M, Vinothini J, Jaafari J, Jacob L, Jafarzadeh A, Jaggi K, Jahanmehr N, Jain A, Jain N, Jairoun A, Jaka S, Jakovljevic M, Yengejeh R, Jamshidi E, Janodia M, Jawaid T, Jayapal S, Jayaram S, Jayasinghe R, Jebai R, Jee S, Jeswani B, Jiang H, Jokar M, Jonas J, Joo T, Joseph N, Joshua C, Jozwiak J, Jürisson M, Vaishali K, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kadashetti V, Kamarajah S, Kanaan M, Kanmodi K, Kant S, Kantar R, Karakasis P, Karaye I, Karimi S, Karimi Y, Behnagh A, Karkhah S, Karki P, Kashoo F, Katikireddi S, Kaur H, Kaur N, Kazemian S, Kazmi T, Keiyoro P, Kesse-Guyot E, Khader Y, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khalilian A, Khan A, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khanmohammadi S, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh M, Khater A, Kheirallah K, Khokhar M, Khormali M, Khosla A, Khosravi S, Kim K, Kim M, Kim Y, Kisa A, Kolahi A, Komaki S, Kondlahalli S, Korja M, Korzh O, Kosen S, Kostev K, Krishan K, Defo B, Kuddus M, Kujan O, Kulimbet M, Kumar A, Kumar G, Kumar N, Kumar R, Kumar V, Kundu A, Kundu S, Kunutsor S, Kurmi O, Kusuma D, Kyei-Arthur F, Kytö V, La Vecchia C, Lahariya C, Lai D, Lai H, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Larijani B, Lasrado S, Lau J, Lauriola P, Le T, Leasher J, Lee M, Lee S, Lee W, Lee Y, Leong E, Lerango T, Li A, Li W, Ligade V, Lim S, Lin J, Lindstedt P, Liu G, Llanaj E, López-Gil J, Lotufo P, Lucchetti G, Lugo A, Lusk J, Amin H, Feei Z, Machoy M, Madadizadeh F, Mahmoudi E, Makram A, Makram O, Malhotra K, Malik A, Malta D, Mamun A, Mansouri P, Mansournia M, Manu E, Marateb H, Martinez-Raga J, Martorell M, Marzo R, Mathangasinghe Y, Mathews E, Mathur M, Mathur N, Mattiello R, Maugeri A, McKee M, Mechili E, Mehrotra R, Meto T, Mekonnen B, Meles H, Mendoza W, Menezes R, Meo A, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mestrovic T, Meyers C, Michalek I, Miller T, Minervini G, Mirghafourvand M, Mirrakhimov E, Mishra V, Misra S, Mithra P, Mohamed A, Mohamed J, Mohamed M, Mohamed N, Mohammad A, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mohammadzadeh I, Mohammed H, Mohammed S, Mohan S, Mokdad A, Vardanjani H, Molinaro S, Momani S, Mondal H, Mons U, Ghalibaf A, Moradi M, Moreira R, Morovatdar N, Morrison S, Mougin V, Mukoro G, Mulita F, Mullany E, Muniyandi M, Munkhsaikhan Y, Murillo-Zamora E, Murray C, Myung W, Naghavi P, Naik G, Najdaghi S, Najmuldeen H, Naldi L, Nambi G, Nangia V, Nansseu J, Nargus S, Nascimento G, Nashwan A, Natto Z, Nauman J, Naveed M, Nawsherwan, Nayak B, Nayak V, Nazri-Panjaki A, Nduaguba S, Negoi R, Abadi R, Nejadghaderi S, Nejjari C, Neupane S, Ng M, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen D, Nguyen H, Nguyen H, Nguyen P, Phuong The Nguyen, Nguyen V, Nigatu Y, Nikolouzakis T, Nikoobar A, Nikravangolsefid N, Niranjan V, Nnaji C, Nnyanzi L, Noman E, Nomura S, Noor S, Noreen M, Nozari M, Nugen F, Nzoputam C, Nzoputam O, Oancea B, Obamiro K, Odetokun I, Odo D, Odukoya O, Oduro M, Oguta J, Oh I, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke S, Okekunle A, Okonji O, Olagunju A, Olasupo O, Olatubi M, Oliveira G, Olorukooba A, Omer G, Ong S, Opejin A, Ordak M, Orish V, Ortiz-Prado E, Osuagwu U, Otstavnov S, Ouyahia A, A M, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri J, Pak A, Palma-Alvarez R, Pan H, Panagiotakos D, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Panos L, Pantazopoulos I, Stoian A, Papadopoulou P, Pardhan S, Parija P, Parikh R, Park E, Park S, Parsons N, Passera R, Patel J, Patel S, Patil S, Patwary H, Pawar S, Peprah, Pereira G, Perianayagam A, Pestell R, Petermann-Rocha F, Pham T, Philip A, Phillips M, Poddighe D, Polibin R, Poluru R, Porru F, Pourshams A, Pradhan J, Pradhan P, Prasad M, Prashant A, Prates E, Pribadi D, Purohit B, Puvvula J, Qattea I, Radhakrishnan V, Raggi C, Raghav P, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahmani S, Rahmanian M, Rahmanian N, Rajendran V, Rajpoot P, Rajput P, Ram P, Ramadan M, Ramadan M, Rana K, Rana R, Ranabhat C, Rao S, Rashedi S, Rashid A, Rashidi M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Rathish D, Rauniyar S, Rautalin I, Ravikumar N, Rawaf S, Reddy M, Redwan E, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Riad A, Rodrigues M, da Silva T, Rodriguez J, Roever L, Root K, Roshandel G, Ross A, Rout H, Roy B, Roy N, Roy S, de Andrade Ruela G, Chandan S, Sabet C, Sabour S, Sadarangani K, Saddik B, Sadeghi M, Saeb M, Saeed U, Saeedi