1999
Pneumococcal vaccines: history, current status, and future directions
Butler J, Shapiro E, Carlone G. Pneumococcal vaccines: history, current status, and future directions. The American Journal Of Medicine 1999, 107: 69-76. PMID: 10451012, DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00105-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPneumococcal polysaccharide vaccinePolysaccharide vaccinePneumococcal infectionCertain underlying medical conditionsSerious pneumococcal diseaseCommunity-acquired pneumoniaPneumococcal conjugate vaccineUnderlying medical conditionsAnti-pneumococcal antibodiesLarger efficacy trialPrevention of infectionDrug-resistant strainsImmunocompetent childrenPneumococcal diseasePneumococcal vaccineBacterial meningitisConjugate vaccineCase fatalityDNA vaccineInvasive infectionsPneumococcal polysaccharideEfficacy trialsImmune responseMedical conditionsHigh risk
1994
Pneumococcal Vaccine After 15 Years of Use: Another View
Fedson D, Shapiro E, LaForce F, Mufson M, Musher D, Spika J, Breiman R, Broome C. Pneumococcal Vaccine After 15 Years of Use: Another View. JAMA Internal Medicine 1994, 154: 2531-2535. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420220021003.Commentaries, Editorials and LettersPneumococcal vaccineYears of useInfectious Diseases SocietyWorld Health Organization Regional OfficeAdvisory CommitteePneumococcal vaccinationDiseases SocietyVaccine effectivenessRetrospective studyVaccine trialsClinical effectivenessAmerican CollegeElderly populationOngoing critical reviewVaccineAvailable evidenceNational Advisory CommitteeTechnical Advisory GroupImmunizationAdvisory GroupTask ForceUnited StatesConclusive evidenceGroupEvidence
1991
The Protective Efficacy of Polyvalent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
Shapiro E, Berg A, Austrian R, Schroeder D, Parcells V, Margolis A, Adair R, Clemens J. The Protective Efficacy of Polyvalent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine. New England Journal Of Medicine 1991, 325: 1453-1460. PMID: 1944423, DOI: 10.1056/nejm199111213252101.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInvasive pneumococcal infectionsPneumococcal polysaccharide vaccinePneumococcal vaccineProtective efficacyPneumococcal infectionCase patientsImmunocompetent patientsPolysaccharide vaccineVaccination historyHospital-based case-control studyPolyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccineSerious pneumococcal infectionsSite of hospitalizationVaccine protective efficacyPolyvalent pneumococcal vaccineCase-control studyProspective surveillanceRandomized trialsSterile sitesPatientsS. pneumoniaeMedical careStreptococcus pneumoniaeVaccineInfection
1984
Resolving the Pneumococcal Vaccine Controversy: Are There Alternatives to Randomized Clinical Trials?
Clemens J, Shapiro E. Resolving the Pneumococcal Vaccine Controversy: Are There Alternatives to Randomized Clinical Trials? Clinical Infectious Diseases 1984, 6: 589-600. PMID: 6390636, DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.5.589.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchA controlled evaluation of the protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine for patients at high risk of serious pneumococcal infections.
Shapiro E, Clemens J. A controlled evaluation of the protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine for patients at high risk of serious pneumococcal infections. Annals Of Internal Medicine 1984, 101: 325-30. PMID: 6380367, DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-3-325.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIncreased risk of pneumococcal infectionRisk of pneumococcal infectionEfficacy of pneumococcal vaccineSystemic pneumococcal infectionPneumococcal infectionPneumococcal vaccineVaccine protective efficacyIncreased riskProtective efficacyCase-control studyOdds ratioVaccine efficacyHigh riskMatched controlsPatientsInfectionConfounding variablesEfficacyVaccine