P, Safi S, Sagoe D, Sharif-Askari F, Sahebkar A, Sahoo S, Sajib R, Sajid M, Salaroli L, Saleh M, Salem M, Salihu D, Samodra Y, Samy A, Sanabria J, Santric-Milicevic M, Jose B, Saqib M, Sarasmita M, Saravanan A, Saravi B, Sarikhani Y, Sarkar T, Sarode G, Sarode S, Sartorius B, Sathian B, Sathyanarayan A, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Saylan M, Schaarschmidt B, Schaub M, Schlaich M, Schmidt M, Schuermans A, Schumacher A, Selvaraj S, Semreen M, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou S, Sethi Y, Seyedi S, Seylani A, Shafie M, Shafiee A, Shahbandi A, Shahid S, Shahsavari H, Shahwan M, Shaikh A, Shaikh M, Shalash A, Shamim M, Shamsi A, Shamsutdinova A, Shanawaz M, Shankar A, Shannawaz M, Sharath M, Sharifan A, Sharma M, Sharma U, Sharma V, Sheikh A, Sheikhy A, Shetty M, Shetty P, Shetty P, Shiferaw D, Shimels T, Shiri R, Shittu A, Shiue I, Shivarov V, Shorofi S, Shrestha S, Siddig E, Silva J, Singh A, Singh B, Singh H, Singh J, Singh P, Singh P, Singh S, Singh V, Sitas F, Smith A, Soboka M, Solanki R, Solmi M, Soraneh S, Soriano J, Soyiri I, Spartalis M, Sreeramareddy C, Stachteas P, Stein D, Steiropoulos P, Stevanović A, Straif K, Suleman M, Sulo G, Sun Z, Suresh V, Swain C, Szarpak L, Y S, Damavandi P, Malazy O, Tabatabaeizadeh S, Tabche C, Tadakamadla J, Tadakamadla S, Taiba J, Talaat I, Talukder A, Tampa M, Tamuzi J, Tan K, Tareke M, Tarigan I, Teimoori M, Temsah M, Temsah R, Teramoto M, Terefa D, Thangaraju P, Thankappan K, Thapar R, Thayakaran R, Thomas N, Ticoalu J, Tiwari K, Topor-Madry R, Tovani-Palone M, Trabelsi K, Tran A, Tran N, Tran T, Duc N, Trihandini I, Tripathy J, Truyen T, Tsermpini E, Tualeka A, Udoakang A, Udoh A, Ullah A, Ullah S, Umair M, Unim B, Unnikrishnan B, Usman J, Vahdati S, Vaithinathan A, Van den Eynde J, Vardavas C, Vasankari T, Vaziri S, Vellingiri B, Venketasubramanian N, Verma M, Villeneuve P, Vinayak M, Violante F, Vladimirov S, Volovat S, Wadood A, Waheed Y, Walde M, Wang S, Wang Y, Waqas M, Wickramasinghe N, Willeit P, Wojewodzic M, Wolde A, Wonde T, Xiao H, Xu S, Yadav M, Yamagishi K, Yang D, Yang L, Yano Y, Yarahmadi A, Yesodharan R, Yezli S, Yi X, Yiğit A, Yin D, Yon D, Yonemoto N, Yoon S, Yu C, Yuan C, Zakham F, Zeariya M, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhong C, Zhou S, Zhu B, Zielińska M, Zoghi G, Zyoud S, Vollset S, Gakidou E. Forecasting the effects of smoking prevalence scenarios on years of life lost and life expectancy from 2022 to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Public Health 2024, 9: e729-e744. PMID: 39366729, PMCID: PMC11447278, DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00166-x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGlobal Burden of Disease StudyBurden of Disease StudySmoking prevalenceLife expectancySmoking eliminationAge-standardised smoking prevalenceGlobal burdenSmoking prevalence reductionTobacco-free generationRisk factor trendsInstitute for Health MetricsSmoking-attributable burdenTobacco control policiesMagnitude of health benefitsReduce smoking prevalenceCause-specific mortalityDisease StudyBehavioral risk factorsHealth benefitsFuture health benefitsYears of lifeReference life tableTobacco policiesFactor trendsSmoking policiesGlobal burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Collaborators G, Brauer M, Roth G, Aravkin A, Zheng P, Abate K, Abate Y, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasi M, Abbasian M, Abbasifard M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, ElHafeez S, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdi P, Abdollahi M, Abdoun M, Abdulah D, Abdullahi A, Abebe M, Abedi A, Abedi A, Abegaz T, Zuñiga R, Abiodun O, Abiso T, Aboagye R, Abolhassani H, Abouzid M, Aboye G, Abreu L, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abukhadijah H, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Adane M, Addo I, Addolorato G, Adedoyin R, Adekanmbi V, Aden B, Adetunji J, Adeyeoluwa T, Adha R, Adibi A, Adnani Q, Adzigbli L, Afolabi A, Afolabi R, Afshin A, Afyouni S, Afzal M, Afzal S, Agampodi S, Agbozo F, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agrawal A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah B, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad N, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed L, Ahmed M, Ahmed S, Ahmed S, Ajami M, Akalu G, Akara E, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemiju T, Akkaif M, Akkala S, Akombi-Inyang B, Al Awaidy S, Al Hasan S, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal T, Alalalmeh S, Alalwan T, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam N, Alanezi F, Alanzi T, Albakri A, AlBataineh M, Aldhaleei W, Aldridge R, Alemayohu M, Alemu Y, Al-Fatly B, Al-Gheethi A, Al-Habbal K, Alhabib K, Alhassan R, Ali A, Ali A, Ali B, Ali I, Ali L, Ali M, Ali R, Ali S, Ali W, Alicandro G, Alif M, Aljunid S, Alla F, Al-Marwani S, Al-Mekhlafi H, Almustanyir S, Alomari M, Alonso J, Alqahtani J, Alqutaibi A, Al-Raddadi R, Alrawashdeh A, Al-Rifai R, Alrousan S, Al-Sabah S, Alshahrani N, Altaany Z, Altaf A, Al-Tawfiq J, Altirkawi K, Aluh D, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk N, Alwafi H, Al-Wardat M, Al-Worafi Y, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi K, Al-Zyoud W, Amaechi U, Mohammadi M, Amani R, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq M, Ammirati E, Amu H, Amugsi D, Amusa G, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson J, Andrade P, Andrei C, Andrei T, Anenberg S, Angappan D, Angus C, Anil A, Anil S, Anjum A, Anoushiravani A, Antonazzo I, Antony C, Antriyandarti E, Anuoluwa B, Anvari D, Anvari S, Anwar S, Anwar S, Anwer R, Anyabolo E, Anyasodor A, Apostol G, Arabloo J, Bahri R, Arafat M, Areda D, Aregawi B, Aremu A, Armocida B, Arndt M, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov A, Artanti K, Aruleba I, Arumugam A, Asbeutah A, Asgary S, Asgedom A, Ashbaugh C, Ashemo M, Ashraf T, Askarinejad A, Assmus M, Astell-Burt T, Athar M, Athari S, Atorkey, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awoke A, Quintanilla B, Ayatollahi H, Portugal C, Ayuso-Mateos J, Azadnajafabad S, Azevedo R, Azhar G, Azizi H, Azzam A, Backhaus I, Badar M, Badiye A, Bagga A, Baghdadi S, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Taghanaki P, Bai R, Baig A, Baker J, Bakkannavar S, Balasubramanian M, Baltatu O, Bam K, Bandyopadhyay S, Banik B, Banik P, Banke-Thomas A, Bansal H, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Bardideh E, Barker-Collo S, Bärnighausen T, Barone-Adesi F, Barqawi H, Barrero L, Barrow A, Barteit S, Basharat Z, Basiru A, Basso J, Bastan M, Basu S, Batchu S, Batra K, Batra R, Baune B, Bayati M, Bayileyegn N, Beaney T, Behnoush A, Beiranvand M, Béjot Y, Bekele A, Belgaumi U, Bell A, Bell M, Bello M, Bello O, Belo L, Beloukas A, Bendak S, Bennett D, Bennitt F, Bensenor I, Benzian H, Beran A, Berezvai Z, Bernabe E, Bernstein R, Bettencourt P, Bhagavathula A, Bhala N, Bhandari D, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhat A, Bhat V, Bhatti G, Bhatti J, Bhatti M, Bhatti R, Bhuiyan M, Bhutta Z, Bikbov B, Bishai J, Bisignano C, Biswas A, Biswas B, Biswas R, Bjørge T, Boachie M, Boakye H, Bockarie M, Bodolica V, Bodunrin A, Bogale E, Bolla S, Boloor A, Hashemi M, Boppana S, Basara B, Borhany H, Carvajal A, Bouaoud S, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boxe C, Braithwaite D, Brant L, Brar A, Breitborde N, Breitner S, Brenner H, Briko A, Britton G, Brown C, Browne A, Brunoni A, Bryazka D, Bulamu N, Bulto L, Buonsenso D, Burkart K, Burns R, Busse R, Bustanji Y, Butt N, Butt Z, dos Santos F, Cagney J, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Calina D, Cámera L, Campos L, Campos-Nonato I, Cao C, Cao F, Cao Y, Capodici A, Cárdenas R, Carr S, Carreras G, Carrero J, Carugno A, Carvalho F, Carvalho M, Castaldelli-Maia J, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Catapano A, Cattaruzza M, Caye A, Cederroth C, Cegolon L, Cenderadewi M, Cercy K, Cerin E, Chadwick J, Chakraborty C, Chakraborty P, Chakraborty S, Chan J, Chan R, Chandan J, Chandika R, Chaturvedi P, Chen A, Chen C, Chen H, Chen M, Chen M, Chen S, Cheng C, Cheng E, Cherbuin N, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chimed-Ochir O, Chimoriya R, Ching P, Chirinos-Caceres J, Chitheer A, Cho W, Chong B, Chopra H, Chowdhury R, Christopher D, Chu D, Chukwu I, Chung E, Chung S, Chutiyami M, Cioffi I, Cogen R, Cohen A, Columbus A, Conde J, Corlateanu A, Cortese S, Cortesi P, Costa V, Costanzo S, Criqui M, Cruz J, Cruz-Martins N, Culbreth G, da Silva A, Dadras O, Dai X, Dai Z, Daikwo P, Dalli L, Damiani G, D'Amico E, D'Anna L, Darwesh A, Das J, Das S, Dash N, Dashti M, Dávila-Cervantes C, Weaver N, Davitoiu D, De la Hoz F, de la Torre-Luque A, De Leo D, Debopadhaya S, Degenhardt L, Del Bo' C, Delgado-Enciso I, Delgado-Saborit J, Demoze C, 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Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2024, 403: 2162-2203. PMID: 38762324, PMCID: PMC11120204, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDisability-adjusted life yearsHigh body-mass indexTheoretical minimum risk exposure levelSocio-demographic indexBody-mass indexRisk-outcome pairsParticulate matter air pollutionChild growth failureBurden of diseaseGlobal disease burdenGlobal burdenHealth outcomesRisk factorsDisease burdenMetabolic riskAmbient particulate matter air pollutionSocio-demographic Index locationsGlobal Burden of Disease StudyBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseComparative risk assessment frameworkAge-standardised ratesExposure to risk factorsPopulation attributable fractionSpecific health outcomesGlobal burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Collaborators G, Naghavi M, Ong K, Aali A, Ababneh H, Abate Y, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasian M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbastabar H, ElHafeez S, Abdelmasseh M, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdelwahab A, Abdollahi M, Abdollahifar M, Abdoun M, Abdulah D, Abdullahi A, Abebe M, Abebe S, Abedi A, Abegaz K, Abhilash E, Abidi H, Abiodun O, Aboagye R, Abolhassani H, Abolmaali M, Abouzid M, Aboye G, Abreu L, Abrha W, Abtahi D, Abu Rumeileh S, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abu-Rmeileh N, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Accrombessi M, Adal T, Adamu A, Addo I, Addolorato G, Adebiyi A, Adekanmbi V, Adepoju A, Adetunji C, Adetunji J, Adeyeoluwa T, Adeyinka D, Adeyomoye O, Admass B, Adnani Q, Adra S, Afolabi A, Afzal M, Afzal S, Agampodi S, Agasthi P, Aggarwal M, Aghamiri S, Agide F, Agodi A, Agrawal A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah B, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad M, Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmadi K, Ahmadzade A, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed L, Ahmed M, Ahmed M, Ahmed M, Ahmed S, Ajami M, Aji B, Akara E, Akbarialiabad H, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemiju T, Akkaif M, Akyirem S, Al Hamad H, Al Hasan S, Alahdab F, Alalalmeh S, Alalwan T, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam M, Alam N, Al-amer R, Alanezi F, Alanzi T, Al-Azzam S, Albakri A, Albashtawy M, AlBataineh M, Alcalde-Rabanal J, Aldawsari K, Aldhaleei W, Aldridge R, Alema H, Alemayohu M, Alemi S, Alemu Y, Al-Gheethi A, Alhabib K, Alhalaiqa F, Al-Hanawi M, Ali A, Ali A, Ali L, Ali M, Ali R, Ali S, Ali S, Alicandro G, Alif M, Alikhani R, Alimohamadi Y, Aliyi A, Aljasir M, Aljunid S, Alla F, Allebeck P, Al-Marwani S, Al-Maweri S, Almazan J, Al-Mekhlafi H, Almidani L, Almidani O, Alomari M, Al-Omari B, Alonso J, Alqahtani J, Alqalyoobi S, Alqutaibi A, Al-Sabah S, Altaany Z, Altaf A, Al-Tawfiq J, Altirkawi K, Aluh D, Alvis-Guzman N, Alwafi H, Al-Worafi Y, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi K, Amani R, Amare A, Amegbor M, Ameyaw E, Amin T, Amindarolzarbi A, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq M, Amu H, Amugsi D, Amusa G, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson D, Andrade P, Andrei C, Andrei T, Angus C, Anil A, Anil S, Anoushiravani A, Ansari H, Ansariadi A, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Antony C, Antriyandarti E, Anvari D, Anvari S, Anwar S, Anwar S, Anwer R, Anyasodor A, Aqeel M, Arab J, Arabloo J, Arafat M, Aravkin A, Areda D, Aremu A, Aremu O, Ariffin H, Arkew M, Armocida B, Arndt M, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov A, Arulappan J, Aruleba R, Arumugam A, Asaad M, Asadi-Lari M, Asgedom A, Asghariahmadabad M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ashraf M, Aslani A, Astell-Burt T, Athar M, Athari S, Atinafu B, Atlaw H, Atorkey, Atout M, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Ausloos M, Avan A, Awedew A, Aweke A, Quintanilla B, Ayatollahi H, Ayuso-Mateos J, Ayyoubzadeh S, Azadnajafabad S, Azevedo R, Azzam A, Darshan B, Babu A, Badar M, Badiye A, Baghdadi S, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Bah S, Bahadorikhalili S, Bahmanziari N, Bai R, Baig A, Baker J, Bako A, Bakshi R, Balakrishnan S, Balasubramanian M, Baltatu O, Bam K, Banach M, Bandyopadhyay S, Banik P, Bansal H, Bansal K, Barbic F, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Bardideh E, Barker-Collo S, Bärnighausen T, Barone-Adesi F, Barqawi H, Barrero L, Barrow A, Barteit S, Barua L, Basharat Z, Bashiri A, Basiru A, Baskaran P, Basnyat, Bassat Q, Basso J, Basting A, Basu S, Batra K, Baune B, Bayati M, Bayileyegn N, Beaney T, Bedi N, Beghi M, Behboudi E, Behera P, Behnoush A, Behzadifar M, Beiranvand M, Ramirez D, Béjot Y, Belay S, Belete C, Bell M, Bello M, Bello O, Belo L, Beloukas A, Bender R, Bensenor I, Beran A, Berezvai Z, Berhie A, Berice B, Bernstein R, Bertolacci G, Bettencourt P, Beyene K, Bhagat D, Bhagavathula A, Bhala N, Bhalla A, Bhandari D, Bhangdia K, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhardwaj P, Bhargava A, Bhaskar S, Bhat V, Bhatti G, Bhatti J, Bhatti M, Bhatti R, Bhutta Z, Bikbov B, Bishai J, Bisignano C, Bisulli F, Biswas A, Biswas B, Bitaraf S, Bitew B, Bitra V, Bjørge T, Boachie M, Boampong M, Bobirca A, Bodolica V, Bodunrin A, Bogale E, Bogale K, Bohlouli S, Bolarinwa O, Boloor A, Hashemi M, Bonny A, Bora K, Basara B, Borhany H, Borzutzky A, Bouaoud S, Boustany A, Boxe C, Boyko E, Brady O, Braithwaite D, Brant L, Brauer M, Brazinova A, Brazo-Sayavera J, Breitborde N, Breitner S, Brenner H, Briko A, Briko N, Britton G, Brown J, Brugha T, Bulamu N, Bulto L, Buonsenso D, Burns R, Busse R, Bustanji Y, Butt N, Butt Z, dos Santos F, Calina D, Cámera L, Campos L, Campos-Nonato I, Cao C, Cao Y, Capodici A, Cárdenas R, Carr S, Carreras G, Carrero J, Carugno A, Carvalheiro C, Carvalho F, Carvalho M, Castaldelli-Maia J, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Catapano A, Cattaruzza M, Cederroth C, Cegolon L, Cembranel F, Cenderadewi M, Cercy K, Cerin E, Cevik M, Chadwick J, Chahine Y, Chakraborty C, Chakraborty P, Chan J, Chan R, Chandika R, Chandrasekar E, Chang C, Chang J, Chanie G, Charalampous P, Chattu V, Chaturvedi P, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou V, Chaurasia A, Chen A, Chen A, Chen C, Chen H, Chen M, Chen S, Cheng C, Cheng E, Cherbuin N, Cheru W, Chien J, Chimed-Ochir O, Chimoriya R, Ching P, Chirinos-Caceres J, Chitheer A, Cho W, Chong B, Chopra H, Choudhari S, Chowdhury R, Christopher D, Chukwu I, Chung E, Chung E, Chung E, Chung S, Chutiyami M, Cindi Z, Cioffi I, Claassens M, Claro R, Coberly K, Cogen R, Columbus A, Comfort H, Conde J, Cortese S, Cortesi P, Costa V, Costanzo S, Cousin E, Couto R, Cowden R, Cramer K, Criqui M, Cruz-Martins N, Cuadra-Hernández S, Culbreth G, Cullen P, Cunningham M, Curado M, Dadana S, Dadras O, Dai S, Dai X, Dai Z, Dalli L, Damiani G, Gela J, Das J, Das S, Das S, Dascalu A, Dash N, Dashti M, Dastiridou A, Davey G, Dávila-Cervantes C, Weaver N, Davletov K, De Leo D, de Luca K, Debele A, Debopadhaya S, Degenhardt L, Dehghan A, Deitesfeld L, Del Bo' C, Delgado-Enciso I, Demessa B, Demetriades A, Deng K, Deng X, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deravi N, Dereje N, Dervenis N, Dervišević E, Jarlais D, Desai H, Desai R, Devanbu V, Dewan S, Dhali A, Dhama K, Dhimal M, Dhingra S, Dhulipala V, da Silva D, Diaz D, Diaz M, Dima A, Ding D, Ding H, Dinis-Oliveira R, Dirac M, Djalalinia S, Phuong T, do Prado C, Doaei S, Dodangeh M, Dodangeh M, Dohare S, Dokova K, Dolecek C, Dominguez R, Dong W, Dongarwar D, D'Oria M, Dorostkar F, Dorsey E, dos Santos W, Doshi R, Doshmangir L, Dowou R, Driscoll T, Dsouza H, Dsouza V, Du M, Dube J, Duncan B, Duraes A, Duraisamy S, Durojaiye O, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Dzianach P, Dziedzic A, E'mar A, Eboreime E, Ebrahimi A, Echieh C, Edinur H, Edvardsson D, Edvardsson K, Efendi D, Efendi F, Effendi D, Eikemo T, Eini E, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo T, Sayed I, Elbarazi I, Elema T, Elemam N, Elgar F, Elgendy I, ElGohary G, Elhabashy H, Elhadi M, El-Huneidi W, Elilo L, Elmeligy O, Elmonem M, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emeto T, Bain L, Erkhembayar R, Esezobor C, Eshrati B, Eskandarieh S, Espinosa-Montero J, Esubalew H, Etaee F, Fabin N, Fadaka A, Fagbamigbe A, Fahim A, Fahimi S, Fakhri-Demeshghieh A, Falzone L, Fareed M, Farinha C, Faris M, Faris P, Faro A, Fasanmi A, Fatehizadeh A, Fattahi H, Fauk N, Fazeli P, Feigin V, Feizkhah A, Fekadu G, Feng X, Fereshtehnejad S, Feroze A, Ferrante D, Ferrari A, Ferreira N, Fetensa G, Feyisa B, Filip I, Fischer F, Flavel J, Flood D, Florin B, Foigt N, Folayan M, Fomenkov A, Foroutan B, Foroutan M, Forthun I, Fortuna D, Foschi M, Fowobaje K, Francis K, Franklin R, Freitas A, Friedman J, Friedman S, Fukumoto T, Fuller J, Fux B, Gaal P, Gadanya M, Gaidhane A, Gaihre S, Gakidou E, Galali Y, Galles N, Gallus S, Ganbat M, Gandhi A, Ganesan B, Ganiyani M, Garcia-Gordillo M, Gardner W, Garg J, Garg N, Gautam R, Gbadamosi S, Gebi T, Gebregergis M, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremeskel T, Georgescu S, Getachew T, Gething P, Getie M, Ghadiri K, Ghahramani S, Ghailan K, Ghasemi M, Dabaghi G, Ghasemzadeh A, Ghashghaee A, Ghassemi F, Ghazy R, Ghimire A, Ghoba S, Gholamalizadeh M, Gholamian A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Gholizadeh N, Ghorbani M, Vajargah P, Ghoshal A, Gill P, Gill T, Gillum R, Ginindza T, Girmay A, Glasbey J, Gnedovskaya E, Göbölös L, Godinho M, Goel A, Golchin A, Goldust M, Golechha M, Goleij P, Gomes N, Gona P, Gopalani S, Gorini G, Goudarzi H, Goulart A, Goulart B, Goyal A, Grada A, Graham S, Grivna M, Grosso G, Guan S, Guarducci G, Gubari M, Gudeta M, Guha A, Guicciardi S, Guimarães R, Gulati S, Gunawardane D, Gunturu S, Guo C, Gupta A, Gupta B, Gupta M, Gupta M, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta V, Gupta V, Gupta V, Gurmessa L, Gutiérrez R, Habibzadeh F, Habibzadeh P, Haddadi R, Hadei M, Hadi N, Haep N, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hailu A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Halboub E, Hall B, Haller S, Halwani R, Hamadeh R, Hameed S, Hamidi S, Hamilton E, Han C, Han Q, Hanif A, Hanifi N, Hankey G, Hanna F, Hannan A, Haque N, Harapan H, Hargono A, Haro J, Hasaballah A, Hasan I, Hasan M, Hasani H, Hasanian M, Hashi A, Hasnain S, Hassan I, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Haubold J, Havmoeller R, Hay S, He J, Hebert J, Hegazi O, Heidari G, Heidari M, Heidari-Foroozan M, Helfer B, Hendrie D, Herrera-Serna B, Herteliu C, Hesami H, Hezam K, Hill C, Hiraike Y, Holla R, Horita N, Hossain M, Hossain S, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Adli A, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hsairi M, Hsieh V, Hsu R, Hu C, Huang J, Hultström M, Humayun A, Hundie T, Hussain J, Hussain M, Hussein N, Hussien F, Huynh H, Hwang B, Ibitoye S, Ibrahim K, Iftikhar P, Ijo D, Ikiroma A, Ikuta K, Ikwegbue P, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Imam M, Immurana M, Inamdar S, Indriasih E, Iqhrammullah M, Iradukunda A, Iregbu K, Islam R, Islam M, Islami F, Ismail F, Ismail N, Iso H, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iwu C, Iyamu I, Iyer M, J L, Jaafari J, Jacob L, Jacobsen K, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jafarinia M, Jafarzadeh A, Jaggi K, Jahankhani K, Jahanmehr N, Jahrami H, Jain N, Jairoun A, Jaiswal A, Jamshidi E, Janko M, Jatau A, Javadov S, Javaheri T, Jayapal S, Jayaram S, Jebai R, Jee S, Jeganathan J, Jha A, Jha R, Jiang H, Jin Y, Johnson O, Jokar M, Jonas J, Joo T, Joseph A, Joseph N, Joshua C, Joshy G, Jozwiak J, Jürisson M, Vaishali K, Kaambwa B, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kadashetti V, Kadir D, Kalani R, Kalankesh L, Kalankesh L, Kaliyadan F, Kalra S, Kamal V, Kamarajah S, Kamath R, Kamiab Z, Kamyari N, Kanagasabai T, Kanchan T, Kandel H, Kanmanthareddy A, Kanmiki E, Kanmodi K, S S, Kansal S, Kantar R, Kapoor N, Karajizadeh M, Karanth S, Karasneh R, Karaye I, Karch A, Karim A, Karimi S, Behnagh A, Kashoo F, Kasnazani Q, Kasraei H, Kassebaum N, Kassel M, Kauppila J, Kaur N, Kawakami N, Kayode G, Kazemi F, Kazemian S, Kazmi T, Kebebew G, Kebede A, Kebede F, Keflie T, Keiyoro P, Keller C, Kelly J, Kempen J, Kerr J, Kesse-Guyot E, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khalid N, Khalil A, Khalilian A, Khamesipour F, Khan A, Khan A, Khan G, Khan I, Khan I, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khan Z, suheb M, Khanmohammadi S, Khatab K, Khatami F, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh M, Khavandegar A, Kashani H, Khidri F, Khodadoust E, Khorgamphar M, Khormali M, Khorrami Z, Khosravi A, Khosravi M, Kifle Z, Kim G, Kim J, Kim K, Kim M, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kinzel K, Kisa A, Kisa S, Klu D, Knudsen A, Kocarnik J, Kochhar S, Kocsis T, Koh D, Kolahi A, Kolves K, Kompani F, Koren G, Kosen S, Kostev K, Koul P, Laxminarayana S, Krishan K, Krishna H, Krishna V, Krishnamoorthy V, Krishnamoorthy Y, Krohn K, Defo B, Bicer B, Kuddus A, Kuddus M, Kuitunen I, Kulimbet M, Kulkarni V, Kumar A, Kumar A, Kumar H, Kumar M, Kumar R, Kumari M, Kumie F, Kundu S, Kurmi O, Kusnali A, Kusuma D, Kwarteng A, Kyriopoulos I, Kyu H, La Vecchia C, Lacey B, Ladan M, Laflamme L, Lagat A, Lager A, Lahmar A, Lai D, Lal D, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lam H, Lám J, Landrum K, Lanfranchi F, Lang J, Langguth B, Lansingh V, Laplante-Lévesque A, Larijani B, Larsson A, Lasrado S, Lassi Z, Latief K, Latifinaibin K, Lauriola P, Le N, Le T, Le T, Ledda C, Ledesma J, Lee M, Lee P, Lee S, Lee S, Lee W, Lee Y, LeGrand K, Leigh J, Leong E, Lerango T, Li M, Li W, Li X, Li Y, Li Z, Ligade V, Likaka A, Lim L, Lim S, Lindstrom M, Linehan C, Liu C, Liu G, Liu J, Liu R, Liu S, Liu X, Liu X, Llanaj E, Loftus M, López-Bueno R, Lopukhov P, Loreche A, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Lozano R, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Lugo A, Lunevicius R, Feei Z, Maass K, Machairas N, Machoy M, Madadizadeh F, Madsen C, Madureira-Carvalho Á, Maghazachi A, Maharaj S, Mahjoub S, Mahmoud M, Mahmoudi A, Mahmoudi E, Mahmoudi R, Majeed A, Makhdoom I, Rad E, Maled V, Malekzadeh R, Malhotra A, Malhotra K, Malik A, Malik I, Malta D, Mamun A, Mansouri P, Mansournia M, Mantovani L, Maqsood S, Marasini B, Marateb H, Maravilla J, Marconi A, Mardi P, Marino M, Marjani A, Martinez G, Martinez-Guerra B, Martinez-Piedra R, Martini D, Martini S, Martins-Melo F, Martorell M, Marx W, Maryam S, Marzo R, Masaka A, Masrie A, Mathieson S, Mathioudakis A, Mathur M, Mattumpuram J, Matzopoulos R, Maude R, Maugeri A, Maulik P, Mayeli M, Mazaheri M, Mazidi M, McGrath J, McKee M, McKowen A, McLaughlin S, McPhail S, Mechili E, Medina J, Mediratta R, Meena J, Mehra R, Mehrabani-Zeinabad K, Nasab E, Meto T, Meles G, Mendez-Lopez M, Mendoza W, Menezes R, Mengist B, Mentis A, Meo A, Meresa H, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mersha A, Mesfin B, Mestrovic T, Mettananda K, Mettananda S, Meylakhs P, Mhlanga A, Mhlanga L, Mi T, Miazgowski T, Micha G, Michalek I, Miller T, Mills E, Minh L, Mini G, Sadeghi P, Mirica A, Mirijello A, Mirrakhimov E, Mirutse M, Mirzaei M, Misganaw A, Mishra A, Misra S, Mitchell P, Mithra P, Mittal C, Mobayen M, Moberg M, Mohamadkhani A, Mohamed J, Mohamed M, Mohamed N, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mohammadi S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadifard N, Mohammed H, Mohammed H, Mohammed M, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mohan V, Mojiri-Forushani H, Mokari A, Mokdad A, Molinaro S, Molokhia M, Momtazmanesh S, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moni M, Ghalibaf A, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradzadeh M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Moreira R, Morovatdar N, Morrison S, Morze J, Mosser J, Motappa R, Mougin V, Mouodi S, Mousavi P, Mousavi S, Khaneghah A, Mpolya E, Mrejen M, Mubarik S, Muccioli L, Mueller U, Mughal F, Mukherjee S, Mulita F, Munjal K, Murillo-Zamora E, Musaigwa F, Musallam K, Mustafa A, Mustafa G, Muthupandian S, Muthusamy R, Muzaffar M, Myung W, Nagarajan A, Nagel G, Naghavi P, Naheed A, Naik G, Naik G, Nainu F, Nair S, Najmuldeen H, Ansari N, Nangia V, Naqvi A, Swamy S, Narayana A, Nargus S, Nascimento B, Nascimento G, Nasehi S, Nashwan A, Natto Z, Nauman J, Naveed M, Nayak B, Nayak V, Nazri-Panjaki A, Ndejjo R, Nduaguba S, Negash H, Negoi I, Negoi R, Negru S, Nejadghaderi S, Nejjari C, Nena E, Nepal S, Ng M, Nggada H, Nguefack-Tsague G, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen A, Nguyen D, Nguyen H, Nguyen P, Nguyen V, Niazi R, Nielsen K, Nigatu Y, Nikolouzakis T, Nikoobar A, Nikoomanesh F, Nikpoor A, Ningrum D, Nnaji C, Nnyanzi L, Noman E, Nomura S, Noreen M, Noroozi N, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Novotney A, Nri-Ezedi C, Ntaios G, Ntsekhe M, Nuñez-Samudio V, Nurrika D, Nutor J, Oancea B, Obamiro K, Oboh M, Odetokun I, Odogwu N, O'Donnell M, Oduro M, Ofakunrin A, Ogunkoya A, Oguntade A, Oh I, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke S, Okekunle A, Okonji O, Olagunju A, Olaiya M, Olatubi M, Oliveira G, Olufadewa I, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Oluwafemi Y, Omar H, Bali A, Omer G, Ondayo M, Ong S, Onwujekwe O, Onyedibe K, Ordak M, Orisakwe O, Orish V, Ortega-Altamirano D, Ortiz A, Osman W, Ostroff S, Osuagwu U, Otoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov S, Ouyahia A, Ouyang G, Owolabi M, Ozten Y, A M, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri J, Pal P, Palicz T, Palladino C, Palladino R, Palma-Alvarez R, Pan F, Pan H, Pana A, Panda P, Panda-Jonas S, Pandi-Perumal S, Pangaribuan H, Panos G, Panos L, Pantazopoulos I, Stoian A, Papadopoulou P, Parikh R, Park S, Parthasarathi A, Pashaei A, Pasovic M, Passera R, Pasupula D, Patel H, Patel J, Patel S, Patil S, Patoulias D, Patthipati V, Paudel U, Toroudi H, Pease S, Peden A, Pedersini P, Pensato U, Pepito V, Peprah E, Peprah, Perdigão J, Pereira M, Peres M, Perianayagam A, Perico N, Pestell R, Pesudovs K, Petermann-Rocha F, Petri W, Pham H, Philip A, Phillips M, Pierannunzio D, Pigeolet M, Pigott D, Pilgrim T, Piracha Z, Piradov M, Pirouzpanah S, Plakkal N, Plotnikov E, Podder V, Poddighe D, Polinder S, Polkinghorne K, Poluru R, Ponkilainen V, Porru F, Postma M, Poudel G, Pourshams A, Pourtaheri N, Prada S, Pradhan P, Prakasham T, Prasad M, Prashant A, Prates E, Alhambra D, PRISCILLA T, Pritchett N, Purohit B, Puvvula J, Qasim N, Qattea I, Qazi A, Qian G, Qiu S, Qureshi M, Rad M, Radfar A, Radhakrishnan R, Radhakrishnan V, Shahraki H, Rafferty Q, Raggi A, Raghav P, Raheem N, Rahim F, Rahim J, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahman M, Rahmani A, Rahmani S, Rahmanian V, Rajaa S, Rajput P, Rakovac I, Ramasamy S, Ramazanu S, Rana K, Ranabhat C, Rancic N, Rane A, Rao C, Rao I, Rao M, Rao S, Rasali D, Rasella D, Rashedi S, Rashedi V, Rashidi M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Rasul A, Babu G, Rauniyar S, Ravangard R, Ravikumar N, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Rawassizadeh R, Rawlley B, Raza R, Razo C, Redwan E, Rehman F, Reifels L, Reiner R, Remuzzi G, Reyes L, Rezaei M, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee T, Riaz M, Ribeiro A, Rickard J, Riva H, Robinson-Oden H, Rodrigues C, Rodrigues M, Roever L, Rogowski E, Rohloff P, Romadlon D, Romero-Rodríguez E, Romoli M, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roth G, Rout H, Roy N, Roy P, Rubagotti E, de Andrade Ruela G, Rumisha S, Runghien T, Rwegerera G, Rynkiewicz A, Chandan S, Saad A, Saadatian Z, Saber K, Saber-Ayad M, SaberiKamarposhti M, Sabour S, Sacco S, Sachdev P, Sachdeva R, Saddik B, Saddler A, Sadee B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghi E, Sadeghian F, Saeb M, Saeed U, Safaeinejad F, Safi S, Sagar R, Saghazadeh A, Sagoe D, Sharif-Askari F, Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo S, Sahoo U, Sahu M, Saif Z, Sajid M, Sakshaug J, Salam N, Salamati P, Salami A, Salaroli L, Saleh M, Salehi S, Salem M, Salem M, Salimi S, Kafil H, Samadzadeh S, Samargandy S, Samodra Y, Samy A, Sanabria J, Sanna F, Santomauro D, Santos I, Santric-Milicevic M, Jose B, Sarasmita M, Saraswathy S, Saravanan A, Saravi B, Sarikhani Y, Sarkar T, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sarode G, Sarode S, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sathish T, Satpathy M, Sayeed A, Abu Sayeed, Saylan M, Sayyah 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Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2024, 403: 2100-2132. PMID: 38582094, PMCID: PMC11126520, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00367-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAge-standardised death ratesChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseGlobal burdenLife expectancyObstructive pulmonary diseaseGlobal life expectancyHighest age-standardised death ratesLower respiratory infectionsDeath rateCause-specific death ratesGlobal Burden of Disease StudyCause-of-death dataDecompose life expectancyLatin AmericaBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseHigh-income super-regionAge-standardised deathAge-standardised ratesSubnational locationsStudy periodOut-of-sample predictive validityCause-of-death estimatesCause-specific estimatesGBD super-regions
2022
Update of pathophysiology and treatment options of seborrheic keratosis
Gorai S, Ahmad S, Raza S, Khan H, Raza M, Etaee F, Cockerell C, Apalla Z, Goldust M. Update of pathophysiology and treatment options of seborrheic keratosis. Dermatologic Therapy 2022, 35: e15934. PMID: 36226729, DOI: 10.1111/dth.15934.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAgedCryosurgeryElectrocoagulationFaceHumansKeratosis, SeborrheicMaleYoung AdultConceptsSeborrheic keratosisUpdate of pathophysiologyHuman papillomavirus infectionAmyloid-associated proteinsMale gender preponderanceYounger age groupsTerms of treatmentExpression of factorsPapillomavirus infectionPrecise pathogenesisTopical agentsGender preponderanceLocal anesthesiaTreatment optionsIndependent associationCosmetic concernsBenign tumorsMalignant tumorsCommon reasonAge groupsAlternative diagnostic techniquesFGFR-3Safe methodYoung adultsCosmetic purposes